Werner Jefferson Barrios Zepeda 2012 – 12584 Idioma técnico III

Strategies Before
Prerequisites

The energy sources

can be approached in

Organic chemistry Earth sciences Physics / mechanics

after teaching after teaching after teaching

• Chemistry of carbon • Types of rocks and • forces and energy

• Types of hydrocarbons rock cycle • hydrocarbons
• Combustion as chemical • Atmosphere and • structure of a turbine
reaction environmental pollution and a generator
• Fractional distillation • Climate and biosphere • energy conversion
fossil fuels exercises

Strategies Before
Linking to Previous Knowledge and Predicting

1. Why do you need energy in your life?

I need energy to start my day.

2. What do you know about energy sources?

something such as oil, coal, or the sun, which can be used to provide power for light, heat,
machines, etc.: alternative/renewable energy source

3. Which are the traditional energy sources?

• Solar Energy.
• Wind Energy.
• Geothermal Energy.
• Hydrogen Energy.
• Tidal Energy.
• Wave Energy.
• Hydroelectric Energy.
• Biomass Energy.

4. What is coal?
People mine for coal, a hard, black, rock, throughout the world. Power plants use coal to generate
electricity by grinding it into a powder that is burned. The burned powder heats water to create
steam. The power of the steam turns turbines. The spinning motion of the turbines generates
electricity. A network of wires called power grid, bring this electricity to houses and other
buildings.

5. What is petroleum?
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid found in geological formations
beneath the Earth's surface.

6. What is natural gas?

Companies drill for natural gas the same way they do for oil. Natural gas is highly flammable.
Gas stoves cook food with a lower flame. In the United States, and probably other countries, the
house’s heating system and water heater may use natural gas. Natural gas is also used in power
plants to create electricity.

7. Which are the environmental problems related to the use of fossil fuels?

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We need to consider three main facts. First, fossil fuel supplies are low. We use so much energy
that someday we’ll use up all of Earth’s fossil fuels. At the rate we use now fossil fuels, scientists’
estimate that the world’s reserve will last 40 to 70 more years.

8. Have you ever heard about alternative energy sources?

Yes, I do

9. What do you know about renewable energy sources?

Renewable energy is energy from sources that are naturally replenishing but flow-limited;
renewable resources are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy
that is available per unit of time.

10. Have you ever seen any solar power plant or any wind farm? Where?

Yes, only on movies

11. Do you think this is a relevant problem to debate in class?

Yes, could be interesant

12. Where would you look for reliable information on advantages and disadvantages of the
alternative energy sources?

Tesis and scientific articles

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Strategies Before
English

Water a colorless, transparent, odorless liquid that

forms the seas, lakes, rivers, and rain and is the
basis of the fluids of living organisms.
Anaerobic relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of
free oxygen.
Biomass Renewable organic materials, such as wood,
agricultural crops or wastes, and municipal
wastes, especially when used as a source of fuel
or energy.
Endogenous heat (Earth) Endogenous heat production uncoupled
reproductive behavior from environmental
constraints.
Coal a combustible black or dark brown rock
consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter,
found mainly in underground deposits and
widely used as fuel.
Hydroelectric power station Hydro power is electrical energy produced
through the power of moving water. ... In
modern technology, hydropwer moves turbines
that pass on their energy to a generator which
then produces electric power.
Nuclear power station A nuclear power plant is a thermal power
station in which the heat source is a nuclear
reactor.
Thermal power station A thermal power station is a power station in
which heat energy is converted to electric power.
Fossil fuel a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the
geological past from the remains of living
organisms.
Combustion the process of burning something.

the state or process of rotting; decay.

Decomposition
Dam a barrier constructed to hold back water and
raise its level, forming a reservoir used to
generate electricity or as a water supply.
Fractional distillation 1. separation of a liquid mixture into fractions
differing in boiling point (and hence chemical

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composition) by means of distillation, typically

using a fractionating column.

Electricity a form of energy resulting from the existence of

charged particles (such as electrons or protons),
either statically as an accumulation of charge or
dynamically as a current.
CO2 emission Carbon dioxide emissions or
CO2 emissions are emissions stemming from the
burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of
cement; they include carbon dioxide produced
during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas
fuels as well as gas flaring.
Kinetic energy energy which a body possesses by virtue of
being in motion.
Biomass energy Biomass energy is energy generated or produced
by living or once-living organisms. The most
common biomass materials used for energy are
plants, such as corn and soy, above.
Tidal energy Tidal energy is a renewable energy powered by
the natural rise and fall of ocean tides and
currents.
Wind energy Wind energy (or wind power) refers to the
process of creating electricity using the wind, or
air flows that occur naturally in the earth's
atmosphere.
Geothermal energy Geothermal energy is heat within the earth. The
word geothermal comes from the Greek words
geo (earth) and therme (heat).
Hydroelectric energy, also
Hydro-electric energy called hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity, is
a form of energy that harnesses the power of
water in motion—such as water flowing over a
waterfall—to generate electricity.
Nuclear energy the energy released during nuclear fission or
fusion, especially when used to generate
electricity.
Potential energy the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
position relative to others, stresses within itself,
electric charge, and other factors.
Renewable energy Renewable energy, often referred to as
clean energy, comes from natural sources or
processes that are constantly replenished.

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Photovoltaic solar energy Solar photovoltaic is an elegant technology

which produces electricity from sunlight without
moving parts.
Thermal solar energy Solar thermal energy is the collection of the
sun's heat for human use. It's unlike photovoltaic
(PV) power, which converts a portion of the
sun's electromagnetic radiation directly to
electrons and electricity.
Gravitational force The gravitational force is a force that attracts any
two objects with mass. ... In fact, every object,
including you, is pulling on every other object in
the entire universe! This is called Newton's
Universal Law of Gravitation.
Natural gas flammable gas, consisting largely of methane
and other hydrocarbons, occurring naturally
underground (often in association with
petroleum) and used as fuel.
Hydrocarbons a compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as
any of those which are the chief components of
petroleum and natural gas.
Wind farm an area of land with a group of energy-producing
windmills or wind turbines.
Pollution the presence in or introduction into the
environment of a substance or thing that has
harmful or poisonous effects.
Kerosene a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained by
distilling petroleum, bituminous shale, or the
like, and widely used as a fuel, cleaning solvent.
Tide the alternate rising and falling of the
sea, usually twice in each lunar day at a
particular place, due to the attraction of
the moon and sun.
Methane a colorless, odorless flammable gas
which is the main constituent of natural
gas. It is the simplest member of the
alkane series of hydrocarbons.
Neutron an uncharged elementary particle that has a mass
nearly equal to that of the proton and is present
in all known atomic nuclei except the hydrogen
nucleus.
Organic matter Organic matter, organic material, or
natural organic matter refers to the large source
of carbon-based compounds found within

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fossil fuels exercises

natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic

environments.
Petroleum Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found
beneath the earth's surface that can be refined
into fuel.
House heating A heating system is a mechanism for
maintaining temperatures at an acceptable level;
by using thermal energy within a home, office,
or other dwelling. Often part of an HVAC
(heating, ventilation, air conditioning) system.
Global warming Global warming is the long-term heating of
Earth's climate system observed since the pre-
industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due
to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning,
which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas
levels in Earth's atmosphere.
Leak accidentally lose or admit contents, especially
liquid or gas, through a hole or crack.
Waste use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no
purpose.
Radioactive waste Radioactive waste is defined as material that
contains, or is contaminated with radionuclides
at concentrations or activities greater than
clearance levels as established by individual
countries' regulatory authorities, and for which
no use is currently foreseen.
Turbine a machine for producing continuous power in
which a wheel or rotor, typically fitted with
vanes, is made to revolve by a fast-moving flow
of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid.
Steam the vapor into which water is converted when
heated, forming a white mist of minute water
droplets in the air.

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fossil fuels exercises

4
Estrategies During Keywords

1) Circle which of the following energy sources are represented by fossil fuels:

coal – solar energy – petroleum – wind energy – nuclear energy – tidal energy

natural gas – methane – geothermal energy – kerosene – biomass energy

2) Circle which of the following energy sources are renewable:

coal – solar energy – petroleum – wind energy – nuclear energy – tidal energy

–natural gas – methane – geothermal energy – kerosene – biomass energy

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fossil fuels exercises

5
Estrategies During Conceptual Map

Complete the conceptual map using the following words :

natural gas wind energy

alternative coal
fractional
renewable organic matter distillation transportation

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fossil fuels exercises

6
Multiple Choice

1) Coal is a renewable source of energy responsible for the development of Western

industrial growth.
a. an alternative source of energy
b. a solid fossil fuel
c. a renewable source of energy
d. a liquid fossil fuel

2) The fractional distillation is the chemical process used to separate different type of
hydrocarbons.
a. high speed centrifugation
b. sedimentation by gravity
c. ultrafiltration
d. fractional distillation

3) Methane is the main hydrocarbon component of natural gas.

a. methane
b. ethane
c. propane
d. butane

4) Sun is a renewable source of energy.

a. uranium
b. sun
c. petroleum
d. coal

5) Photovoltaic solar energy is used for electricity production

a. heating water
b. steam production
c. kinetic energy conversion
d. electricity production

6) Wind energy is obtained by converting kinetic energy in electric energy

a. electric energy in kinetic energy
b. chemical energy in electric energy
c. kinetic energy in electric energy
d. electric energy in kinetic energy

e. Hydroelectric energy is produced by using force of falling water

7)
a. different temperature of water
b. force of falling water
c. highly pressurized water
d. electrolysis of water

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fossil fuels exercises

8) Geothermal energy exploits heat inside the Earth

a. heat from the sun
b. heat inside the Earth
c. steam from boiling water
d. hot water from the house

9) The disposal of radioactive waste represents one of the reasons for controversial in the
use of nuclear energy.
a. the unlimited reserves of uranium
b. the very low cost of construction of nuclear power plant
c. the low risk related to nuclear power plant
d. the disposal of radioactive waste

10) In Saint Malo, France, there is a famous wind farm

a. wind farm
b. nuclear power plant
c. tidal power plant
d. photovoltaic power plant

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fossil fuels exercises

7
Matching

Match the words on the left with the correct definition on the right:

1) coal A) main component of natural gas

2) solar energy B) process related to nuclear energy

3) fission C) in the absence of oxygen

4) photovoltaic energy D) important part of the hydroelectric power plant

5) methane E) substance added to natural gas for safety reasons

6) wind farm F) renewable source of energy

7) nuclear energy G) solid fossil fuel

8) dam H) alternative, but not renewable source of energy

9) mercaptan I) type of solar energy used for electricity production

10) anaerobic condition L) groups of wind turbines in the same location

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fossil fuels exercises

Strategies After
True or False

State if the sentences are true or false.

1) Scientific community agree that oil reserves are unlimited. – FALSE -

2) Coal is a liquid fossil fuel. -FALSE-

3) Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons. -TRUE-

4) Petroleum is produced in the presence of oxygen. FALSE

5) Natural gas is colourless and odourless. TRUE

6) Hydrocarbon combustion contributes to global warming. FALSE

7) Solar energy can only be used for electricity production. FALSE

8) Wind energy is a renewable source of energy. TRUE

9) Geothermal energy exploits heat from the sun. FALSE

10) Biomass energy allows only heat production. FALSE

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fossil fuels exercises

9
Close

Complete the text.

Among the traditional sources of energy, FOSSIL FUEL[1] is used for production
of ENERGY [2] in thermal power plants. Petroleum is a mixture of different
HYDROCARBONS [3] ; it originates from the decomposition of the ORGANIC [4]
matter. Natural gas is colourless and ODOURLESS [5]; for safety reasons, a
substance called MERCAPTAN[6] is added to the gas before being delivered. The
use of traditional sources of energy rises several issues; CO2 production upon
GLOBAL WARMING[7] is considered one of the major causes of
ENVIRONMENTAL[8] pollution. Risks of environmental disasters are also
associated to EXTRACTION[9] and delivery.

In order to reduce such risks, ALTERNATIVE[10] source of energy have been

developed in recent years. Among them, SOLAR[11] energy exploits the energy
coming from the Sun, while the TIDAL [12] energy exploits the gap between high
and low tides. Most of the alternative sources are also renewable, with the
exception of NUCLEAR [13] energy that is originated by the SEPARATION[14] of
the atoms of uranium.

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fossil fuels exercises

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Strategies After Flow Chart

PART 11
Think and Discuss

How Does Saving Energy Help The Environment

Save energy, save the environment

Although it may not be obvious, there’s a direct connection between your energy use and the
environment. When you consume less power, you reduce the amount of toxic fumes released
by power plants, conserve the earth’s natural resources and protect ecosystems from
destruction. By taking steps to reduce your energy intake, you’ll contribute to a healthier and
happier world.

Protect the air and prevent climate change

Perhaps the most notable way that reducing energy helps the environment is by decreasing
power plant emissions. To generate electricity, most power plants burn coal, crude oil or other
fossil fuels. Although this method of creating energy is relatively inexpensive, our planet pays

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fossil fuels exercises

the price – carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are just a few of the byproducts
that come from traditional methods of power generation.
Carbon dioxide, which accounts for the majority of all airborne pollution, is a greenhouse gas.
When carbon dioxide is released into the air, it absorbs the sun’s warmth and keeps heat in our
atmosphere. This “greenhouse effect” is a natural phenomenon, and it’s necessary for survival
on earth. However, as power plants burn more fuel to create more energy, the extra carbon
waste traps too much heat. This can have a detrimental impact on our land and our lives. Effects
of greenhouse gas emissions include:

• Rising temperatures, heat waves and drought

• Higher sea levels
• Abnormal weather patterns
• Increased intensity of natural disasters
• Smog and acid rain

Cutting back on energy consumption reduces the amount of electricity that power plants have
to make, subsequently reducing the amount of fossil fuels that are burned each day. Even a
small change can make a tremendous difference – if every American household traded in just
one incandescent light bulb for an efficient CFL, the reduction in pollution would be equivalent
to taking 1.3 million cars off the road.

Conserve limited natural resources

When you opt to cut back on energy use, you also help conserve limited natural resources that
would otherwise be used to power the power plants. Less demand for energy creates less
demand for harvesting fossil fuels. Turning off the lights at night or washing clothes in cold
water can save trees, coal, natural gas and more. From an economic standpoint, it’s critical to
conserve our finite resources. As fossil fuels become increasingly scarce, they will become
extremely expensive.

Save ecosystems and animals

In addition to impacting climate patterns and depleting stores of natural resources, excessive
energy use can harm animals and ecosystems. Mining, logging and material extraction
associated with the provision of fossil fuels destroys habitats on land and in the ocean. Human-
induced air pollution is one of the main reasons that biodiversity is disappearing at 1,000 times
the normal extinction rate.
Oil spills, which often occur during the transport of fossil fuels, wreak havoc on underwater
species and throw of the chemical balance of our oceans, making it dangerous for humans to
swim.

Although the EPA has set regulations to reduce chemical dumping, the toxic waste created by
power plants hasn’t disappeared. Coal-fired power plants are reportedly the largest source of
toxic water pollution in the U.S. Each year, these energy plants discharge billions of tons of
poisonous waste, often containing arsenic, mercury and lead.

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Consume less, conserve more

Reducing electricity use in your home – or going off the power grid with solar energy –can
benefit the environment, conserve resources and save lives. Although your own energy saving
adjustments may seem inconsequential, small steps become great leaps when multiplied by 7
billion.

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Strategies After
Summary

1) Answer to the following questions. The questions could be answered in a written.

a) Why do you need energy in your life?

Because we use energy in one way or another to make our life easier.

b) Which are the traditional energy sources available?

Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
c) Which are the environmental problem related to the use of fossil fuel?
The emissions that damage the atmosphere
d) Which are the alternative sources of energy?
Solar, Wind, Nuclear, Hydroelectric
e) Which of the alternative sources are renewable?
Solar energy, Wind energy, Hydroelectric, Geothermal Energy
f) How can you get energy by the wind?
HAWT and VERTICAL AXIS
g) Why the use of nuclear energy is controversial?
Because is the best energy sourse and the cleanest but if not doing it well it can have a lot
of harm.
h) Which are the sources for biomass?
is derived from several sources such as wood, landfill gases, garbage, waste and alcohol
fuels

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PART 13

If was the Ministry of Economic Development I would research in lines of the Master of Energy
and Environment of the Graduate School, within the branch of electricity generation based on
the use of renewable natural resources specifically in the wind and solar resources of the San
Clemente village of the municipality of Morazán, from the department of El Progreso. Wind
and solar studies have been carried out in Latin America and Guatemala on each type of
renewable energy separately and individually, as well as in applications other than the
combined or hybrid generation of the two energy sources used simultaneously that are present
in the village and that will be developed in this investigation.
The objective of this research is to carry out an analysis where it is intended to determine what
is the potential of wind and photovoltaic energy available in the San Clemente village and how
it can be used as electrical energy, for the homes and cultivation areas of its inhabitants through
a selection of the most efficient location points for the installation of hybrid generation systems
with the greatest electrical potential, as a means of increasing the indicator that determines
having access to electricity within the human development index (HDI). To choose these
points, the points with the best wind speed in relation to the catchment height and direction will
be compared, as well as the analysis of solar radiation in order to develop a map with the places
with the highest energy potential for renewable generation at the lowest cost.

The selected locations with potential for wind and solar generation would be studied to consider
the economic feasibility of installing hybrid power generation plants. To determine the results,
a descriptive investigation will be carried out that will begin with a preliminary investigation
that will be carried out in the field, with technical visits and the evaluation of the geography
comparing it with the wind and solar resource of each site for its energy use.

A calculation of the electrical load required per dwelling would also be carried out according
to its basic needs for power and resources needed for the installation of generation equipment.
Through a preliminary theoretical investigation where a scientific explanation will be given to
the physical phenomena that provide a basis and support for the understanding and application
of this research where the topics will be covered in a theoretical way and their conceptual
foundations. Topics from electricity generation in Guatemala will be covered, such as
distribution networks and the national interconnected system and how the distribution networks
are structured, explaining the commercialization and regulation of electricity in the country.
The types of renewable generation currently employed and especially developing the topics in
a comprehensive way of wind and solar energy and their applications.

Combined wind-solar generation systems and their rural applications, such as their
environmental impact and some technical-economic analysis of their installation and
application in rural areas, will be analysed in the development of the research; as a guide to this
work where the development and methods are explained as well as the techniques that will be
used for the collection of information. 3 A preliminary documentary investigation will be
carried out on the measurements and investigations carried out to date on the department of El
Progreso, especially on the San Clemente village, existing in the MEM and INSIVUMEH
records through their monitoring stations and other investigation documents. on the wind and
solar potential in Guatemala already developed as a basis, together with the data collection that
will be carried out on site during 3 phases, for the data collection of each location, 2 houses

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will be taken as a pilot plan to make in-depth measurements and an analysis load and electrical
demand.

The variables to be measured are the location of the sites with energy potential, the wind speed
and solar radiation. This information will be collected in tables and tables with existing
information will be used. All the data will be taken with an anemometer, pyranometer,
environmental thermometer, GPS, photo camera, tape measure, multimeter and hook ammeter,
this to develop mathematical calculations, tables and graphs and the lifting of a location map.
With all the information collected, the data will be analyzed with a descriptive statistical model,
to obtain averages and determine the amount of electricity that can be obtained (KW / H) and
the alternation of use according to its contribution and availability during the hours of the day
to the storage of energy in batteries for use. With this information, an analysis of the results
will be carried out to make conclusions and recommendations at the end of the same, which
are expected to be satisfactory and consistent with the specific objectives of the same.

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