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  • Fluid Statics Introductory Fluid Statics Is The Study of Fluids in Which There Is No Relative Motion Between Fluid Particles. If There

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    Klare Dysteen
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    1) Fluid statics is the study of fluids with no relative motion between particles, where only normal stresses exist in the form of pressure. 2) Pressure at a point in a fluid is constant and acts equally in all directions, whether the fluid is static or moving without shear stresses. 3) To determine pressure variation in static or accelerating fluids without shear, Newton's second law is applied to an infinitesimal fluid element. The pressure differences in any direction can then be found in terms of density, acceleration, and height.

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    1) Fluid statics is the study of fluids with no relative motion between particles, where only normal stresses exist in the form of pressure. 2) Pressure at a point in a fluid is constant and acts equally in all directions, whether the fluid is static or moving without shear stresses. 3) To determine pressure variation in static or accelerating fluids without shear, Newton's second law is applied to an infinitesimal fluid element. The pressure differences in any direction can then be found in terms of density, acceleration, and height.

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    17 views3 pages

    Fluid Statics Introductory Fluid Statics Is The Study of Fluids in Which There Is No Relative Motion Between Fluid Particles. If There

    Uploaded by

    Klare Dysteen
    1) Fluid statics is the study of fluids with no relative motion between particles, where only normal stresses exist in the form of pressure. 2) Pressure at a point in a fluid is constant and acts equally in all directions, whether the fluid is static or moving without shear stresses. 3) To determine pressure variation in static or accelerating fluids without shear, Newton's second law is applied to an infinitesimal fluid element. The pressure differences in any direction can then be found in terms of density, acceleration, and height.

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    Fluid Statics Introductory

    Fluid statics is the study of fluids in which there is no relative motion between fluid particles. If there
    is no relative motion, no shearing stresses exist, since velocity gradients, such as du/dy, are required for
    shearing stresses to be present. The only stress that exists is a normal stress, the pressure, so it is the
    pressure that is of primary interest in fluid statics.

    Pressure at a Point

    We have defined pressure as being the infinitesimal normal comprehensive force divided by the
    infinitesimal area over which it acts. This defines the pressure at a point. One might question whether the
    pressure at a given point varies as the normal to the area changes direction. To show that this is not the
    case, even for fluids in motion with no shear, consider the wedge-shaped element of unit depth (in the z-
    direction) shown in Fig. 1. Assume that a pressure p acts on the hypotenuse and that a different pressure
    acts on each of the other areas, as shown. Since the forces on the two end faces are in the z-direction, we
    have not included them on the element. Now, let us apply Newton’s second law to the element, for both
    the x- and y-directions:

    △x△y
    ΣF x =ma x : p x △ y− p △ s sinθ=ρ ax Eq 1
    2

    △x△y △x△ y
    ΣF y =ma y : p y △ x−ρ g − p △ s cosθ= ρ ay
    2 2

    Figure 1. Pressure at a point in fluid

    △x△ y
    where we have used △ V = (we could include △ z in each term to account for the depth). The
    2
    pressures shown are due to the surrounding fluid and are the average pressure on the areas. Substituting

    △ s sinθ=△ y △ s cosθ=△ x Eq 2
    we see that Eq. 1 take the forms

    ρ ax
    p x −p= △x
    2

    (a¿ ¿ y + g)
    p x −p=ρ △ y¿
    2
    Eq 3

    Note that in the limit as the elements shrinks to a point △ x →0 and △ y → 0. Hence the right-hand sides
    in the equations above go to zero, even for fluids in motion, providing us with the result that, at a point,

    p x =p y = p Eq 4

    Since θ is arbitrary, this relationship holds for all angles at a point. We could have analyzed an element in
    the xz-plane and concluded that p x =p z = p. Thus we conclude that the pressure in a fluid is constant at a
    point; that is, pressure is a scalar function. It acts equally in all directions at a given point for both a static
    fluid and a fluid that is in motion in the absence of shear stress.

    Pressure Variation

    A general equation is derived to predict the pressure variation of fluids at rest or fluids undergoing
    acceleration while the relative position of fluid elements to one another remains the same (this eliminates
    shear stress). To determine the pressure variation in such fluids, consider the infinitesimal element
    displayed in Fig. 2, where the z-axis is in the vertical direction. The pressure variation from one point to
    another will be determined by applying Newton’s second law; that is, the sum of the forces acting on the
    fluid element is equal to the mass times the acceleration of the element.

    Figure 2. Forces
    acting on an infinitesimal element that is at rest in the xyz-reference frame. The reference frame may be accelerating or rotating.
    If we assume that a pressure p exists at the center of this element, the pressures at each of the sides can be
    expressed by using the chain rule from calculus with p(x,y,z):

    ∂p ∂p ∂p
    dp= dx + dy+ dz Eq 5
    ∂x ∂y ∂z

    The pressure differential in any direction can be determined from the equation below:

    dp=−ρ a x dx−ρ a y dy−ρ( a¿¿ z+ g)dz ¿ Eq 6

    where z is always vertical.

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