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    Microbiology & Immunology

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    Kumuthaa Shroom
    The document summarizes key topics in microbiology and immunology, including: 1) It outlines the basic system of scientific nomenclature for naming microorganisms established by Linnaeus in 1739 using binomial nomenclature. 2) It describes the major groups of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, animal parasites, and viruses - and some of their distinguishing characteristics. 3) It provides a timeline of major discoveries and experiments from 1665 to 1928 that were pivotal in the development of the field, including the cell theory, experiments disproving spontaneous generation, the development of vaccines and antibiotics.

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    Microbiology & Immunology

    Uploaded by

    Kumuthaa Shroom
    58 views24 pages
    The document summarizes key topics in microbiology and immunology, including: 1) It outlines the basic system of scientific nomenclature for naming microorganisms established by Linnaeus in 1739 using binomial nomenclature. 2) It describes the major groups of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, animal parasites, and viruses - and some of their distinguishing characteristics. 3) It provides a timeline of major discoveries and experiments from 1665 to 1928 that were pivotal in the development of the field, including the cell theory, experiments disproving spontaneous generation, the development of vaccines and antibiotics.

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    The document summarizes key topics in microbiology and immunology, including: 1) It outlines the basic system of scientific nomenclature for naming microorganisms established by Linnaeus in 1739 using binomial nomenclature. 2) It describes the major groups of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, animal parasites, and viruses - and some of their distinguishing characteristics. 3) It provides a timeline of major discoveries and experiments from 1665 to 1928 that were pivotal in the development of the field, including the cell theory, experiments disproving spontaneous generation, the development of vaccines and antibiotics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    58 views24 pages

    Microbiology & Immunology

    Uploaded by

    Kumuthaa Shroom
    The document summarizes key topics in microbiology and immunology, including: 1) It outlines the basic system of scientific nomenclature for naming microorganisms established by Linnaeus in 1739 using binomial nomenclature. 2) It describes the major groups of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, animal parasites, and viruses - and some of their distinguishing characteristics. 3) It provides a timeline of major discoveries and experiments from 1665 to 1928 that were pivotal in the development of the field, including the cell theory, experiments disproving spontaneous generation, the development of vaccines and antibiotics.

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    Microbiology & Immunology

    PBI3243
    How to name a microorganism?
    Carolus Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1739.

    Each organism has two names:


    Binomial nomenclature: Genus + specific epithet (species)

    Must be italicised (or underlined), genus capitalised.


    Microorganisms ≠ Bacteria
    ● Bacteria
    ● Archaea
    ● Fungi
    ● Protozoa
    ● Algae
    ● Animal parasites
    ● Viruses?
    The 3 domains of life
    Bacterium / Bacteria
    Prokaryotic - unicellular microbes without nuclei

    Cell wall - made of peptidoglycan

    Reproduction by binary fission

    Energy sources:

    ● Organic chemicals
    ● Inorganic chemicals
    ● Photosynthesis
    Archaea
    Prokaryotic

    No peptidoglycan

    Found in extreme environments

    ● Extreme halophiles
    ● Extreme thermophiles
    Fungus / Fungi
    Eukaryotic

    Chitin cell wall

    Either unicellular or multicellular:

    ● Multicellular
    ○ Mold; Mushrooms
    ○ Consists of mycelia, hyphae
    ● Unicellular
    ○ Yeast
    Protozoa
    Eukaryotic

    Absorb or ingest organic chemicals

    May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella


    Viruses
    Acellular

    Either DNA or RNA genome

    Genome is surrounded by a protein coat (capsid protein)

    Coat may be enclosed in a lipid bilayer

    Only replicate within a living host cell


    Multicellular (parasites)
    Eukaryotic

    Microscopic stages in life cycles

    Examples:

    ● Helminths
    ● Worms
    Algae
    Eukaryotic

    Cell wall composed of cellulose

    Usually conduct photosynthesis

    Produce oxygen and organic compound


    Robert Hooke
    The time tunnel...
    1665 The cell theory
    1668 Redi experiment
    1673 First microbe observed
    1745 Needham experiment
    1765 Spallanzani experiment
    1796 Smallpox vaccination
    1861 Pasteur experiment
    1901 Drug to treat syphilis
    1928 Discovery of antibiotic
    The time tunnel...
    1665 The cell theory
    1668 Redi experiment
    1673 First microbe observed
    Debate over the transition period
    1745 Needham experiment
    1765 Spallanzani experiment Spontaneous Biogenesis
    1796 Smallpox vaccination generation
    1861 Pasteur experiment ● Aristotle’s doctrine ● Living organisms
    1901 Drug to treat syphilis ● Living organisms arise from
    1928 Discovery of antibiotic arise from preexisting life
    nonliving matter
    ● “Vital force” forms
    life
    ● The beginnings of experimental science
    ● Filled 6 jars with decaying meat
    The time tunnel...
    1665 The cell theory
    1668 Redi experiment
    1673 First microbe observed
    1745 Needham experiment
    1765 Spallanzani experiment
    1796 Smallpox vaccination
    1861 Pasteur experiment
    1901 Drug to treat syphilis
    1928 Discovery of antibiotic
    The time tunnel...
    1665 The cell theory
    1668 Redi experiment
    1673 First microbe observed
    1745 Needham experiment
    1765 Spallanzani experiment
    1796 Smallpox vaccination
    1861 Pasteur experiment
    1901 Drug to treat syphilis Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
    1928 Discovery of antibiotic
    ● Objected the theory of biogenesis.
    ● Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks
    ● “Life force” that causes inanimate matter to
    The time tunnel... spontaneously come to life.

    1665 The cell theory


    1668 Redi experiment
    1673 First microbe observed
    1745 Needham experiment
    1765 Spallanzani experiment
    1796 Smallpox vaccination
    1861 Pasteur experiment
    1901 Drug to treat syphilis
    1928 Discovery of antibiotic John Needham
    The time tunnel...
    1665 The cell theory
    1668 Redi experiment
    1673 First microbe observed
    1745 Needham experiment
    1765 Spallanzani experiment
    1796 Smallpox vaccination
    1861 Pasteur experiment
    1901 Drug to treat syphilis
    1928 Discovery of antibiotic

    Lazzaro Spallanzani
    ● Pioneer of Smallpox vaccine
    The time tunnel...
    1665 The cell theory
    1668 Redi experiment
    1673 First microbe observed
    1745 Needham experiment
    1765 Spallanzani experiment
    1796 Smallpox vaccination
    1861 Pasteur experiment
    1901 Drug to treat syphilis
    1928 Discovery of antibiotic

    Edward Jenner
    ● Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air
    The time tunnel...
    1665 The cell theory
    1668 Redi experiment
    1673 First microbe observed
    1745 Needham experiment
    1765 Spallanzani experiment
    1796 Smallpox vaccination Louis Pasteur
    1861 Pasteur experiment
    1901 Drug to treat syphilis
    1928 Discovery of antibiotic
    ● Spontaneous generation disproved.
    The time tunnel... ● Pasturisation (in 1880s)

    1665 The cell theory


    1668 Redi experiment
    1673 First microbe observed
    1745 Needham experiment
    1765 Spallanzani experiment
    1796 Smallpox vaccination
    1861 Pasteur experiment
    1901 Drug to treat syphilis
    1928 Discovery of antibiotic
    The time tunnel...
    1665 The cell theory
    1668 Redi experiment Salvarsan
    1673 First microbe observed - The magic bullet
    1745 Needham experiment
    1765 Spallanzani experiment
    1796 Smallpox vaccination
    1861 Pasteur experiment
    1901 Drug to treat syphilis
    1928 Discovery of antibiotic
    The time tunnel... ● Alexander Fleming and the discovery of the first antibiotic

    1665 The cell theory


    1668 Redi experiment
    1673 First microbe observed
    1745 Needham experiment
    1765 Spallanzani experiment
    1796 Smallpox vaccination
    1861 Pasteur experiment
    1901 Drug to treat syphilis
    1928 Discovery of antibiotic
    What is happening today?

    Bacteriology Parasitology

    Mycology Virology

    Genetic
    Engineering
    Challenges?
    Antimicrobial resistance

    Superbug

    Newly emerging diseases

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