Physics 81 Notes • He then enrolled himself as a sizar at the

Trinity College, in Cambridge in 1661

Module 2: 2D Kinematic Equations
• He became the warden of the Royal Mint in
Useful if constant acceleration or uniform London (1696).
accelerated motion: • He was elected President of the Royal
Society in 1703 and was knighted by Queen
Anne in 1705.
• Newton published his most important work
in 1687 called “The Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica”.
• He invented a whole new type of
mathematics, he called it fluxions that is
called now as “Calculus”.
• He invented reflecting telescope in 1668.
o This uses mirrors to reflect light and
form an image.
• Dies at March 31, 1727 in London, England
at the age of 84.
Newton’s 3 Law’s of Motion

• 1st Law
o Law of Inertia
▪ Moving object keep moving
or objects at rest stay at rest
unless acted on by an
unbalanced force.
▪ Mass of an object is a
quantitative measure of
inertia (kg).
▪ Crucial point: If there is no
net force resulting from
unbalanced forces acting on
an object , the object will
maintain a constant velocity.
▪ Newton’s laws are valid only
Module 3: Newton’s Law of Motion in inertial frames of reference
(it is at rest or it moves with
Background
constant velocity with respect
• Newton is a scientist, mathematician, and to the assumed inertial
an astronomer. reference frame also it is a
• Born on Jan. 4, 1643 in Woolsthorpe, frame that follows newton’s
England. law of inertia).
• His father is Isaac Newton Sr. (a farmer and o Non inertial frame
had died three months before Newton’s ▪ It is a frame that is
birth) and his mother, Hannah Ayscough. accelerated because of a
• His mother remarried when Isaac was 3 yrs external force with respect to
old and left young in care of his the assume inertial frame of
grandparents. reference.
o Normal force
• He attained his preliminary education from
▪ Force that always acts
The King’s School in Grantham.
perpendicular to the surface
of contact.
 ▪ One component of the force which all existing forces are
that a surface exerts on an unbalanced.
object with which it is in • It is more quantitative
contact. and is used
▪ Example : if a hand push 11 extensively to
N and the object it pushes calculate what
has a weight of 15N then the happens in situations
normal force exerts by the involving a force.
surface where the object and ▪ Force is equal to the range of
the hand is on is 11 +15 = 26 change of momentum.
N (opposite to the forces act • For a constant mass,
on it). force = mass times
acceleration.
▪ Derivations of the F=ma:
• P (linear momentum)
= mv
Note: F is the
derivative of
momentum (dP/dt)
F = (mv1-mv2) / t =
m(v1-v2)/t = m (a)
then put k as a
constant
proportionality, F =
o Free body diagram kma then when k is 1
▪ Represents all the forces since we take it in SI
acting on the body. unit, F = ma.
o Application o Summary:
▪ Wearing a seatbelt in a car ▪ Forces are unbalanced.
while driving. • There is an
• 2nd Law acceleration.
o Law of force and acceleration. o The
o Expressed as F = ma acceleration
▪ More net force (vector sum of depends
all the forces) means more directly upon
acceleration. (directly the “net force”.
proportional and the o The
acceleration is the same acceleration
direction as the net force) depends
▪ More mass means less inversely upon
acceleration. (inversely the object’s
proportional) mass.
▪ Happens to the massive o Application :
body when acted upon by an ▪ Kicking a ball
external force. ▪ Pushing a wheel borrow
▪ How much an object will ▪ Rockets
accelerate for a given net • The greater the
force. thrust, the greater will
▪ Difference of it from 1st law of be the acceleration.
motion, that it pertains to the Acceleration is also
behaviour of objects from dependent on the
rocket’s mass, and
 the lighter the rocket, take two axes, one along the plane
the faster is the and other perpendicular to it.
acceleration. o Step 3: Calculating acceleration
using the law of motion.

• 3rd Law
o What happens to the body when it
exerts a force on another body.
o There is an equal and opposite
reaction for every action.
o Known as Action-Reaction
▪ If an object exerts a force on
another object, the 2nd exerts
an equal and opposite force
on the 1st.
o Force is a push or pull acting on an
object resulting in its interaction with
another object. Thus, it is a result of
an interaction.
o Two categories of forces:
▪ Contact force
• Forces that arise from
the physical contact
between two objects.
• Frictional force
▪ Non contact force
• Force exist even
without direct contact.
• Gravitational force
• Steps to solve a problem on Newton’s laws
of motion
o Step 1: Draw the Free body Diagram
of the block.
o Step 2: write the force equation
taking its own axis. In this case, we
From Newton’s Laws of Motion, Forces play a
central role in determining the motion of an object.
Two general types:
Solution:
• Fundamental
o Unique, in the sense that all other
forces can be explained in terms of
them (gravitational force, strong
nuclear force, electroweak force)
• Nonfundamental
o Can be possibly explained through
fundamental forces.
Gravitational Force

• Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

o Every particle in the universe exerts
an attractive force on every other Since the focus is the particle A,
particle.
Force between A and B : A will be pulled towards
o For two particles that have masses
the right direction (positive x-axis) which is towards
m1 and m2 and are separated by a
B.
distance r, the force that each exerts
on the other is directed along the Force between A and C: A will be pulled towards
line joining the particles and has a the right direction (positive x-axis) which is towards
magnitude given by: C.
F = G (m1m2/r^2)
The symbol G denotes the universal Since both direction of the pulls are in the same
gravitational constant, direction, thus the force acting on particle A is the
G = 6.674 x 10 ^-11 N*m^2 / kg^2 sum of both forces.
Since the focus is the particle B, Deriving Definition of Weight
Force between A and B : B will be pulled towards
the left direction (negative x-axis) which is towards
A.
Force between B and C: A will be pulled towards
the right direction (positive x-axis) which is towards
C.
Since both direction of the pulls are in the opposite
direction, thus the force acting on particle A is the
difference of both forces.

• The weight of an object on or above the

earth is the gravitational force that the earth
exerts on the object.
• Weight always acts downward, towards the
center of the earth.
Since the focus is the particle C, • SI Unit of weight: Newton (N)

Force between A and C : C will be pulled towards

the left direction (negative x-axis) which is towards
A.
Force between B and C: C will be pulled towards
the left direction (negative x-axis) which is towards
B.
Since both direction of the pulls are in the same
direction, thus the force acting on particle A is the
sum of both forces.
 Static and Kinetic frictional Forces

• “.. when the object moves or attempts to

move along the surface, there is also a
component of the force that is parallel to the
surface …”
Part (a) • Static Friction

Acceleration due to gravity = Gm1 / r^2

= (6.46 x 10^23 kg)(6.674 x 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2) /
(3.39 x 10^6 m) ^2
= 3.751624159 m / s^2 = 3.75 m / s^2
Part (b)
Weight = mg where g = acceleration due to gravity
of Mars
Weight = 65 kg ( 3.751624159 m/s^2) =
243.8555703 kgm/s^2 = 240 kgm/s^2

• Static Friction has its maximum

magnitude where if the exerted force is
more than the maximum static friction,
the object will begin to move yet if the
force is less than the friction, the object
will remain at rest.
• Kinetic frictional Force
Tension Force

• Equilibrium
o An object is in equilibrium when
it has zero acceleration
 We equate F of y to zero since the acceleration is
moving along the x -axis does there is equilibrium
in F of y.

Nonequilibrium Applications of Newton’s laws of

Motion
 • The speed is constant at all points in the
circle.
• The PERIOD (T) is the time required to
travel around the circle that is making one
complete revolution.
• Note speed = distance over time, thus v=
2(pi)r / T.
Example:

• Uniform circular motion emphasizes that the

Speed, or the magnitude of velocity vector, is
constant. It is equally significant that the
direction vector is not constant.
• Any change in the velocity vector means that
an acceleration is occurring, which is
centripetal acceleration.
• Centripetal Acceleration

Module 4: Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion

• Uniform circular motion

o Motion of an object travelling at a
constant (uniform) speed on a
circular path.
Solution:

• Solve for velocity = 2(pi)r/T= 2(pi)(2600

m)/360 s = 130(pi)/9 m/s = 45 m/s
• Centripetal acceleration = (130(pi) / 9 m/s)^2
/ 2600 m = 0.7920052914 m/s^2 = 0.79
m/s^2
Note:

• Uniform circular motion is just the same with

other circular motion that is governed by 2 nd
law of motion by Newton.
• To make the particle accelerate towards the
center of the circle we need:
o Net force to always be directed
towards the center.
o Magnitude of the acceleration must
be constant.
o So if the acceleration is constant. The
magnitude of the net force will also be
constant.
o If the inward net force will be not
constant or stops acting, the particle
will fly off in straight line that is
tangent to the circle.

Banked curves
Correction : it should be d = r/sin(50 degrees) =
183.51 m