Problem 5.

33 After having been in position 1 for a long time, the switch in the
circuit of Fig. P5.33 was moved to position 2 at t = 0. Given that V0 = 12 V,
R1 = 30 kΩ, R2 = 120 kΩ, R3 = 60 kΩ, and C = 100 µ F, determine:
(a) iC (0− ) and υC (0− )
(b) iC (0) and υC (0)
(c) iC (∞) and υC (∞)
(d) υC (t) for t ≥ 0
(e) iC (t) for t ≥ 0

R1 2
iC
i1
+ 1
V0 _ R3 C υC
R2

Figure P5.33: Circuit for Problem 5.33.

Solution: (a) Since the capacitor had access to resistors R2 and R3 prior to t = 0, it
has dissipated any charge it may have had, long before t = 0. Hence,

iC (0− ) = υC (0− ) = 0.

(b) At t = 0, the capacitor acts like a short circuit (because its voltage cannot change
instantaneously). Since the voltage across R3 is zero, no current flows through it.
Hence,
V0 12
i1 (0) = = = 0.4 mA.
R1 30k
υC (0) = υC (0− ) = 0.

R1 2
iR3 = 0 iC(0)
i1(0)
+
V0 _ R3 C υC(0) = 0

At t = 0

(c) At t = ∞, capacitor acts like an open circuit.

R1 2
i1
+
V0 _ R3 C vC( )
8

At t =
8

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Hence,

iC (∞) = 0
V0 R3 12 × 60
υC (∞) = = = 8 V.
R1 + R3 30 + 60
(d)

υC (t) = υC (∞) + (υC (0) − υC (∞))e−t/τ

= 8 + (0 − 8)e−t/τ
= 8(1 − e−t/τ ) (V), for t ≥ 0,

where  
R1 R3 30 × 60
τ= C= × 103 × 10−4 = 2 s.
R1 + R3 30 + 60
(e)
d υC
iC (t) = C
dt
d
= 10−4 [8(1 − e−0.5t )]
dt
−0.5t
= 0.4e (mA) for t ≥ 0.

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Problem 5.34 Repeat Problem 5.33, but with the switch having been in position 2
for a long time, and then moved to position 1 at t = 0.

R1 2
iC
i1
+ 1
V0 _ R3 C υC
R2

Figure P5.34: Circuit for Problem 5.34.

Solution: (a) At t = 0−
R1 2 iC(0−) = 0
i1
+
V0 _ R3 C υC(0−)

At t = 0−

iC (0− ) = 0
υC (0− ) = i1 R3
Vo R3
=
R1 + R3
12 × 60
= = 8 V.
30 + 60
(b) At t = 0
R1 2
iC(0)
i1 iR2 iR3
+ 1
V0 _ R3 60 kΩ C υC(0) = υC(0−) = 8 V
R2 120 kΩ

At t = 0

υC (0+ ) = 8 V.
8 8 2
iR2 = = = mA,
R2 120k 30
8 8 4
iR3 = = = mA,
R3 60k 30
iC (0) = −iR2 − iR3 = −0.2 mA.
(c)
iC (∞) = 0

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 υC (∞) = 0

(all energy in capacitor already dissipated into R2 and R3 ).

(d)

υC (t) = υC (∞) + [υC (0) − υC (∞)]e−t/τ

= 0 + (8 − 0)e−t/τ
= 8e−t/τ , for t ≥ 0,

with    
R2 R3 120 × 60
τ= C= × 103 × 10−4 = 4 s.
R2 + R3 120 + 60
(e)
d υC
iC (t) = C
dt
d
= 10−4 (8e−0.25t )
dt
= −0.2e−0.25t (mA).

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Problem 5.35 The circuit in Fig. P5.35 contains two switches, both of which had
been open for a long time before t = 0. Switch 1 closes at t = 0, and switch 2
follows suit at t = 5 s. Determine and plot υC (t) for t ≥ 0 given that V0 = 24 V,
R1 = R2 = 16 kΩ, and C = 250 µ F. Assume υC (0) = 0.

Solution:

Switch 1 Switch 2
R1
(a)
+ t=0 t=5s
V0 _ C υC R2

R1

(b) 0 < t < 5 s +

V0 _ C υC

R1

(c) t > 5 s +
V0 _ C υC R2

R1

(d) t = + +
8

V0 _ R2
C _υC2( )
8

Figure P5.35

Time Segment 1: 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 s

τ1 = R1C = 16 × 103 × 250 × 10−6 = 4 s.

υC1 (t) = υC1 (∞) + (υC1 (t) − υC1 (∞))e−t/τ1
= V0 + (0 −V0 )e−0.25t
= 24(1 − e−0.25t ), for 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 s.

Time Segment 2: t ≥ 5 s
Through source transformation, it is easy to see that R1 and R2 should be combined
in parallel. Hence:
 
R1 R2
τ2 = C = 8 × 103 × 250 × 10−6 = 2 s.
R1 + R2
υC2 (t) = υC2 (∞) + [υC2 (5 s) − υC2 (∞)]e−(t−5)/τ2

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 V0 R2 24 × 16
υC2 (∞) = = = 12 V.
R1 + R2 16 + 16
υC2 (5 s) = υC1 (5 s) = 24(1 − e−0.25×5 ) = 17.12 V
υC2 (t) = 12 + [17.12 − 12]e−0.5(t−5)
= 12 + 5.12e−0.5(t−5) , for t ≥ 5 s.

Plot is shown in Fig. P5.35(e).

Figure P5.35(e)

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Problem 5.36 The circuit in Fig. P5.36 was in steady state until the switch was
moved from terminal 1 to terminal 2 at t = 0. Determine υ (t) for t ≥ 0 given that
I0 = 21 mA, R1 = 2 kΩ, R2 = 3 kΩ, R3 = 4 kΩ, and C = 50 µ F.
Solution:

C
1
(a)
t=0 R2
I0 R1 2 R3

υC(0−)

C
i1(0−)
1
(b) At t = 0−
R2
I0 R1 R3

υC

C
1
(c) At t > 0
R2
I0 R1 2 R3

Figure P5.36: Circuit for Problem 5.36.

At t = 0− , current division gives

R1 I0 2 × 21 42
i1 (0− ) = = = mA
R1 + R2 + R3 2 + 3 + 4 9
42
υC (0− ) = i1 (0− ) R2 = × 10−3 × 3 × 103 = 14 V.
9
At t = ∞, υC (∞) = 0 (no more sources).
At t ≥ 0,
 
R2 R3
τ= C
R2 + R3
3×4
= × 103 × 50 × 10−6 = 0.086 s.
3+4
Hence,
υC (t) = υC (∞) + [υC (0) − υC (∞)]e−t/τ
= 14e−11.67t , for t ≥ 0.

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Problem 5.37 Prior to t = 0, capacitor C1 in the circuit of Fig. P5.37 was uncharged.
For I0 = 5 mA, R1 = 2 kΩ, R2 = 50 kΩ, C1 = 3 µ F, and C2 = 6 µ F, determine:
(a) The equivalent circuit involving the capacitors for t ≥ 0. Specify υ1 (0) and
υ2 (0).
(b) i(t) for t ≥ 0.
(c) υ1 (t) and υ2 (t) for t ≥ 0.

Solution:

1 R2 i

t=0
I0 R1 2 C2 υ2
C1 υ1

R2
i

(a) At t = 0− I0 R1 C2 υ2(0−) = I0R1

R2 i

2
(b) At t > 0 C2 υ2
C1 υ1

R2
i

Ceq

υeq

Figure P5.37

(a) At t = 0− ,

υ2 (0− ) = I0 R1 = 5 × 10−3 × 2 × 103 = 10 V.

υ1 (0− ) = 0 (Given).

At t = 0, circuit is as shown in Fig. P5.37(b), with:

C1C2 3×6
Ceq = = µ F = 2 µ F,
C1 +C2 3 + 6

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and

υeq (0) = υ2 (0) − υ1 (0) = 10 − 0 = 10 V,

τ = R2Ceq = 5 × 104 × 2 × 10−6 = 0.1 s.

(b) For t ≥ 0,

υeq (t) = υeq (∞) + [υeq (0) − υeq (∞)]e−t/τ

= 0 + (10 − 0)e−10t = 10e−10t .
d d
i(t) = Ceq υeq = 2 × 10−6 (10e−10t ) = −0.2e−10t (mA).
dt dt
(c)
1 t
Z
υ1 (t) = υ1 (0) + −i(t) dt
C1 0
Z t
1
= 0.2e−10t × 10−3 dt = 6.7(1 − e−10t ) (V), for t ≥ 0,
3 × 10−6 0
1 t
Z
υ2 (t) = υ2 (0) + i(t) dt
C2 0
Z t
1
= 10 + −0.2e−10t × 10−3 dt = [6.7 + 3.3e−10t ] (V), for t ≥ 0.
6 × 10−6 0

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Problem 5.39 The switch in the circuit of Fig. P5.39 had been in position 1 for a
long time until it was moved to position 2 at t = 0. Determine υ (t) for t ≥ 0, given
that I0 = 6 mA, V0 = 18 V, R1 = R2 = 4 kΩ, and C = 200 µ F.

Solution:

υ
1

(a) C +
I0 R1 2 _ V0
R2

V1 1 υ
i
C +
(b) At t = 0− I0 _ V0
R1
R2

(c) At t > 0 C +
2 _ V0
R2

Figure P5.39

At t = 0− , the circuit assumes the condition shown in Fig. 5.39(b).

V1 = I0 R1 = 6 × 10−3 × 4 × 103 = 24 V.
υ (0− ) = V1 −V0 = 24 − 18 = 6 V.

At t > 0, circuit becomes as shown in Fig. P5.39(c). Now,

υ (∞) = −V0 = −18 V.

τ = R2C = 4 × 103 × 2 × 10−4 = 0.8 s.

Hence,

υ (t) = [υ (∞) + [υ (0) − υ (∞)]e−t/τ ]

= [−18 + [6 + 18]e−1.25t ]
= [−18 + 24e−1.25t ] (V), for t ≥ 0.

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20170417 Page 22
20170417 Page 23
Problem 5.41 Determine i(t) for t ≥ 0 where i is the current passing through R3
in the circuit of Fig. P5.41. The element values are υs = 16 V, R1 = R2 = 2 kΩ,
R3 = 4 kΩ, and C = 25 µ F. Assume that the switch had been open for a long time
prior to t = 0.

Solution:

R1 t=0
(a) Circuit i
+ R2
υs _ C υ R3

R1 R2
i
(b) At t = 0− +
υs _ C υ R3

R1
i
(c) At t > 0 +
υs _ C υ R3

Figure P5.41

At t = 0− , the circuit looks as shown in Fig. P5.41(b) Hence, voltage division gives

υs (R2 + R3 ) 16(2 + 4)
υ (0− ) = = = 12 V.
R1 + R2 + R3 2+2+4
The circuit corresponding to the condition t > 0 is shown in Fig. P5.41(c). Through
source transformation,
2×4 8
Req = R1 k R3 = × 103 = kΩ
2+4 6
Hence, for t ≥ 0:
8
τ = ReqC = × 103 × 25 × 10−6 = 0.033 s
6
υs R3 16 × 4
υ (∞) = = = 10.67 V (at t = ∞, C acts like open circuit),
R1 + R3 2+4
υ (t) = υ (∞) + [υ (0) − υ (∞)]e−t/τ
= [10.67 + [12 − 10.67]e−30t ] = [10.67 + 1.33e−30t ],
υ (t) 10.67 + 1.33e−30t
i(t) = = = [2.67 + 0.33e−30t ] (mA).
R3 4 × 103

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Problem 5.42 Repeat Problem 5.41, but start with the switch being closed prior to
t = 0 and then opened at t = 0.

Solution:

R1 t=0
(a) Circuit i
+ R2
υs _ C υ R3

R1 R2
i
(b) At t = 0− +
υs _ C υ R3

R1 R2
i
(c) At t > 0 +
υs _ C υ R3

Figure P5.42

At t = 0− (Fig. P5.42(b)),
υs R3 16 × 4
υ (0− ) = = = 10.67 V.
R1 + R3 2+4
At t > 0 (Fig. P5.42(c)), source transformation leads to

R1 × (R2 + R3 ) 2 × (2 + 4)
Req = R1 k (R2 + R3 ) = = × 103 = 1.5 kΩ
R1 + R2 + R3 2+2+4
τ = ReqC = 1.5 × 103 × 25 × 10−6 = 0.0375 s
υs (R2 + R3 )
υ (∞) = = 12 V.
R1 + R2 + R3
Hence, for t ≥ 0:

υ (t) = [υ (∞) + [υ (0) − υ (∞)]e−t/τ ]

= [12 + [10.67 − 12]e−26.67t ]
= [12 − 1.33e−26.67t ]
υ (t) 12 − 1.33e−26.67t
i(t) = = = [2 − 0.22e−26.67t ] (mA).
R2 + R3 6 × 103

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Problem 5.43 Consider the circuit in Fig. P5.41, but without the switch. If the
source υs represents a 12-V, 100-ms-long rectangular pulse that starts at t = 0 and the
element values are R1 = 6 kΩ, R2 = 2 kΩ, R3 = 4 kΩ, and C = 15 µ F, determine
the voltage response υ (t) for t ≥ 0.

Solution:

6 kΩ 2 kΩ

12 V + R1 R2
(a) Circuit R3
_ C υ 4 kΩ
0 0.1 s

6 kΩ 2 kΩ

(b) 0 < t < 0.1 s + R1 R2

12 V _ C υ 4 kΩ

6 kΩ 2 kΩ

(c) t > 0.1 s R1 R2

C υ 4 kΩ

Figure P5.43

Prior to t = 0, the circuit had no sources and the capacitor had access to a closed loop
containing resistors. Hence,

υ (0) = υ (0− ) = 0.

For 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.1 s:

6 × (2 + 4)
Req = × 103 = 3 × 103 Ω.
6+2+4
τ = ReqC = 3 × 103 × 15 × 10−6 = 45 × 10−3 s.
12 × 6
υ1 (∞) = = 6 V.
12
Hence,

υ1 (t) = υ1 (∞) + [υ1 (0) − υ1 (∞)]e−t/τ

= 6 + [0 − 6]e−1000t/45 = 6[1 − e−1000t/45 ] (V).

For t > 0.1 s:

τ = 45 × 10−3 s
υ2 (∞) = 0

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 υ2 (0.1) = υ1 (t = 0.1 s) = 6[1 − e−1000×0.1/45 ] = 5.35 V.
υ2 (t) = [υ2 (∞) + [υ2 (0.1) − υ2 (∞)]e−1000(t−0.1)/45 ] u(t − 0.1)
= 5.35e−1000(t−0.1)/45 (V).

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