Waves 1

By
Shyam Mohan Bhaiya
Transverse Waves on a tight string
F
A tight string tension -
-
T .

I
MOM
Ithiucuess I →

up af

theism
I #
"
studied
. - -

'
h .

by ¥i¥
.

source
16
.

If we pull 1 upwards ,
then layer 2 is
dragged
upwards by 1 due to intermolecular forces
"

A
go.o.o.io#oo
7=0
124
a- distance
t T -

-
.
I
*
It
32
covered by wave

in -

Tsx .

will be
After sometime ,
photo of string like this .

own
end g-
i.

Ic f
amplitude A
string
is
being
gfeguencyu by
given
, vertical

a source
oscillations

.
of
= .

Oscillate
.ms/dislurbana/jeik/enagy/dispk6mat
handed from neighbour
being
are to next
over

neighbour .
No PARTICLE IS TRAVEL Linh
 to RIGHT .
All are oscillating vertically
about mean positions .

coast

ii. displace i euwagewsarged

-
.
.

't
particle displacement
-1%+8 up particle before
:
t_
velocity
.

.tt#faterafxrotsec.paltern/wareshape/seriesofplaks&
.

valley are
n u

(crests .
&
troughs)
travelling towards right .

Etta wave .
.

transverse Ctr) WALES .

In transverse wares
, particles oscillate

i-rhwarepwpagationcmotimj.sn
LONGITUDINAL particles WAVES
,

of t haw parallel to
(along) the direction of ware moron
-

.
 speed of transverse wares in a tight sting
ETI
unit
c -

-
m = mass
per length .

Af m=Af a
-

F- tension
n
.

mass =
CA xD

Ft (m = volume xD .

1-

=pAaLft9%aAm
A Amplitude of = war

[g tree
turban
.ci/dehj78deter.m#
bi -

-
ware .
=

by the source
of wave who is

oscillation in the medium

imparting .

( injecting)

7-
X =
wavelength
= distance between consecutive crests
ftrmghs .

Handled
= it is the distance
by ware

in one Time period of particle

oscillations .

* CT but -1=1
X =
speed x time u

c- OX
 angular free .
= Zito =
217T
R =
angular wave number =
2% .

c = 07 c
=(Whit) .LT/k)
⇐ hype
wave
tap
.
'

tiM÷M Huet
Up and slope have opposite -

Panicles travel up time ttoz

signs
-

wi tf'm of negative slope .

 Longitudinal Waves in a Gas A

yds
-
g. layers .

es - -
g- as

piston at
left is
being given in and out horizontal
oscillations .

<→ 5 6 7
y
⑧mr•hRmrmt momDmr⑤ -
x

visualise swill blocks connected with spring

.

→
④
forOzu push .

← ↳ d- te Es

sometime
later qQmrEsmhfprDmrEooQmo
c-
2
F 5 B d
C-

Oscillations imparted to 1 are being handed over

from neighbour to next neighbour and travel

toward right
ware motion is toward + * axis

panicles oscillate It to x-axis .

particle oscillations are PARALLEL

-

to wave
propagation .

LONGITUDINAL WAVES .

-
-
 As layers of gas panicles oscillate parallel
to wave motion there will be pressure
,
and the gas
density variation in .

1) Sf Layers are
closely packed (closest ) to
ni HIGH at that place
each other Doessur .

2) where
layers are
faraway from each other ,

pressure is Low at that place .

HIGH PRESSURE REGION →

Compression
region C
Low PRESSURE
.

REGION →
Rarefaction
-
R .

pressure =
Po = same at

all locations at all time

instants .

Ear
Pressure oscillates
c- c- e- c→

time at
periodically
with any given
-

location .

pressure varies
periodically with distance in
medium at uistaut
any given time .

÷i÷÷÷÷÷
: :
photograph at a fixed

no potent
.

n c.

R : Po -

pmax
 Potman Po

¥¥i em.

AtNLOCATION ,
pressure varies periodically
with time between Potpmax & Potman .

Te a

.mg?atAisaEaauedc--fEm-a=.fEEaes
C.
=p
.

us gusto
.

is called Pressure Amplitude

pmax .
 ^
u wave
Wave Equation .

A . - -

>

TA - -
-
-

instantaneous photo of Stig

pattern shown in photo is a Carre wi XY plane .

it can be xp resented as
y =
of
phAt ⑨ stopwatch .
period X .

y=fCakA- Sin
Kk
YCK ,
o)

ylnigt ) = wave equation where

2=k .

Y (x ,
o
) = Asin ka

what will be the pattern t see later

we
night shift as wave

travelling RIGHTWARDS .

Replace shift displacement if

yfa t)
=
=
, act wave
by
'

U
shift = et .

New Guat 'm at time t → et

wow
-

yfn.tk Asin [ Na AD -

→
at .

Yee ,H= Asin ( ka Raft)

-

Egnatia
y La He A- (Ra
are
,
Sin -
wt
) .
 4=0 00=1172
Hater
00=5
turn
y -_ Asin Rn y -_ Acoskr y= -
Afinkk

Asinlkntoo)
General y
¥N
: -

wave emotion Aennepd .

00=-176 .

Asin RIGHT TRAVEL

y la ,
t ) =
( kn -

Wttg ) .

Left travelling wave Replace n

by at et

ya ,H= Asinckntutto ) .

GEED right handling KITE]mYEaiy

-

ELI :
meaning of y(0,03=0 .

yes spEkawt←yCo
£ ↳ time n'stat Im.gg?att=o .

Location of ( reading
of stopwatch)
Parade
Means mtasiy
y 6,01=0
thnghi¥Eo .
 of Y (
Img 2) =-3 mm

Meaning
.

located at a- Im was 3mm below

particle
ite mean position at time t=2s .

Y
d. sum

PARTICLE VELOCITY .

As panicle 's y coordinate is charging ,

its

t will give
derivative Wrt its retiring .

ytxit) = Asin ( ka cotto)

-

[ ZIT Uparticle
we

while
keep zefixed (const
taking
=
.
dentata

-
.

I
because we are
focussing
one particle only .

at
Vp of particle 37
22-+2137 )
=
t
,
NE m .

f¥e==*AwCos(REA too)
I =

3¥), e.
,
parade at n=4m
at time t
was
= Zs
stationary
.
 Relation between particle velocity and slope

to the shape
Tangent drawn ware .

at an wish picture
.io#eEEa?n
.

me
tAo of
./-#×
.

a
string
which ÷
has right travelling
transverse waves in it .

Slope of tangent drawn to the

canoe in this Iast picture .

24
%)
at Cait )
= slope of tangent .

E- count as
we are
focussing at

one particular instant only .

Y -

- Astra uttold -

Ak Con ( kn att
2%a= slope
-

= .

Aw Cor (Raut too)

24¥
-

= .

'
"
m indicates
Radio : VI =
- w
=
-

c +re slope has

downward making
.

slope a-
particles -
left-Wing :
iup = to
slope
↳ treelike region has upward
moving particles .

.
← Feat tanking
.
.

man
*
.

⇐
left shift .
 -
-
-

→ ware
7=0 5in
-

Yf 0,01=0 -

-
X
m -

-
O'
0591cm
24
-9
're

=oosy÷o7k% coff
.

-1=450 N .

wt too)
Let ytnth-A-sinc.ru
-

21%3=0 0=1-840-0 too ) Sinope

WAhnlo-otold-tve.fi
2%1%8
.

40=0 .

025in Sin 12 Ittto)

y = O a
- -

R=2=f÷I=#
^

WE
kc=4T=4lT%0÷=4T( 10013
 Y = 58in ( tort -
o .
lita ) .

W = 101T

Oil IT
R
.

c=wz=h% .

let point be K and 2 .

LO Itt
O IIT R
0,
-
-

= ,

Ott o l Taz
42 1
-
-

0 -92 = a little -

41=0 .
It @ n)
, ↳
separation .

= Oil IT ( Io ) = IT rad .

# .

80/0 = on =
Kepa ration ) .

-
 A
It end 1 is given regular up down oscillations continue

continuously ,
a
travelling ware is setup .

after some time

wave .

t -

o
g-
-

And I is given ONLY half oscillation

EA .

and is stopped after that .

+ re
stops up > 0 up &slope have
opposite signs
afterlife
g. 450 in RIGHT
; cot

Travelling
Later
µ#¥
wane .

at =tz ti -

single disturbance trading in the string (medium)

is called a PULSE .

.
 fan
my

jt¥
y
-

dtlda-ffa.pk
only at a=o .

g torn fee
N
dyfen
→ a - o .
>0
g-

dY/da< torn o >

ox
dec
in #dec ,

~#
1-
y =L f-
Ita Hfa Ctp-

compare with and

¥+52 =
=

a- =L in t=2sec .

c=¥= Ims .
 In in
Generation : any warehouse .

If we have
€anIbtT
1) ware
s÷=coeAAtI
If a and b Tpp sign
injht travelling .

exe
- .

Y Cat )=3¥¥p represent pulse

travelling LEFT .

Coeftpt
C.
I m/s
=
= .

coyfqu
 Refrain refracted
#
.
Wave .

Cz wave

¥
If a ware travels from
medium a- to 2 then
uicidat wave
it get refracted .
's
ve decided bysame
source .

remains

1) frequency
.

Sts isame.se
.

remains

2) As speed is
different in different media ,

wavelength charges .

→
→ 9=07 ,
crux
¥=s9÷ ] .

As tension increases
XE ? .
- - -
# them

if m=Gq
we go from bottom
I=2g
⇐

FETT l m
-

massif
-
rope .

to top
Tz=8g a ,=o÷m
- -
- -

"9
M 21g
.
-

T increases as

it is REFRACTION
-

pulse goes up .
.

¥¥ .
f¥=¥ .
 72 =
Tiff = 0.06
,
2g

¥=F¥= .
¥¥i
o

( (a) =
masyeeypifz-z-fak-2-o.sn
Pta
q X

8=10%2
,

Xp = X, fly
#

Time taken by pulsed to reach Top .

#e=%=o Kym

ccet-FIY-F.sn#o=FoFI.cCat-dhz--4ot¥1592
I .
Toa '

E- time taken to reach top -19¥ adoration

sdiff-FI.pow.EE#aa.i
EE.
A thin circular Icnfftthin plate

plate has nonuniform

mass distribution with

density Ha) roll

life
Ep )
-_ -

Den're a) mass
of plate .
→ da .

b) Icm

¥de al n' L
shtetl
.

dm=rdA= area .

DI = @ mja ( that faring) .

If fd I ⇐

/ Edt) .at =fo( Zinda )n2 .

Fish non uuifa

-

uniform

.at#=tmrfIcnI!rotE.; EI cm=4TroR
OR

2%3 Icai
frog In )2Iu3de
-

Icm=o de

=¥
"
i

-20
 Icmof a Hollow sphere .

6=8
-

1) Divide into a
parts
pace
:
2) Consider one part
← → mass
'"
"

÷¥ ÷
"

"

Hollow
4) I DI .

Rdf reference
.

• be
so ring .

DI -4dm) radius
- a- go
/
"
.

cut& open
t
0=0 To 98 covers upper hemisphere .

←E
0=98 to 108 Corers lower hemisphere .

One value to 0 corresponds to a circle on sphere .

Cut& open

¥**E
¥i
dA=
length X width

dAa@tRSino3RdO.I
integrate to
of DA desire area a
Sphe€yjp
 dm -_ mass
of ring =tdA .

-_@dA)RTino
'
dI= @ ) radius
m

I=fdI=frd£ R'since it

£u¥
I=µ2tRSino)RdO] R' since
0 IT

2ITRYrfsidodoo-24RIPM.fi
I =

Odo -32mF .

CM
of hemisphere .

I:O
-

Xcnifkdm a- Coordinate of
cmoddednatm
.

them
.

=
°
fcrcoso).ir#R5iu0).Rd&
zeecmofrif
element
Xcm= -1 .
← plod