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Inter Connecting Transformer Protection

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ICT PROTECTION

INTRODUCTION

Transformers are classified as power and distribution transformers.

Distribution transformers are generally used in electrical power distribution and transmissi
on. Power Transformers deals with hihg voltages of 400KV. ICT (Inter connecting transformer)
belongs to the class of power transformers which is used in major substations.

The function of the interconnecting transformer-as the name suggests to interconnect two
systems at different voltages. Normally, they will be either 400KV/132KV or 220KV/110KV, of
say about 315 MVA. They are bidirectional .During the plant start-up, they import power from
grid either at 400KV or 220KV and step down to132KV or 110KV to supply the station
auxillaries. Once the plant is started and synchronized to the grid, the same transformer can now
be used to export power to the grid.

They are normally auto-transformers and they will have a delta connected teritiary winding of
about 33KV rating, for providing a circulating path for the Zero sequence currents. Then the
Transformer rating will be 400/220/33KV, 315 MVA.

Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the power system. Due to the long lead
time for repair of and replacement of transformers, a major goal of transformer protection is
limiting the damage to a faulted transformer. Some protection functions, such as overexcitation
protection and temperature-based protection may aid this goal by identifying operating
conditions that may cause transformer failure. The comprehensive transformer protection
provided by multiple function protective relays is appropriate for critical transformers of all
applications

Transformer types

a.Distribution

b.Power

c.Control

d.Auto

e.Isolation

f.Instrument potential

g.Instrument current
 The type of protection for the transformers varies depending on the application and the
importance of the transformer. Transformers are protected primarily against faults and overloads.
The type of protection used should minimize the time of disconnection for faults within the
transformer and to reduce the risk of catastrophic failure to simplify eventual repair. Any
extended operation of the transformer under abnormal condition such as faults or overloads
compromises the life of the transformer, which means adequate protection should be provided
for quicker isolation of the transformer under such conditions

TRANSFORMER FAILURES

Failures in transformers can be classified into

• winding failures due to short circuits (turn-turn faults,phase-phase faults, phase-ground)

• core faults (core insulation failure, shorted laminations)

• terminal failures (open leads, loose connections, shortcircuits)

• on-load tap changer failures (mechanical, electrical, shortcircuit, overheating)

Minimum internal faults

The most difficult transformer winding fault for which to provide protection is the fault that

initially involves one turn. A turn-to-turn fault results in a terminal current change of much less
than rated full-load current. For example, as much as 10% of the winding may have to be shorted
to cause full-load terminal current to flow. Therefore, a single turn-to-turn fault will result in an
undetectable change of current at the transformer terminals.

Maximum internal faults

There is no limit to the maximum internal fault current that can flow, other than the system
capability when the fault is on the source side terminals of the transformer, or a fault external to
the transformer but in the relay zone. The relay system should be capable of withstanding the
secondary current of the CTs on a short time basis. This may be a factor if the transformer is
small relative to the system fault and if the current transformer (CT) ratio is chosen to match the
transformer rating.

Through faults

Fault current
current through
through a transformer
a transformer is limited
is limited by its by the transformer
impedance, and source
the through impedance.
current While
can cause incorrect
relay operations or even transformer failure but current transformer saturation is less likely to
occur compared to the CT saturations during maximum fault currents.

This favorable aspect may disappear if the transformer protection zone includes a bus area with
two or more breakers on the same side of the transformer through which external fault currents,
which have no relationship to the transformer rating, can flow. An example is a transformer
connected to a section of a ring bus with the transformer protection including the ring bus

section.

Performance of CTs

INTERNAL FAULTS

During an internal fault, or a fault external to the transformer but in the protected zone of the
relay system, one or more CTs may saturate. Severe CT saturation can cause a harmonic restraint
unit to pick up, thereby resulting in the failure of a transformer differential relay to operate or
causing a delay in its operation. The effect depends on the relay's response to distorted currents.
On a transient basis, 2nd and 3rd harmonics predominate initially when a CT saturates.
Ultimately, the even harmonics disappear with the decay of the offset direct current (DC)

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Vamshi Kasturi published this

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