Voltage-bidirectional two-quadrant switches can conduct positive or block negative voltages and currents. They are commonly realized using an active switch like an SCR combined with a diode. Four-quadrant switches can conduct and block both positive and negative voltages and currents. They allow the realization of matrix converters used to convert AC power between different voltage/frequency combinations. Synchronous rectifiers replace output diodes in rectifiers with MOSFETs switched on during the diode's conduction period, reducing conduction losses.
Voltage-bidirectional two-quadrant switches can conduct positive or block negative voltages and currents. They are commonly realized using an active switch like an SCR combined with a diode. Four-quadrant switches can conduct and block both positive and negative voltages and currents. They allow the realization of matrix converters used to convert AC power between different voltage/frequency combinations. Synchronous rectifiers replace output diodes in rectifiers with MOSFETs switched on during the diode's conduction period, reducing conduction losses.
Original Title
2.1.3 Two and Four Quadrant Switches, Synchronous Rectifiers.pdf
Voltage-bidirectional two-quadrant switches can conduct positive or block negative voltages and currents. They are commonly realized using an active switch like an SCR combined with a diode. Four-quadrant switches can conduct and block both positive and negative voltages and currents. They allow the realization of matrix converters used to convert AC power between different voltage/frequency combinations. Synchronous rectifiers replace output diodes in rectifiers with MOSFETs switched on during the diode's conduction period, reducing conduction losses.
Voltage-bidirectional two-quadrant switches can conduct positive or block negative voltages and currents. They are commonly realized using an active switch like an SCR combined with a diode. Four-quadrant switches can conduct and block both positive and negative voltages and currents. They allow the realization of matrix converters used to convert AC power between different voltage/frequency combinations. Synchronous rectifiers replace output diodes in rectifiers with MOSFETs switched on during the diode's conduction period, reducing conduction losses.
controlled by terminal C 1 i • Normally operated as two- i + on quadrant switch: • can conduct positive on-state v v current C off off (diode (transistor • can block positive or negative blocks voltage) blocks voltage) – off-state voltage 0 • provided that the intended on- state and off-state operating points lie on the composite i-v BJT / series instantaneous i-v characteristic, then switch can diode realization characteristic be realized as shown • The SCR is such a device, without controlled turn-off Fundamentals of Power Electronics 19 Chapter 4: Switch realization Two-quadrant switches
1 i switch + i on-state current v on – 0 v switch 1 off off off-state (diode (transistor voltage i + blocks voltage) blocks voltage)
v C
– 0
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 20 Chapter 4: Switch realization
Another example: boost-type inverter, or current-source inverter (CSI). Fundamentals of Power Electronics 21 Chapter 4: Switch realization 4.1.4. Four-quadrant switches
switch on-state current • Usually an active switch, controlled by terminal C • can conduct positive or negative on-state current switch off-state • can block positive or negative voltage off-state voltage
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 22 Chapter 4: Switch realization
Three ways to realize a four-quadrant switch
1 1 1 i i i 1 + + +
i + v v v v – – – – 0 0 0 0
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 23 Chapter 4: Switch realization
A 3øac-3øac matrix converter
3øac input 3øac output
ia
van(t) + – vbn(t) ib + –
– vcn(t) + ic
• All voltages and currents are ac; hence, four-quadrant switches are required. • Requires nine four-quadrant switches
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 24 Chapter 4: Switch realization
4.1.5. Synchronous rectifiers
Replacement of diode with a backwards-connected MOSFET,
to obtain reduced conduction loss
i 1 1 1 on i i i + (reverse conduction) + + C off v v v v – – – on 0 0 0
ideal switch conventional MOSFET as instantaneous i-v
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 25 Chapter 4: Switch realization
Buck converter with synchronous rectifier
• MOSFET Q2 is vA controlled to turn on iA L iL(t) + – when diode would Q1 normally conduct – • Semiconductor + C Vg vB conduction loss can – C + be made arbitrarily Q2 iB small, by reduction of MOSFET on- resistances • Useful in low-voltage high-current applications
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 26 Chapter 4: Switch realization
