Result

Manometer reading (mm) Rotameter Volume (l) Time

(l/min) (min)
A B C D E F G H
32 30 305 30 306 30 31 279 7 3 0.41
4 9 4 9 7
33 32 303 31 323 32 32 265 10 3 0.28
4 9 9 5 9
35 34 295 32 336 38 34 190 15 3 0.19
8 7 6 0 5
41 39 294 35 374 40 39 110 20 3 0.15
8 4 6 0 0
43 41 288 37 390 41 41 65 22 3 0.13
6 5 0 0 0

Calculation

Sample Calculation For Actual Flow Rate , Qa

Flow rate , Q ( minL )= Volume ( L)

Time( min)
Experiment Calculations
1
Flow rate,Q ( minL )= 0.413 =7.3171 L/min
2
Flow rate,Q ( minL )= 0.283 =10.7143 L/min
3
Flow rate,Q ( minL )= 0.193 =15.7895 L/min
4 L 3
Flow rate,Q ( ) =
min 0.15
=20.0000 L/min

5
Flow rate,Q ( minL )= 0.133 =23.0769 L/min
Sample Calculation of Area of The Cross Section,A

A=π r 2
Water Head A
A D=26.0 mm
0.0260
r= =0.0130 m
2
A=π (0.0130)2=5.3093× 10−3 m2
B D=21.6 mm
0.0216
r= =0.0108 m
2
A=π (0.0108)2=3.6644 ×10−4 m2
C D=16.0 mm
0.0160
r= =0.0080 m
2
A=π (0.0080)2=2.0106 ×10−4 m2
D D=20.0 mm
0.0200
r= =0.0100 m
2
A=π (0.0100)2=3.1416 ×10−4 m2
E D=22.0 mm
0.0220
r= =0.0110 m
2
A=π (0.0110)2=3.8013 ×10−4 m2
F D=26.0 mm
0.0260
r= =0.0130 m
2
A=π (0.0130)2=5.3093× 10−4 m2
G D=26.0 mm
0.0260
r= =0.0130 m
2
A=π (0.0130)2=5.3093× 10−4 m2
H D=16.0 mm
0.0160
r= =0.0080 m
2
A=π (0.0080)2=2.0106 ×10−4 m2
Sample Calculation of Actual Flow Rates for Venturi Meter (Calculated Using Bernoulli’s And
Continuity Equation)

Q t =C d A 2 V 2

Q t =C d A 2 ¿ ¿

Q t =C d A C ¿ ¿

Where:

C d=Coefficient of discharge ( 0.98)

AC =Area of cross section at C ( m 2 )

A A = Areaof cross section at A ( m 2 )

H A =Manometer reading at A ( m )

H C =Manometer reading at C ( m )

m
g=9.81
s2

Calculation

Experiment 1
Q t =( 0.98 ) ( 2.0106 ×10−4 m2 ) ¿ ¿
¿ 1.2999 ×10−4 m3 / s
Experiment 2
Qt =( 0.98)(2.0106 × 10−4 m 2)¿ ¿
¿ 1.6603 ×10−4 m3 / s
Experiment 3
Q t =( 0.98)(2.0106 × 10−4 m 2)¿ ¿
¿ 2.3669 ×10−4 m3 / s
Experiment 4
Qt =( 0.98)(2.0106 × 10−4 m 2)¿ ¿
¿ 3.3207 ×10−4 m3 /s
Experiment 5
Q t =( 0.98)(2.0106 × 10−4 m 2)¿ ¿
 ¿ 3.6278 ×10−4 m3 / s
Sample Calculation of Actual Flow Rates for Orifice Meter (Calculated Using Bernoulli’s And
Continuity Equation)

Q t =C d A 2 V 2

Qt =C d A 2 ¿ ¿

Qt =C d A G ¿ ¿

C d=Coefficient of discharge ( 0.63)

AG = Areaof cross section at G ( m2 )

A H = Areaof cross section at H ( m2 )

H H =Manometer reading at H ( m )

H G =Manometer reading at G ( m )

m
g=9.81
s2
Calculations

Experiment 1
Qt =( 0.63 ) ( 2.0106 ×10−4 m2 ) ¿ ¿
¿ 1.1817 ×10−4 m3 /s
Experiment 2
Q t =( 0.63 ) ( 2.0106 ×10−4 m2 ) ¿ ¿
¿ 1.5336 ×10−4 m3 /s
Experiment 3
Qt =( 0.63 ) ( 2.0106 ×10−4 m2 ) ¿ ¿
¿ 2.3867 ×10−4 m 3 /s
Experiment 4
Q t =( 0.63 ) ( 2.0106 ×10−4 m2 ) ¿ ¿
¿ 3.2078 ×10−4 m3 / s
Experiment 5
Qt =( 0.63 ) ( 2.0106 ×10−4 m2 ) ¿ ¿
¿ 3.5607 ×10−4 m3 /s

m3
Convert the flow rates,Qt obtained for Venturi Meter from Q t ( )
s
¿ Qt (L/min)

Experiment Calculations
1 1000 L 60 s
Q t =1.2999× 10− 4 m 3 / s( )( )
1 m3 1 min
¿ 7.7994 L/ min
 2 1000 L 60 s
Q t =1.6603× 10− 4 m 3 / s( )( )
1 m3 1 min
¿ 9.9618 L/min
3 1000 L 60 s
Q t =2.3669 ×10−4 m3 / s( )( )
1m 3 1 min
¿ 14.2014 L/min
4 1000 L 60 s
Q t =3.3207 ×10−4 m3 / s( )( )
1m 3 1 min
¿ 19.9242 L /min
5 1000 L 60 s
Q t =3.6278 ×10−4 m3 / s( )( )
1m 3 1 min
¿ 21.7668 L/min

m3
Convert the flow rates,Qt obtained for Orifice Meter from Q t ( )
s
¿ Q t ( L/min)

Experiment Calculations

1 1000 L 60 s
Q t =1.1817 ×10−4 m3 / s( )( )
1m 3 1 min

¿ 7.0902 L /min
2 1000 L 60 s
Q t =1.5336 ×10−4 m3 / s( )( )
1m 3 1 min

¿ 9.2016 L/min
3 1000 L 60 s
Q t =2.3867 ×10−4 m3 /s( )( )
1m 3 1min

¿ 14.3202 L /min
4 1000 L 60 s
Q t =3.2078 ×10−4 m3 / s( )( )
1m 3 1 min

¿ 19.2468 L/min
5 1000 L 60 s
Q t =3.5607 ×10−4 m3 / s( )( )
1m 3 1 min

¿ 21.3642 L /min

DISCUSSION
 From the experiment, we successfully obtained the flow rate measurement with comparison of
pressure drop by utilizing three basic types of flow measuring techniques which is Rotameter,
Venturi Meter and Orifice Meter. We use the flow rates from the rotameter as the parameter to gain
to flow rates for venturi meter and the orifice meter. Besides, we also determined the actual flow
rates for the water using the constant volume of 10L and the time taken for the water to be 3 L foe
each experiment.

Comparison of Flow Rates Between The Flowmeters

25

20

15 Q-actual
Q-venturi
Q-orifice
10 Q-rotameter

0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Qrotameter (L/min)

Experiment Q-actual Q-venturi Q-orifice Q-rotameter

1 7.3171 7.7994 7.0902 7
2 10.7143 9.9618 9.2016 10
3 15.7895 14.2014 14.3202 15
4 20.0000 19.9242 19.2468 20
5 23.0769 21.7668 21.3642 22

The graph shows the comparison of the flow rates between the flowmeters. From the experiment
1 up to experiment 5,the graph shows that the greater the flow rates of rotameter, the greater the
flow rates of venturi and orifice rotameter. However, since the coefficient of discharge for orifice
meter (0.63) is smaller than the venturi meter (0.98) ,the graph shows that venturi meter shows that
its flow rates calculated by using Bernoulli’s equation is nearer to the actual value of flow rates.

The graph shows that compared to orifice meter, venturi meter is more accurate since the flow
rate obtained from venturi meter is closer to the actual value of the flow rates. Owing to its
streamlined design, its gradual contraction and expansion prevent flow separation and swirling, and
its suffer only frictional losses on the inner wall surfaces. The meter is streamlined shape and almost
eliminates boundary -layer separation and thus form drag is assumed negligible. The system has a
gradual change in diameter. The flow streamline through the venturi does not have to drastically
change direction like the orifice flowmeter and are not obstructed by a float like the rotameter.
Thus, the venturi meter causes very low head losses.

However, the orifice meter has the simplest design and its occupied minimal space. The sudden
change in the flow area in the orifice meters causes considerable swirl and as the velocity of the flow
increases, the vena contracta decreases. The smaller the vena contracta gets the greater pressure
difference ,and it cause the higher energy loss and thus significant head loss. In general, orifice
meter have the highest minor loss coefficient, while venturi meter have the lowest.

When looking for a flowmeter to use for a certain device, a rotameter should only be used if a
large drop in pressure is acceptable, as the energy loss for the rotameter was much higher than the
venturi and orifice meter. A venturi flowmeter should be used if a large change in pressure will
damage the pipes. However, this flowmeter is large, difficult and expensive to manufacture. Also
because of its large are ,it is difficult to install in our pipeline. In contrast, orifice meter is very
inexpensive for it is just a flat plate and a thin orifice plate. It is also very easy to install in the
pipeline.

Manufactures of various equipment use different coefficients to characterize the hydraulic

performance of their devices, and these difference must be understood when applying them to
calculations involving piping systems.

When sizing a control valve, the minimum required flow coefficient is calculated based on the
design flow rate and expected pressure drop across the valve, and a valve is selected that has a flow
coefficient greater than the calculated value.

Why are the constant different? The answer is that the discharge coefficient for a give valve is
smaller for a liquid than it is for a gas due to the expansion of the gas as it passes through the valve.

Over the course of history, the scientific an d engineering study involving fluid flow in piping
systems has resulted in developing different coefficients to characterize the hydraulic performance
of various devices that obstruct fluid flow. Because engineers view then hydraulic performance of
devices differently, mistakes can be made if the proper concepts and equations are not applied
correctly. These can be costly mistakes in sizing and selecting the wrong equipment which can mean
the difference between the system having sufficient pressure relieving capacity or the system
rupturing during a high pressure relief incident.