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Acceleration Displacement Distance Motion Reference Point Satellite Speed Velocity

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21 views

Acceleration Displacement Distance Motion Reference Point Satellite Speed Velocity

Uploaded by

Satyanarayana Neeli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3 Unit Notes

Lesson 1: Describing Motion


acceleration to cause to move faster
displacement distance between an object’s initial, or starting, position and its final position
distance total length of an object’s path
motion process of changing position
reference point starting point used to describe the motion or the position of an object
satellite an object in orbit around another object
speed distance an object moves divided by the time it took to move that distance
velocity speed and direction of an object’s motion

A. Motion
1. Motion is the process of changing position.
2. The starting point used to describe the motion or position of an object is called the reference
point.
3. Distance is the total length of your path of motion.
4. The distance between your final position and your starting position is
displacement.
5. A complete description of motion includes a(n) reference point, your displacement, and your
direction.
B. Speed
1. Speed is the distance an object moves divided by the time it took to move that distance.
2. Speed can be constant or changing.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.


a. A constant speed is unchanging because the distance traveled per unit of time remains the
same.
b. Speed is changing when the distance traveled per unit of time does not remain the same.
c. Average speed is the ratio of the distance moved and the time it took to move that
distance.
C. Velocity
1. The speed and direction of an object’s motion is the velocity of the object.
2. Velocity is often represented by using a(n) arrow.
a. The total length of the arrow shows speed.
b. The direction of the arrow shows the direction the object moves.
3. When an object’s speed and direction remain the same, the object has constant velocity.
4. Velocity changes when the speed or the direction of the motion of the object changes.
5. The measure of how quickly an object’s velocity changes is called acceleration.
D. Calculating Acceleration
1. Acceleration can be calculated by dividing the change in velocity by the time it took for the
velocity to change.
2. When an object speeds up, its acceleration is positive.
3. When an object slows down, it has negative acceleration, which is sometimes referred to
as deceleration.
E. Using Graphs to Represent Motion
1. A(n) displacement-time graph shows time on the x-axis and displacement from a(n) reference
point on the y-axis.
a. A line on this type of graph represents average speed.
b. The line does not show the actual path of motion.
2. A(n) speed-time graph shows time on the x-axis and speed on the y-axis.
a. A point on the line on this type of graph represents the speed of the object at that time.
b. A(n) horizontal line at y = 0 on a displacement-time graph or a speed-time graph shows that
the object is at rest.
c. The term constant speed means average speed.

Lesson 2: Forces
balanced forces forces that act on an object, resulting in a net force of 0 N
combine to unite, join together
contact force push or pull on one object by another object that is touching it
force push or pull that one object exerts on another
friction contact force that resists the sliding motion between two objects that are touching
gravity noncontact attractive force that exists between all objects that have matter
noncontact force push or pull on an object without touching it
unbalanced forces forces that act on an object, resulting in a net force that is not 0 N

A. What are forces?


1. A(n) force is a push or a pull that one object exerts on another object.
2. A force has a size and a(n) direction.
a. The length of a force arrow relates to the size of the force.
b. The direction of a force arrow shows the direction of the force.
3. The unit of force is the newton.
4. A force can change an object’s velocity, which is the speed and direction of an object,

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.


causing acceleration.
B. Types of Forces
1. A(n) contact force is a push or a pull on one object by another object that is touching it.
2. Contact forces are also called mechanical forces.
3. A(n) noncontact force is a force that pushes or pulls an object without touching it.
4. Examples of noncontact forces include magnetism and gravity.
C. Friction
1. Friction is a contact force that resists the sliding motion between two objects that are touching.
2. The direction of the force of friction is opposite the direction of the motion.
3. Rougher surfaces produce greater friction than smoother surfaces do.
D. Gravity
1. The noncontact attractive force existing between all objects with mass is gravity.
2. The measure of the amount of gravity acting on an object is its weight.
3. The amount of gravitational force decreases as the distance between two objects increases;
thus, an astronaut’s weight decreases as she or he moves away from Earth into space.
4. Gravity is also affected by mass. As the amount of mass increases, the force of gravity
between two objects increases.
a. The effect of the force of gravity is most noticeable if one object is very massive.
b. Although the force of gravity acts equally on two objects, the less massive object
accelerates more quickly.
E. Combining Forces
1. The net force is the sum of all forces acting on an object.
a. When forces act in the same direction, you can add the forces together.
b. If forces act in the opposite direction, add them just as you add positive and negative
numbers.
2. Forces are balanced or unbalanced.
a. If the net force acting on an object is 0 N, the forces acting on it are balanced forces.
b. Balanced forces do not affect the motion of an object.
c. Unbalanced forces are the result of a net force that does not equal zero that acts on an
object.
d. The motion of an object changes when unbalanced forces act on it.

Lesson 3: Newton’s Laws of Motion


accelerate change in velocity
force pair two forces that result from two objects exerting forces on each other
inertia tendency of an object to resist a change in motion
Newton’s first law of motion states that if the net force on an object is zero, the motion of the object
does not change
Newton’s second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force exerted
on the object divided by the object’s mass
Newton’s third law of motion states that when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second
object exerts a force of the same size, but in the opposite direction, on the first object

A. Newton’s Laws
1. Forces are measured in newtons (N).
2. Isaac Newton studied the motion of objects and summarized his findings in three laws.
B. Newton’s First Law
1. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion.
2. Newton’s first law of motion states that if the net force acting on an object is zero, the motion
of the object does not change.
3. Sometimes Newton’s first law of motion is called the law of inertia.
4. Newton’s first law explains the effect of balanced forces on an object.
a. If balanced forces act on an object at rest, the object remains at rest.
b. If balanced forces act on a moving object, the object continues to move at the same
velocity.
5. The motion of an object changes only when a(n) net force acts on it according to Newton’s
first law.
a. Unbalanced forces can cause an object to accelerate, or speed up.
b. They also can cause an object to decelerate, or slow down.
c. They also can cause acceleration by causing the object to change direction.
C. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
1. Newton’s second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object equals the force exerted
on the object divided by the mass of the object.
2. Newton’s second law explains the relationship among force, mass, and acceleration.
D. Newton’s Third Law
1. Newton’s third law states that when one object exerts a(n) force on a second object, the
second object exerts a force of the same size but in the opposite direction on the first
object.
a. The initial force is called the action force.
b. The force exerted in response is called the reaction force.
2. When two objects exert forces on each other, the two forces are a(n) force pair.
a. Each force in a force pair acts on a(n) different object.
b. Newton’s laws work together.
E. Newton’s Laws in Action
1. Newton’s laws do not apply to very small objects, such as atoms.
2. They also do not apply to objects whose motion approaches the speed of light.

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