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Tutorial 2

This document discusses compressible fluid flow and properties of the atmosphere. It describes the layers of the atmosphere including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere, and exosphere. It then provides example problems involving calculating Mach number for aircraft at different altitudes and speeds, determining the time for sound to travel from a supersonic aircraft, finding true airspeed accounting for compressibility, and calculating thrust from a turbojet engine. The document uses the international standard atmosphere as a reference for air properties at varying altitudes when solving the example problems.

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Venkitaraj K P
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32 views

Tutorial 2

This document discusses compressible fluid flow and properties of the atmosphere. It describes the layers of the atmosphere including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere, and exosphere. It then provides example problems involving calculating Mach number for aircraft at different altitudes and speeds, determining the time for sound to travel from a supersonic aircraft, finding true airspeed accounting for compressibility, and calculating thrust from a turbojet engine. The document uses the international standard atmosphere as a reference for air properties at varying altitudes when solving the example problems.

Uploaded by

Venkitaraj K P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME 409 COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

Module I

Tutorial 2
Dr. VENKITARAJ K P
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR
International standard atmosphere
 The location of various regions in the atmosphere and the properties of air in
them vary with the geography of the place and time during the day and the
year. This presents difficulties in assigning definite properties to atmosphere
at different altitudes. Therefore, to overcome this difficulty a reference
atmosphere called International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) has been
defined. In evaluating the performance of an aircraft, ISA is used. The
conditions at the sea level for this atmosphere are given below.

Dr.VENKITARAJ K P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR


2 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE
 Troposphere:
 Region in which normal whether and clouds occur.
 Extends upto an altitude of about 11 km from the mean sea level.
 This contains 75% weight of the atmosphere.
 The pressure of the atmosphere always decreases with atmosphere.
 The temperature decreases linearly with altitude ( the rate of decrease or lapse rate
(α) = 6.5 °C per km).
i.e. T = To –αZ
Where To- temperature of ISA, Z – altitude (km)

 Stratosphere:
 Region above troposphere that extends upto an altitude of 32 km.
 The separation between troposphere and stratosphere is called tropopause.
 This contains a little less than 25% weight of the atmosphere.
 The temperature in the stratosphere remains constant at 216.5 K.
 The composition of the air is not much different from that in troposphere.

Dr.VENKITARAJ K P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR


3 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
 Mesosphere:
 This region is sometimes considered as the part of the stratosphere.

 Lies between the altitudes 32 km and 76 km.


 This layer contains ozone concentration that absorbs UV rays from the sun.
 The temperature in this region first rises to 350 K and then drops to 240 K.
 The air in the mesosphere is far too thin to breathe.
 Most meteors burn up in this region.

 Ionosphere:
 The region beyond mesosphere that extends upto 640 km.
 This layer contains electrically conducting particles , the composition of which
changes during day and night.
 The temperature increases with altitude.

 Exosphere:
 The low density region beyond ionosphere
 It merges with interplanetary medium.

Dr.VENKITARAJ K P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR


4 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
Dr.VENKITARAJ K P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
5 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
Properties of atmosphere
(GAS Tables, S.M. Yahya, 8th edition, Page no: 19-20)

Dr.VENKITARAJ K P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR


6 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
Dr.VENKITARAJ K P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
7 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
#1. Typical cruising speeds and altitudes for three commercial aircraft are:
 Dash 8 : Cruising speed: 500 km/h at an altitude of 4570 m.
 Boeing 747: Cruising speed: 978 km/h at an altitude of 9150 m.
 Concorde: Cruising speed: 2340 km/h at an altitude of 16600 m.
Find the Mach number of these aircrafts when flying at these cruise conditions.
Use the properties of the standard atmosphere.

Dr.VENKITARAJ K P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR


8 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
Dr.VENKITARAJ K P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
9 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
#2. A supersonic aircraft is flying at an altitude of 3000 m with a constant
flight speed of 2000 km/h. The aircraft passes directly over a ground
observation point. Find the time taken to hear the sound waves from
the aircraft at the observation point after it has passed directly over it.
Assume average temperature of atmospheric air below 3000 m altitude
is 27°C.

Dr.VENKITARAJ K P, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR


10 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
Dr.VENKITARAJ K P, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
11 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
 #3. The speed indicator of an airplane which is calibrated without
taking the effect of compressibility has registered a speed of 8ookm/h
at an altitude of 6000 m. Determine the true speed of the airplane. Also
determine the stagnation temperature and pressure at the nose of the
Pitot tube. Take T = -25°C, p = 0.654 bar at 6000 m altitude.

Dr.VENKITARAJ K P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR


12 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
Dr.VENKITARAJ K P, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
13 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
#4. Air at -20°C and 0.86 bar enters a turbojet engine at a relative velocity
of 120 m/s through the intake area of 0.4 m2. The combustion products
leave the engine at 0.8 bar with a velocity of 330 m/s through an exit
area of 0.6 m2. Assume that the mass of fuel added for combustion is
negligible and the products have the same properties as air. Find the net
thrust developed as a result of flow through the engine.

Dr.VENKITARAJ K P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR


14 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20
Dr.VENKITARAJ K P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
15 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 08-Sep-20

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