LECTURE 10

DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTIONS
10.1 Differentiation Formulas for Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
𝑑(log𝑎 𝑢) log 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
1. = 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑(ln 𝑢) 1 𝑑𝑢
2. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑎𝑢 ) 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3. = 𝑎 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑒 𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
4. = 𝑒𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Example 10.1 Find the first derivative, , of the following:
𝑑𝑥

1. 𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)
2. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 √𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 2 (𝑥+1)
3. 𝑦 = ln (𝑥+2)3
4. 𝑦= tan−1 (ln 𝑥)
5. 𝑦 = log(log 𝑥)
6. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎4𝑥 + (1 − 𝑎−𝑥 )2
7. 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 cos 5𝑥
3
8. 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
9. 𝑦 = (cos 𝑥)cos 𝑥
Solution:

1. 𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 log𝑎 𝑒 𝑑(𝑥 2 +3𝑥)
=( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 log𝑎 𝑒
= ( 2 ) (2𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥+3) log𝑎 𝑒
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 log𝑎 𝑒+3 log𝑎 𝑒
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +3𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 √𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑((𝑥√𝑥+1))
=( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥√𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑(𝑥(𝑥+1)2 )
𝑑𝑦 1
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥√𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑((𝑥+1)2 ) 1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥
=( ) [𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1)2 ]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥√𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 1 1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑(𝑥+1)
=( ) [𝑥 ( ) (𝑥 + 1)−2 + (𝑥 + 1)2 (1)]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥√𝑥+1) 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
=( ) [𝑥 ( ) ( ) (1 + 0) + √𝑥 + 1]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥√𝑥+1) 2 √𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥
=( )[ (1) + √𝑥 + 1]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥√𝑥+1) 2√𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥
=( )[ + √𝑥 + 1]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥√𝑥+1) 2√𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 √𝑥+1
= +
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥(𝑥+1) (𝑥 √𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= +
𝑑𝑥 2(𝑥+1) 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= +
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥+2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑥+2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(2𝑥+2)
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥+2
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 +2𝑥

𝑥 2 (𝑥+1)
3. 𝑦 = ln (𝑥+2)3

𝑥2 (𝑥+1)
𝑑( )
𝑑𝑦 1 (𝑥+2)3
= ( 𝑥2(𝑥+1) )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+2)3

𝑥3 +𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥+2)3 𝑑((𝑥+2)3)
= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

3 𝑑(𝑥3 +𝑥2) 𝑑(𝑥+2)3

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥+2)3 (𝑥+2) −(𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 (𝑥+2)6

3 2 3 2 2 𝑑(𝑥+2)
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥+2)3 (𝑥+2) (3𝑥 +2𝑥)−(𝑥 +𝑥 )3(𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥
= 3 2 [ (𝑥+2) 6 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥+2)3 (𝑥+2)3 (3𝑥 2 +2𝑥)−(𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 )3(𝑥+2)2 (1+0)

= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 (𝑥+2)6

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥+2)3 (𝑥+2)3 (3𝑥 2 +2𝑥)−(𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 )3(𝑥+2)2

= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 (𝑥+2)6

𝑑𝑦 1 (𝑥+2)2 {(𝑥+2)(3𝑥 2 +2𝑥)−3(𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 )}

= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 (𝑥+2)3

𝑑𝑦 1 3𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +6𝑥 2 +4𝑥−3𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2

= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 𝑥+2

𝑑𝑦 1 5𝑥 2 +4𝑥
= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 𝑥+2

𝑑𝑦 5𝑥 2 +4𝑥
= (𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 +𝑥 2 )(𝑥+2)

𝑑𝑦 𝑥(5𝑥+4)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 2 +𝑥)(𝑥+2)
 𝑑𝑦 5𝑥+4
= (𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 +𝑥)(𝑥+2)

𝑑𝑦 5𝑥+4
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +2𝑥 2 +2𝑥

𝑑𝑦 5𝑥+4
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +2𝑥

4. 𝑦 = tan−1 (ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑(ln 𝑥)
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 1+(ln 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑥
= ( )( )
𝑑𝑥 1+(ln 𝑥)2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= ( ) (1)
𝑑𝑥 1+(ln 𝑥)2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑥(ln 𝑥)2

5. 𝑦 = log(log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 log 𝑒 𝑑(log 𝑥)
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 log 𝑒 log 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
= ∙ ∙
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 log2 𝑒
= ∙ (1)
𝑑𝑥 x log 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 log2 𝑒
=
𝑑𝑥 x log 𝑥

6. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎4𝑥 + (1 − 𝑎−𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑎4𝑥 ) 𝑑(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑(1−𝑎−𝑥 )
= 𝑥2 + 𝑎4𝑥 + 2(1 − 𝑎−𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 4𝑥 𝑑(4𝑥) 𝑑(−𝑥)
= 𝑥 𝑎 ln 𝑎 + 𝑎 (2𝑥) + 2(1 − 𝑎 ) (0 − 𝑎−𝑥 ln 𝑎
4𝑥 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 2 𝑎4𝑥 ln 𝑎 (4) + 2𝑥𝑎4𝑥 + 2(1 − 𝑎−𝑥 )(−𝑎−𝑥 ln 𝑎(−1))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 2 𝑎4𝑥 ln 𝑎 + 2𝑥𝑎4𝑥 + 2(1 − 𝑎−𝑥 )(𝑎−𝑥 ln 𝑎)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 2 𝑎4𝑥 ln 𝑎 + 2𝑥𝑎4𝑥 + 2𝑎−𝑥 (1 − 𝑎−𝑥 ) ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 2 𝑎4𝑥 ln 𝑎 + 2𝑥𝑎4𝑥 + 2𝑎−𝑥 ln 𝑎 − 2𝑎−2𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 ln 𝑎 2 ln 𝑎
= 4𝑥 2 𝑎4𝑥 ln 𝑎 + 2𝑥𝑎4𝑥 + − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 2 𝑎2𝑥 𝑎4𝑥 ln 𝑎+2𝑥𝑎2𝑥 𝑎4𝑥+2𝑎𝑥 ln 𝑎−2 ln 𝑎
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 2 𝑎6𝑥 ln 𝑎+2𝑥𝑎6𝑥+2𝑎𝑥 ln 𝑎−2 ln 𝑎
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎2𝑥

7. 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 cos 5𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑(cos 5𝑥 ) 𝑑(𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 )
= 𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 + cos 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑(5𝑥 ) 𝑑(2𝑥+ln 𝑥)
= 𝑒 (− sin 5 ) + cos 5𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1
= − sin 5𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 (5𝑥 ln 5) + cos 5𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 ) (2 + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 cos 5𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥
= − sin 5𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 5𝑥 ln 5 + 2cos 5𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 sin 5𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 5𝑥 ln 5+2xcos 5𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥 +cos 5𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥+ln 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

3
8. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥
3
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥
𝑑(ln 𝑦) 𝑑(𝑥 3 ln 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑(ln 𝑥) 𝑑(𝑥 3 )
∙ =𝑥 + ln 𝑥 ∙
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
∙ = 𝑥 ( ) + ln 𝑥 ∙ (3𝑥 2 )
3
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
[ ∙ = 𝑥 ( ) + ln 𝑥 ∙ (3𝑥 2 )] 𝑦
3
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 1 2
= 𝑦 [𝑥 ( ) + ln 𝑥 ∙ (3𝑥 )]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥3 𝑥3
= 𝑥 [( ) + 3𝑥 2 ln 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 [𝑥 2 2
=𝑥 + 3𝑥 ln 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥3 3
= 𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) + 3𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 +2 3 +2
= 𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

9. 𝑦 = (cos 𝑥)cos 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ln(cos 𝑥)cos 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥)

𝑑(ln 𝑦) 𝑑(cos 𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥))

=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑(ln(cos 𝑥)) 𝑑(cos 𝑥)
∙ = cos 𝑥 + ln(cos 𝑥) ∙
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑(cos 𝑥)
∙ = cos 𝑥 ∙ ∙ + ln(cos 𝑥) ∙ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
∙ = − sin 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
[ ∙ = − sin 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥)] 𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦[− sin 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (cos 𝑥)cos 𝑥 [− sin 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= − sin 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(cos 𝑥)cos 𝑥 ln(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥