1376 Alternating Current

7. (d) The instantaneous values of emf and current in inductive

Critical Thinking Questions
circuit are given by E  E 0 sin t and
V 100  
1. (a) For dc, R    100  i  i0 sin  t   respectively.
i 1  2
V 100
For ac, Z    200   
i 0 .5 So, Pinst  Ei  E 0 sin t  i0 sin t  
 2
 Z  R 2  (L) 2 
  
 E 0 i0 sin t  sin t cos  cos t sin 
200  (100 ) 2  4  2 (50 ) 2 L2  2 2
 L  0 . 55 H  E 0 i0 sin t cos t
E0 i0 R
2. (c) P  E rms irms cos     1
2 2 Z  E 0 i0 sin 2t
2
E0 E0 R E 02 R (sin 2t  2 sin t cos t)
    P
2 Z 2 Z 2Z 2 Hence, angular frequency of instantaneous power is 2 .

E 02 8. (b)
Given X L  R so, Z  2R P  V  50  2 sin 100 t cos 100 t  50 sin 200 t
4R
P 60  V0  50 Volts and   100 Hz
3. (a) Current through the bulb i    6A
V 10 9. (b) In RC series circuit voltage across the capacitor leads the
60W, 10V
L
i 
voltage across the resistance by
2
10 V VL
i
10. (d) The voltage V L and VC are equal and opposite so
voltmeter reading will be zero.
100V, 50Hz
Also R  30 , X L  X C  25 
V  V R2  V L2
V V 240
(100 ) 2  (10 ) 2  VL2  V L  99 . 5 Volt So i  2 2

R

30
8A
R  (X L  X C )
Also VL  iX L  i  (2L) 11. (d) V  120 sin 100 t cos 100 t

 99 . 5  6  2  3 . 14  50  L  V  60 sin 200 t

 L  0 . 052 H
Vmax  60 V and   100 Hz
4. (c) V 2  VR2  (VL  VC )2
12. (d) Z  (R ) 2  ( X L  X C ) 2 ;
Since V L  VC hence V  VR  200 V

5. (c) V 2  VR2  (VL  VC )2  VR  V  220 V R  10 , X L  L  2000  5  10 3  10 

220
Also i   2.2 A
100 1 1
XC    10  i.e . Z  10 
6. (a) When a bulb and a capacitor are connected in series to an C 2000  50  10  6
ac source, then on increasing the frequency the current in
the circuit is increased, because the impedance of the V0 20
Maximum current i0    2A
circuit is decreased. So the bulb will give more intense Z 10
light.
 Alternating Current 1377

2 irms Vrms Vrms

Hence irms   1 .4 A  
2 2 2 9
  R2 
Also  1   C2
2

and Vrms  4  1 . 41  5.64 V R2   

 
 C
13. (a) Capacitance of wire  3 
......(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii) we get
C  0 . 014  10 6  200  2 . 8  10 6 F  2 . 8 F
1
For impedance of the circuit to be minimum X L  X C 5 3  XC  3
3 R 2  2 2  C  R 5
1  C R 5
 2L 
2C
XL XC X X
18. (d) tan     tan 60 o  L  C
 R R R R
1 1  XL  XC  3 R
L 
4  C
2 2
4 (3 . 14 )  (5  10 3 )2  2 . 8  10  6
2

i.e. Z  R 2  (X L  X C )2  R
3
 0 . 35  10 H  0 . 35 mH
V2 200  200
2 4 4 So average power P   = 400 W
 i dt 2 (4 t)dt 4 2 t dt R 100
14. (c) i2   4

2 P 240
 dt 2 dt 19. (b) R 2
  15 
irms 16
4
t2 
 2   t 2   4
2  12 Z
V 100
  25 
 2  2 i 4

 irms  i2  12  2 3 A Now X L  Z2  R2  (25 ) 2  (15 ) 2  20 

x0 20 1
15. (b) 1. rms value =  2L  20  L   Hz
2 2  50 5
2. 20. (b) X L  R, X C  R / 2
x0 x R
x 0 sin t cos t  sin 2t  rms value  0 R
2 2 2 X  XC 2  1
 tan   L 
3. R R 2

2 2    tan 1 (1 / 2)
x  x 
x 0 sin t  x 0 cos t  rms value   0   0
  2


 2    R2 5
Also Z  R 2  (X L  X C )2  R2   R
4 2
 x 02  x 0
21. (d) At resonance net voltage across L and C is zero.
16. (c) Given X L  X C  5, this is the condition of 90 90
22. (c) iL   3 A, iC   4 .5 A
resonance. So V L  VC , so net voltage across L and C 30 20
combination will be zero. Net current through circuit i  iC  i L  1 . 5 A
17. (a) At angular frequency , the current in RC circuit is given
by V 90
Z    60 
i 1 .5
Vrms
irms 
2 1 T 2 T2
 1 
2
......(i) 23. (c) irms  0 i dt 
R   T 5
 C 
 1378 Alternating Current
24. (a) Yes, in AC if branch AB has R, BC has a capacitor C, and 
BD has a pure inductance L 4. (c) IL lags behind IR by a phase of , while IC leads by a
2
C

phase of .
15 A 2
10 A B
A 5. (d) As explained in solution (1) for frequency 0  fr , Z

5A decreases hence (i  V / Z ), increases and for

frequency fr  , Z increases hence i decrees.

D
25. (d) Current will be maximum in the condition of resonance so
1 T 2
V V 6. (a) Vrms  0 10 dt  10 V
imax   A T
R 10
1
1 2 7. (b) For capacitive circuits X C 
Energy stored in the coil W L  Li max C
2
V
1  E 
2 i   VC  i  
 L  XC
2  10 
T /2

1  E2
  10  3 
 1
   10  5 E 2 joule 8. (c) Iav 

0
i dt

T /2
I0 sin( t )dt
 T /2  0
2  100  2
0
dt T /2
 Energy stored in the capacitor T /2
2 I0   cos  t 

T  
1 1
WC  CE 2   2  10  6 E 2  10 6 E 2 joule  0
2 2
WC   T  
1  cos   
  2 I0   2   cos 0
o

WL 5  
T    
 
 
Graphical Questions
2 I0
 1 
2
 [ cos   cos 0 o ]
1. (c) Z  R 2   2fL   T
 2 fC 

z 2 I0 2I
From above equation at f = 0  [1  1]  0
2 
1
When f  (resonant frequency)  Z  R 9. (b) (1) For time interval 0 < t < T/2
2 LC
I  kt , where k is the slope
1
For f   Z starts increasing.
2 LC di
For inductor as we know, induced voltage V   L
dt
i.e., for frequency 0 – fr, Z decreases
and for fr to , Z increases. This is justified by graph c.  V1   KL
2. (b) At t = 0, phase of the voltage is zero, while phase of the T
(2) For time interval tT
  2
current is  i.e., voltage leads by
2 2
I   Kt  V2  KL
3. (c) At A : X C  X L

At B : X C  X L

At C : X C  X L
 Alternating Current 1379

 3. (a) The capacitive reactance of capacitor is given by

10. (a) As the current i leads the voltage by , it is an RC circuit,
4 1 1
XC  
C 2f C
XC  1
hence tan    tan
4

 CR
R So this is infinite for dc (f = 0) and has a very small value
for ac. Therefore a capacitor blocks dc.
  CR  1 as  = 100 rad/sec
4. (b) The phase angle for the LCR circuit is given by
1
 CR  sec 1 . X L  X C L  1 / C
100 tan   
R R
From all the given options only option (a) is correct.
11. (b) From the graph shown below. It is clear that phase lead of Where XL, XC are inductive reactance and capacitive
 reactance respectively when XL > XC then tan is positive
N over M is  . Since time period (i.e. taken to i.e.  is positive (between 0 and /2). Hence emf leads the
2
complete one cycle) = 0.4 sec. current.

1 5. (a) If resistor is used in controlling ac supply, electrical energy

Hence frequency    2 . 5 Hz will be wasted in the form of heat energy across the
T
resistance wire. However, ac supply can be controlled with
M N choke without any wastage of energy. This is because,
/2 power factor (cos) for resistance is unity and is zero for
an inductance. [P = EI cos].

6. (a) When frequency of alternating current is increased, the

12. (d) In purely inductive circuit voltage leads the current by 90 o. effective resistance of the inductive coil increases. Current
1 1 ( X L  L  2fL) in the circuit containing inductor
13. (c) X L  2fL  X L  f  
XL f
V V
is given by I   . As inductive resistance
1 XL 2fL
i.e., graph between and f will be a hyperbola.
XL of the inductor increases, current in the circuit decreases.
14. (c) From phasor diagram it is clear that current is lagging with 7. (e) On introducing soft iron core, the bulb will glow dimmer.
respect to Erms. This may be happen in LCR or LR circuit. This is because on introducing soft iron core in the
15. (c) At resonance X L  X C solenoid, its inductance L increases, the inductive
reactance, X L   L increases and hence the current
16. (b) For anti-resonant circuit current is minimum at resonant
frequency and at frequencies other than resonant frequency through the bulb decreases.
current rises with frequency.
8. (b) Like direct current, an alternating current also produces
1 magnetic field. But the magnitude and direction of the
17. (c) We have X C  and X L  L  2f
C  2f field goes on changing continuously with time.

1 9. (c) Both ac and dc produce heat, which is proportional to

18. (d) Reactance X  X L  X C  2fL 
2fC square of the current. The reversal of direction of current
in ac is immaterial so far as production of heat is
1 1 1 concerned.
19. (b) XC   i.e . X C 
C 2fC f
10. (a) The effect of ac on the body depends largely on the
frequency. Low frequency currents of 50 to 60 Hz
Assertion and Reason (cycles/sec), which are commonly used, are usually more
dangerous than high frequency currents and are 3 to 5
1. (a) At resonant frequency, X L  X C  Z  R times more dangerous than dc of same voltage and
(minimum) there for current in the circuit is maximum.
amperage (current). The usual frequency of 50 cps (or 60
2. (c) When ac flows through an inductor current lags behind the cps) is extremely dangerous as it corresponds to the
emf., by phase of /2, inductive reactance, fibrillation frequency of the myocardium. This results in
X L  L   . 2 f . L, so when frequency increases ventricular fibrillation and instant death.
correspondingly inductive reactance also increases.
 1380 Alternating Current
11. (b) The mean average value of alternating current (or emf)
during a half, cycle is given by Im  0 . 636 I0 (or

Em  0 . 636 E0 )

During the next half cycle, the mean value of ac will be

equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

For this reason the average value of ac over a complete

cycle is always zero. So the average value is always
defined over a half cycle of ac.

12. (d) An ac ammeter is constructed on the basics of heating effect

of the electric current. Since heat produced varies as square of
current (H  I 2 R ) . Therefore the division marked on
the scale of ac ammeter are not equally spaced.

13. (d) The power of a ac circuit is given by P  EI cos 

where cos is power factor and  is phase angle. In case of

circuit containing resistance only, phase angle is zero and
power factor is equal to one. Therefore power is maximum
in case of circuit containing resistor only.

1
14. (a) Capacitive reactance X C  . When capacitance
C
(C) increases, the capacitive reactance decreases. Due to
decrease in its values, the current in the circuit will

 
 E 
increases  I   and hence brightness of
 R 2  X C2
 
source (or electric lamp) will also increases.

15. (b) As both the inductance and resistance are joined in series,
hence current through both V
L
will be same. But in case of
resistance, both the current V
and potential vary
simultaneously, hence they 
are in same phase. In case I
VR
of an inductance when
current is zero, potential difference across it is maximum
and when current reaches maximum (at  t = /2),
potential difference across it becomes zero i.e. potential
difference leads the current by /2 or current lags behind
the potential difference by /2, Phase angle in case of LR

1  L 
circuit is given as   tan  .
 R 

16. (b) We can use a capacitor of suitable capacitance as a chock

coil, because average power consumed per cycle in an
ideal capacitor is zero. Therefore, like a choke coil, a
condenser can reduce ac without power dissipation.