1) Transformers consist of two coils wound around a common magnetic core, and work by electromagnetic induction to increase or decrease voltage levels.
2) An ideal transformer has negligible resistance in its windings and core, confining all flux between coils so the same flux links both windings. It can step up or step down voltages without power loss.
3) Referred values refer voltage, current, and impedance values measured on one side of a transformer back to the other side based on the turns ratio, allowing analysis of the entire circuit using a single voltage source.
1) Transformers consist of two coils wound around a common magnetic core, and work by electromagnetic induction to increase or decrease voltage levels.
2) An ideal transformer has negligible resistance in its windings and core, confining all flux between coils so the same flux links both windings. It can step up or step down voltages without power loss.
3) Referred values refer voltage, current, and impedance values measured on one side of a transformer back to the other side based on the turns ratio, allowing analysis of the entire circuit using a single voltage source.
1) Transformers consist of two coils wound around a common magnetic core, and work by electromagnetic induction to increase or decrease voltage levels.
2) An ideal transformer has negligible resistance in its windings and core, confining all flux between coils so the same flux links both windings. It can step up or step down voltages without power loss.
3) Referred values refer voltage, current, and impedance values measured on one side of a transformer back to the other side based on the turns ratio, allowing analysis of the entire circuit using a single voltage source.
1) Transformers consist of two coils wound around a common magnetic core, and work by electromagnetic induction to increase or decrease voltage levels.
2) An ideal transformer has negligible resistance in its windings and core, confining all flux between coils so the same flux links both windings. It can step up or step down voltages without power loss.
3) Referred values refer voltage, current, and impedance values measured on one side of a transformer back to the other side based on the turns ratio, allowing analysis of the entire circuit using a single voltage source.
Associate Professor Division of Power Engineering School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Phone: 6790 5026 Office: S1-B1c-77 Email: eplso@ntu.edu.sg
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INTRODUCTION A simplest transformer consists of two coils wound on a common magnetic core: • Primary Winding • Secondary Winding A time varying current produced by a time varying voltage connected one winding establishes a time varying flux in the coil. The flux links the secondary winding inducing a voltage in the secondary winding. • Step-up transformer, e.g. 110 Vac ⇒ 220 Vac • Step-down transformer, e.g. 220 Vac ⇒ 110 Vac Either winding can be connected to the source or the load. Power transfer from one winding to the secondary winding occurs through the magnetic field/magnetic flux in the core. The frequency in the secondary winding is the same
as in the primary winding, i.e. f1 = f2.
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CONSTRUCTION The core is made of thin ‘electrical steel’ laminations in order to reduce the core (eddy current and hysteresis) losses. The core is of two types: (a) Shell type (b) Core type
The windings may be directly wound on the core in
small transformers. However, for high-power transformers, the windings are usually form-wound and then assembled over the core.
A cooling system is an integral part of the
transformer. Usually a transformer may be cooled by natural air or forced air circulation. When natural air or forced air circulation is not enough, the whole transformer is immersed in a transformer oil tank.
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IDEAL TRANSFORMER The ideal condition assumptions are: • The windings have negligible resistance ⇒ no copper losses in the windings, no voltage drops. • All the flux is confined the core and therefore the same flux links both the windings. As µ →∞, R = (l/µ A)→0 c c c
• The permeability of the core is infinitely high,
which implies that a vanishingly small mmf (current) is required to set up the flux ϕ. N i ↓= ϕ Rc ↓ • The core does not incur any hysteresis or eddy current loss ⇒ no core losses. If the number of turns in the two windings be N1 and N2, then Faraday’s Law gives
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IDEAL TRANSFORMER (CONT’D)
As the core material is ideal, the total mmf required to create the flux would be vanishingly small, so that i2 N1 N1i1 − N 2i2 =0 ⇒ N1i1 =N 2i2 ⇒ = =a i1 N 2 From the above two equations, v1 i = a= 2 ⇒ v1i= 1 v2i2 v2 i1 Expressing these equations in effective or rms quantities, V1 I2 a, == a, and, V1I1* V= 2 I 2 * (also V1 I1 V2 I 2 ) V2 I1
An ideal transformer connected to a source on one side and a load on the other side can be schematically represented as shown, where V1 E1 I2 I2 = = a, and =a ⇒ =I1 V2 E2 I1 a
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REFERRED VALUES For a voltage V2 in the secondary side of the transformer, the primary voltage will be: V1 = aV2 = V2' (say) And, for a current I2 in the secondary side the current in the primary will be: I1 = I 2 /a = I 2' (say) V2′ and I2′ are called the referred values of V2 and I2 referred to the primary side respectively. If Z2 is the load impedance on the secondary side, V2 then, Z 2 = I2 On the primary side the impedance will appear to be: V1 aV2 V2 Z= 1 = = a2 = a 2 Z= 2 Z 2′ (say) I1 I2 / a I2 Z2′ is the referred value of Z2 referred to the primary side. Similarly, V1, I1, and Z1 when referred to the
