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    Lesson 1 Correction

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    Alyanna Angeles
    1) There are two types of gas turbines - open cycle and closed cycle. Open cycle turbines directly exhaust combustion products while closed cycle turbines circulate a working fluid externally. 2) Gas turbines come in three main configurations - single shaft, split shaft, and twin spool. Single shaft turbines have one drive shaft, split shaft turbines have independent gas generator and power sections, and twin spool turbines have two compressor/turbine stages. 3) Split shaft turbines are commonly used for ship propulsion as the independent gas generator can adapt to varying loads while maintaining a constant power turbine speed.

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    Lesson 1 Correction

    Uploaded by

    Alyanna Angeles
    39 views5 pages
    1) There are two types of gas turbines - open cycle and closed cycle. Open cycle turbines directly exhaust combustion products while closed cycle turbines circulate a working fluid externally. 2) Gas turbines come in three main configurations - single shaft, split shaft, and twin spool. Single shaft turbines have one drive shaft, split shaft turbines have independent gas generator and power sections, and twin spool turbines have two compressor/turbine stages. 3) Split shaft turbines are commonly used for ship propulsion as the independent gas generator can adapt to varying loads while maintaining a constant power turbine speed.

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    1) There are two types of gas turbines - open cycle and closed cycle. Open cycle turbines directly exhaust combustion products while closed cycle turbines circulate a working fluid externally. 2) Gas turbines come in three main configurations - single shaft, split shaft, and twin spool. Single shaft turbines have one drive shaft, split shaft turbines have independent gas generator and power sections, and twin spool turbines have two compressor/turbine stages. 3) Split shaft turbines are commonly used for ship propulsion as the independent gas generator can adapt to varying loads while maintaining a constant power turbine speed.

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    39 views5 pages

    Lesson 1 Correction

    Uploaded by

    Alyanna Angeles
    1) There are two types of gas turbines - open cycle and closed cycle. Open cycle turbines directly exhaust combustion products while closed cycle turbines circulate a working fluid externally. 2) Gas turbines come in three main configurations - single shaft, split shaft, and twin spool. Single shaft turbines have one drive shaft, split shaft turbines have independent gas generator and power sections, and twin spool turbines have two compressor/turbine stages. 3) Split shaft turbines are commonly used for ship propulsion as the independent gas generator can adapt to varying loads while maintaining a constant power turbine speed.

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    of 5

    LESSON 1

    Lesson 1- contains a compilation of topics which addresses this learning outcome.


    L. O.1- Describe the types of gas turbines, its features and functions
    GAS TURBINE DEFINATION

    A gas turbine maybe defined as a form of heat engine in which the potential energy of the
    working gas is charge into mechanical work in two distinct steps. First, the available energy is
    converted into energy of motion, called kinetic energy, by expansion in a nozzle or suitable
    passage, from which the gas emerges as a jet at high velocity. Secondly, this kinetic energy is
    converted into mechanical energy or useful work by directing the jet against blades mounted on
    a revolving rotor, or by the reaction of the jet itself in the expanding passage if the passage
    revolves.
    Two types of gas turbine in terms of operating principle

    (a) Open cycle gas turbine


    (b) Closed cycle gas turbine
    (a) Open cycle gas turbine:

     Working on Joule cycle or Brayton cycle

    Air is compressed in a rotary compressor and passed into a combustion chamber where fuel is
    burnt, the products of combustion are made to impinge over rings of turbine blades with high
    velocity and work is produced. After the work done by the combustion products, rest are given
    to the atmosphere.

    60% of work produced is used to drive the compressor and rest is available as useful power
    For starting purpose, it is first motored to minimum speed, called coming in speed, before
    the fuel is turned on
    About 5% power output by the motor is used to start the turbine
    To improve the turbine performance intercooler, heat exchanger and reheat cycles are used
    with simple gas turbine cycle.
    (b) Closed cycle gas turbine:
    Working fluid air or other gas is circulated continuously inside the machine
    Working fluid does not come in contact with the atmospheric air or fuel
    Heat to working fluid is given externally by the burning of the fuel that is why it is external
    combustion engine
    Turbine exhaust rejects heat in a cooler
    Advantage of closed cycle gas turbine:

     Due to externally fired, cheaper fuel such as coal can be used


     Products of combustion is not in directly contact with turbine blades, hence fouling and heat
    transfer from the surface of the blade can be avoided
     Part load efficiency is improved by changing the pressure ratio and varying the quantity of
    working fluid keeping as cycle temperature constant and at constant speed
     High operating pressure causes low specific volume for the working fluid reducing the size of
    machines, heat exchangers and piping
     Heat transfer coefficients are higher which reduces the heat exchanger size
    Disadvantage of closed cycle gas turbine:

     more complicated and costly system


     Air heaters alone represent over 30% of total mass and cost
     system is not sufficiently strong to resist high pressure
    *Simple Gas turbine:

    Following assumptions are made in analysis of ideal gas turbine,

     Compression and expansion process are reversible adiabatic


     Kinetic energy does not change at the inlet and exit
     No pressure loss
     Same chemical composition of working fluid
     Heat exchanger is counter flow type with 100% efficiency

    Fig. 1. Simple gas turbine

    T-S diagram P-V diagram


    ENGINE TYPES: In terms of construction
    SINGLE SHAFT ENGINE

    The single-shaft engine - have one shaft which extends throughout the engine. All rotating
    parts of the engine are mounted on this shaft. An extension of this same shaft, the power take-
    off assembly, drives the load.

    The primary use of this type of engine is where constant speed is required such as electrical
    power generation.

    Block diagram of single shaft engine

    In the engine illustrated, the power output shaft is connected directly to the same turbine rotor
    that drives the compressor. In most cases, there is a speed decreases or reduction gear
    between the rotor and the power output shaft; however, there is still a mechanical connection
    throughout the entire engine.
    SPLIT-SHAFT ENGINE

    The engine is split into two major section, the gas generator and the power turbine section.
    The primary use of this type of engine is where variable speed and load is required such as a
    main ship propulsion.

    In this cycle the turbine is divided into two units, not for the purpose of reheat, but so that
    the compressor can be driven by one turbine and the useful output produced by another. The
    two shaft machines are more widely applied where there is considerable operation at reduced
    speed and load or where high starting torques are required. It is for these reasons that the two-
    shaft units are the most suitable for marine propulsion.

    Block diagram of a split-shaft engine


    The split-shaft engine consist of two main parts: Gas generator and a power turbine, each parts
    has its own shaft.

    GAS GENERATOR SECTION

    The gas generator section consist of a compressor, combustor and gas generator turbine
    called the high pressure turbine. The gas generator purpose is to produce a hot expanding gas
    for use in the power turbine. The Power turbine is aerodynamically coupled to the gas generator
    but the two shaft are not mechanically connected. The power turbine converts the thermal
    energy from the gas generator to mechanical energy to drive the load. The main advantage of a
    split-shaft engine is the fact that the gas generator is more responsive to load demands
    because the compressor is not restricted in operation by the load on the power.

    Also, under certain conditions the gas generator can run at a reduced rpm and still provide
    maximum power turbine rpm which greatly improves fuel economy and also extends the life of
    the gas is lowered appreciably due to the fact that the power turbine, reduction gears, and
    output shaft remain stationary until the gas generator reaches approximate idle speed. Another
    feature is that in a multi shaft marine propulsion plant where one design (clockwise rotation or
    counterclockwise rotation) of gas generator can be used on either shaft, the gas generator
    rotates only one way; however, the power turbine can be made to rotate either way by changing
    the power turbine wheel and nozzles.

    TWIN SPOOL ENGINE

    Block diagram of twin spool engine


    Another type of turbine is the twin spool, sometimes referred to as a multistage gas turbine.
    In the twin spool engine there are two separate compressors and two separate turbine rotors.
    They are referred to as L.P. compressor and turbine rotor and H.P. compressor and turbine
    rotor. The L.P. compressor and turbine are connected by a shaft which runs through the hollow
    shaft that connects the H.P. turbine to the P compressor. The starter drives the H.P. assembly
    during light off. The power turbine function the same as in the split shaft engine. A volume of air
    can be handled as compared to single or split shaft engine; however, the engine has more
    moving parts, and the increase overall dimensions and complexity make engine less desirable
    for ship's propulsion compare to the split shaft engine.

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