Endograph DC: User's Manual User's Manual User's Manual User's Manual
Endograph DC: User's Manual User's Manual User's Manual User's Manual
User's Manual
(Rev. 0) ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Revision history
ENDOGRAPH DC (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Contents
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Icons appearing in the manual ............................................................... 1
2. SAFETY INFORMATION 2
2.1 Warnings ................................................................................................ 3
2.1.1 Electromagnetic emissions................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Electromagnetic immunity................................................................... 5
2.1.3 Recommended separation distances to portable and
mobile radio equipment ....................................................................... 7
2.2 Protection against radiation.................................................................... 8
2.3 Environmental risks and displacement................................................... 9
2.4 Symbols used ....................................................................................... 10
4. DESCRIPTION 12
4.1 Identification plates .............................................................................. 12
4.2 Functions, models and versions ........................................................... 14
4.2.1 High Frequency (HF) Generator.......................................................... 15
4.2.2 Extension arm and scissors arm ........................................................ 15
4.2.3 Tube-head......................................................................................... 16
4.2.4 Timer ................................................................................................ 16
4.3 Configurations...................................................................................... 17
4.3.1 Standard configuration...................................................................... 17
4.3.2 Remote timer configuration ............................................................... 18
4.3.3 Mobile stand configuration ................................................................ 19
4.3.4 Configuration with remote X-ray button............................................. 20
4.3.5 Configuration with wireless X-ray button ........................................... 21
5. TECHNICAL DATA 22
5.1 Method for measuring the technical factors.......................................... 25
5.2 Tube characteristic curves.................................................................... 26
5.3 Reference standards ............................................................................. 28
5.4 Dimensions .......................................................................................... 29
(Rev. 0) i ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Contents
7. SYSTEM USE 36
7.1 Switching on the device ........................................................................ 36
7.2 Programmed/Manual exposure ............................................................ 37
7.2.1 Performing a programmed exposure................................................... 38
7.2.2 Performing a manual exposure .......................................................... 40
7.3 Storing customised times ..................................................................... 41
7.4 Preparing the tube-head ....................................................................... 42
7.5 Exposure techniques ............................................................................ 46
7.5.1 Bisector technique ............................................................................ 46
7.5.2 Parallel technique ............................................................................. 48
7.6 Exposure with the supplied X-ray button ............................................. 49
7.7 Exposure with the wireless X-ray button (optional) .............................. 50
7.7.1 Indication of the battery charge status and replacement. ................... 51
7.7.2 Combination procedure between the remote control and timer ........... 51
7.8 Display of the number of exposures made ............................................ 52
10. MAINTENANCE 59
ENDOGRAPH DC (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
NOTE:
This manual is updated for the product it is sold with, in order to
guarantee an adequate reference to use the product properly and safely.
The manual may not reflect changes to the product that do not affect
operating modes or safety.
This icon indicates a NOTE: please read the items marked by this icon
thoroughly.
This icon indicates a WARNING: the items marked by this icon refer to
the safety aspects of the patient and/or the operator.
(Rev. 0) 1 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Safety information
2. SAFETY INFORMATION
WARNING:
Please read this chapter thoroughly.
ENDOGRAPH DC 2 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Safety information
2.1 Warnings
The parts of the unit that can come into contact with the patient must be
cleaned regularly according to the instructions provided below in this
document.
WARNING:
For safety reasons, it is prohibited to abnormally overload the extension
arm or the scissors arm, for example by leaning on it.
(Rev. 0) 3 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Safety information
ENDOGRAPH DC 4 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Safety information
(Rev. 0) 5 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Safety information
ENDOGRAPH DC 6 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Safety information
(Rev. 0) 7 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Safety information
Although the dose supplied by modern X-ray units is quite low, the
operator must adopt the precautions and/or suitable protection for the
patient and himself according to current regulations, during the
execution of radiography.
WARNING:
Protection against radiation is regulated according to law. The equipment
may only be used by specialised personnel.
a) The film (or the digital sensor) must be placed in the patient's mouth
either manually or using the specific supports, and must be held in
position by the patient if necessary.
b) During exposure to the rays, the operator must not be in contact
with the tube-head or the collimator cone.
c) During exposure, the operator must maintain a certain distance from
the source of the rays (at least 2 metres) in the opposite direction of
the emission.
d) During exposure, only the operator and the patient may be present
in the room.
e) Use the specific leaded aprons to reduce the undesired effect of
secondary radiations for the patient.
ENDOGRAPH DC 8 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Safety information
The symbol with the waste bin crossed on the equipment or its
packaging, indicates that the product must be separately collected from
other waste at the end of its life.
The separate collection of the present equipment that has reached the
end of its life is organised and managed by the manufacturer. The user
who wishes to dispose of this equipment must contact the manufacturer
and follow their system to enable the separate collection of the
equipment at the end of its life.
Suitable separate waste collection for the subsequent start of the
equipment discarded for recycling, for treatment and for environmentally
friendly disposal, contributes in preventing possible adverse effects on
the environment and health and promotes the reuse and/or recycling of
materials of which the equipment is comprised.
Illegal disposal of the product by the holder implies the application of
administrative sanctions provided by law
(Rev. 0) 9 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Safety information
In some of its parts, the device contains materials and liquids that,
at the end of the lifespan of the unit, must be disposed of at the
appropriate disposal centres
∼ Alternating Current
N Connection point to the neutral conductor
L Connection point to the line conductor
Earth protection
Operation earthing
Ray Emission
Serial number
Filtration
Tube-head
X-ray tube
ENDOGRAPH DC 10 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Cleaning and disinfection
• Make sure water or other liquids do not penetrate inside the unit in
order to prevent short circuits or corrosion.
External surfaces
Use a soft cloth and for more effective cleaning, use neutral soap and be
careful not to damage the painted surfaces.
During cleaning operations, make sure that the detergent and/or liquids
do not enter inside the unit or remain on the painted surfaces.
(Rev. 0) 11 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Description
4. DESCRIPTION
4.1 Identification
Identification plates
ENDOGRAPH DC 12 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Description
1
Endograph DC
plate
2 3 4
Tube-head DP arm Extension arm
plate plate plate
5 6
Collimator 30 cm (optional) Wireless RX button (optional)
plate plate
(Rev. 0) 13 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Description
WARNING:
The Endograph DC system does not automatically detect the presence of
a cone or other item: the operator is responsible for checking the
congruity between the indication on the display and the actual situation
of use.
ENDOGRAPH DC 14 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Description
NOTE:
The scissors arm was designed to work correctly with a maximum
opening angle of 160°; therefore, an opening angle of less than 160° is
required for its use.
(Rev. 0) 15 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Description
4.2.3 Tube-
Tube-head
4.2.4 Timer
There are 36 fixed times available for manual selection which vary
from a minimum of 0.01 seconds up to a maximum of 2 seconds.
NOTE:
The configuration can be set using the remote X-ray control outside the
examination room. This consists of a wall support onto which the X-ray
button is connected with an extendable cable.
NOTE:
The unit provides two separate contacts for the possible connection with
external signalling devices. One contact signals the status of the unit as
operative and ready to be used, the second emits the X-rays. The
connection methods and the requirements necessary for the signalling
devices are described in the "Service Manual".
ENDOGRAPH DC 16 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Description
4.3 Configurations
4
5
1 3
Figure 1
1 Tube-head
2 Scissors arm
3 Extension arm
4 Timer
5 X-ray button
(Rev. 0) 17 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Description
1
4 5
Figure 2
1 Tube-head
2 Scissors arm
3 Extension arm
4 Wall support
5 Remote timer
6 X-ray button
ENDOGRAPH DC 18 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Description
1 4
Figure 3
1 Tube-head
2 Scissors arm
3 Stand
4 Timer
5 X-ray button
(Rev. 0) 19 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Description
Figure 4
ENDOGRAPH DC 20 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Description
Figure 5
(Rev. 0) 21 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Technical data
5. TECHNICAL DATA
Technical characteristics
Equipment Endograph DC
Manufacturer VILLA SISTEMI MEDICALI
Buccinasco (MI) Italia
Class Class I with type B applied parts
(according to EN 60601-1
classification)
Protection degree IPX0 standard device
Line voltage 99-264 V∼
Rated voltage 110-240 V∼
Line frequency 50 / 60 Hz
Maximum line current 5.2 A rms impulsive 2.5 A rms impulsive
@ 115 V ∼ @ 230 V ∼
Technical factors for maximum line 70kV, 6mA
current
Absorbed power 583W (584VA) 566W (570VA)
Maximum apparent line resistance 0.4 Ω (99-132 V∼) 0.8 Ω (198-264 V∼)
Mains fuse 6.3 AT
Selectable times from 0.01 to 2.00 s in 36 steps
Automatic selection 882 pre-programmed times (7 anatomic -
3 sizes - 3kV - 2 SID- 3 receptors)
Time accuracy ± 5 % ± 2 ms
High voltage values 60-65-70 kVp selectable
Tubehead current 6 mA
kV accuracy ± 8 % @ rated voltage
Tubehead anodic current accuracy ± 10 % @ rated voltage
Maximum exposure time 2.0 s
Timer size 284×253×123.3 mm
ENDOGRAPH DC 22 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Technical data
Tube-head characteristics
(Rev. 0) 23 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Technical data
Environmental conditions
ENDOGRAPH DC 24 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Technical data
(Rev. 0) 25 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Technical data
OX/70-5
Load
ENDOGRAPH DC 26 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Technical data
Curv a Tube-head
raffre ddame nto monoblocco
cooling curve
90
80
70
60
50
E [kJ]
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Time [min]
(Rev. 0) 27 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Technical data
ENDOGRAPH DC 28 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Technical data
5.4 Dimensions
FRONT VIEW
30
0
30
Figure 6: Dimensions of the wall version
30
0
30
30 0 30
30
0
30
(Rev. 0) 29 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
General instructions for use
LCD messages
display
"Select Size" key "Function" key
"Tooth anatomic
selection" key
ENDOGRAPH DC 30 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
General instructions for use
The following figure shows the LCD display; details of every function area
are shown on the following pages.
"Tooth anatomic
structure" indication
"kV values"
indication
(Rev. 0) 31 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
General instructions for use
from among the exposure times pre-set for the various teeth. It is
possible to select from among seven different anatomic structures and
the selection is shown on the display:
(Lower)
(Upper)
(Rear)
(Front)
6.1.2 “Increase/Decrease”
“Increase/Decrease” key
ENDOGRAPH DC 32 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
General instructions for use
Press the "Select size" key to select in rotation from among the
Also in this case the exposure times will change. An acoustic signal is
emitted each time a key is pressed and the selected size will be
displayed.
(Rev. 0) 33 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
General instructions for use
− an image receptor
− the presence of the long cone (SID 30 cm)
− the value of kV applied to the tube.
1. Press the "Function" key: the receptor icon will start to flash.
2. Use the "Increase" and "Decrease" keys to select the type of receptor,
from among:
− Film
− Phosphor
− Digital .
(SID 30 cm) .
NOTE:
If the cone is not present, the relative icon will not appear on the display.
ENDOGRAPH DC 34 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
General instructions for use
NOTE:
As the setting menu is cyclic, it will return to point 1 (receptor type
selection).
9. To exit the setting menu, hold down the "Function" key for approx.
2 s. The system will return to the ready for X-ray state.
(Rev. 0) 35 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
System use
7. SYSTEM USE
7.1 Switching
Switching on the device
Press the power switch located on the right side of the timer cover. This
will start the "CHECK" function, which is indicated by an acoustic signal
and the turning on of the LEDS and the display.
When the "CHECK" function is complete, the machine will position itself
by default in the configuration corresponding to the last selection made.
NOTE:
• The ready for X-rays condition is signalled by the switching on of the
relative green LED.
• The ready for X-rays condition remains for a set period of time
(variable during the installation phase: default 2 minutes), after this
period of time has passed, this status will be disabled and pressing
the exposure button will not emit rays. The brightness of the display
will also be reduced.
• To return to the ready for X-rays status, the device must be
"woken up" by pressing any key (except for the X-ray button).
ENDOGRAPH DC 36 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
System use
(Rev. 0) 37 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
System use
selection" key .
Each time this key is pressed the selection of the type of tooth changes
in rotation. This is signalled acoustically and shown on the display.
Based on the type of film that is selected, the pre-set times are provided
in Table 1.
Film (F)
Size Small Normal Large
Incisor 0.08 0.12 0.15
Canine 0.08 0.12 0.15
Premolar 0.10 0.15 0.20
Lower molar 0.12 0.18 0.24
Upper molar 0.15 0.22 0.30
Front bite-wing 0.08 0.12 0.15
Rear bite-wing 0.15 0.22 0.30
Table 1
NOTES:
These values are related to film type F.
The Endograph DC system can be programmed to use film with different
sensitivity levels; the programmed times vary depending on the film's
multiplicative factor. It is possible to request this setting from the
technician during installation.
ENDOGRAPH DC 38 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
System use
Digital sensor
Size Small Normal Large
Incisor 0.05 0.05 0.08
Canine 0.05 0.05 0.08
Premolar 0.06 0.06 0.09
Lower molar 0.08 0.08 0.12
Upper molar 0.10 0.10 0.15
Front bite-wing 0.05 0.05 0.08
Rear bite-wing 0.10 0.10 0.15
Table 2
Permanent phosphors
Size Small Normal Large
Incisor 0.10 0.10 0.16
Canine 0.10 0.10 0.16
Premolar 0.12 0.12 0.18
Lower molar 0.16 0.16 0.24
Upper molar 0.20 0.20 0.30
Front bite-wing 0.10 0.10 0.16
Rear bite-wing 0.20 0.20 0.30
Table 3
NOTE:
The times indicated in the tables are relative to the selection 65kV.
The times for the 60kV selection are obtained by multiplying the values
in the 65kV table by 1.45; they are multiplied by 0.7 for the 70kV
selection.
NOTE:
The times indicated in the tables are those set by the manufacturer.
These values can be changed as described in paragraph 7.3. A service
technician is required to reset the default times.
(Rev. 0) 39 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
System use
The display will show the last time value selected in automatic mode; to
change it, simply use the "Decrease" or "Increase" keys until reaching
the desired value.
The single variation of the time is signalled by an acoustic message; it is
also possible to quickly change the exposure time (4 units per second) by
holding down one of the "Increase" or "Decrease" keys for more than 2
seconds.
NOTE:
There are 36 times that can be selected manually and range from a
minimum of 0.01 s up to a maximum of 2.00 s according to the following
table:
0.01; 0.02; 0.03; 0.04; 0.05; 0.06; 0.07; 0.08; 0.09; 0.10; 0.11; 0.12;
0.14; 0.16; 0.18; 0.20; 0.22; 0.25; 0.28; 0.32; 0.36; 0.40; 0.45; 0.50;
0.56; 0.63; 0.71; 0.80; 0.90; 1.00; 1.10; 1.25; 1.40; 1.60; 1.80; 2.00
Table 4: Manual exposure times
ENDOGRAPH DC 40 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
System use
NOTE:
The stored time is related to the size, the tooth, the type of receptor and
the kV value shown on the display at that moment.
If the long cone is selected, some time values may be approximate.
(Rev. 0) 41 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
System use
1. Position the tube-head with an angle suitable for the exposure and
positioning required (see Figure 10, Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 13).
3. Move the tube-head cone towards the patient and direct it exactly
towards the tooth to be X-rayed, referring to the following figures.
NOTE:
If you want to use the rectangular collimator, apply it to the end of the
tube-head cone, positioning it as needed.
NOTE:
If you want to use the 30 cm extension cone, apply it to the end of the
tube-head's 20 cm cone.
WARNING:
If the 30 cm extension cone is applied, the pre-set exposure times will be
automatically doubled in order to obtain the same radiographic result.
ENDOGRAPH DC 42 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
System use
MANDIBLE
-15° -15°
INCISIVI CANINI
incisors canines
incisives canines
-10° -5°
PREMOLARI MOLARI
premolars molars
prémolaires molaires
Figure 10
(Rev. 0) 43 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
System use
MAXILLA
+40° +40°
INCISIVI CANINI
incisors canines
incisives canines
+30° +20°
PREMOLARI MOLARI
premolars molars
prémolaires molaires
Figure 11
ENDOGRAPH DC 44 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
System use
OCCLUSAL
+65° 0°
MASCELLA MANDIBOLA
upper jaw lower jaw
machoire mandibule
Figure 12
BITE WING
film
rc
0°
rc = RAGGIO CENTRALE
main beam
rayon central
Figure 13
(Rev. 0) 45 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
System use
Figure 14
ENDOGRAPH DC 46 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
System use
RC
RC
Figure 15 Figure 16
(Correct position) (Incorrect position)
RC - X-ray beam
(Rev. 0) 47 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
System use
With this technique, the surface of the film is positioned parallel to the
tooth's axis. Due to anatomic factors, the film is kept far from the lingual
surface of the tooth in general, with the exception of molars.
When the film is introduced into the patient's mouth, it is fixed on a
support to prevent distortion. The patient holds the support with his
teeth.
Various types of supports are available on the market that can be
adapted to different types of teeth. This technique makes it easier to
obtain more accurate and repeatable X-rays than with the bisector
technique (see Figure 17 and Figure 18).
HORIZONTAL SECTION
film
Figure 17
VERTICAL SECTION
Figure 18
ENDOGRAPH DC 48 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
System use
2. Move away the distance permitted by the X-ray button cable in the
opposite direction of the X-ray beam.
3. Press the X-ray emission button and hold it down during the
exposure.
WARNING:
• The X-ray emission button is a "dead-man" control; therefore it must
be held down during the entire exposure.
• If the button is released before the end of the exposure, the emission
is automatically stopped; this situation is shown on the display by
the message "E13", if the button was released during pre-heating
and "E12" if the button was released during the emission of X-rays.
is pressed.
5. At the end of exposure, the system starts the tube-head cooling cycle
(60 times the exposure time). The time until the end of the pause is
shown on the display.
NOTE:
For all exposure times shorter than 0.16s, the cooling pause is constant
and equal to 10s.
6. If the X-ray button was already pressed at the end of the cooling
pause, the exposure will be inhibited and the error "E11" will be
displayed.
NOTE:
All the system statuses are shown on the display during the exposure:
preheating, X-ray emission and the cooling pause.
(Rev. 0) 49 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
System use
1. Press and release the wireless X-ray button. The green LED will turn
on, indicating that the communication with the timer was
successful.
2. Move away the desired distance (no greater than 5m), in the opposite
direction of the X-ray beam.
3. Press the X-ray emission button and hold it down during the entire
exposure.
NOTE:
If the green LED flashes the first time the wireless X-ray button is
pressed, one of the following situations may have occurred:
• The device is not ready for X-rays (signalled by the green LED
switching on). Make sure it is not switched off, in sleep mode or in
any other error mode.
• The transceiver in the remote control and the one in the timer are
not correctly combined. Follow the combination procedure described
in paragraph 7.7.1.
• The transceiver in the timer is faulty (contact the technical support).
ENDOGRAPH DC 50 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
System use
NOTE:
In this situation, a few exposures can be made, but the batteries should
be replaced as soon as possible.
If the charge level is lower than 2.4V, the LED on the remote control will
flash quickly 10 times and exposures cannot be made.
The wireless X-ray button will only work with the timer with which it was
combined.
If for some reason the two devices must be combined again, proceed as
described in the Service Manual.
(Rev. 0) 51 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
System use
With the ready for X-ray status, the user is able to view the number of
ENDOGRAPH DC 52 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Messages on display
It is possible to try to turn the equipment off and on, but if the signal is
repeated, technical assistance must be contacted.
Displayed ACOUSTIC
Type of ABNORMALITY
message signal
X-ray button pressed at power-up None
E01
A key pressed at power-up None
E02 (other than the X-ray button)
Multiple keys pressed at power-up None
E03
Unwanted X-ray emission Present as long
E05 as RX ON is
active
WARNING:
If E01 is displayed, release the X-ray button; if this has not been
pressed, this indicates a fault, therefore call the support service.
(Rev. 0) 53 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Messages on display
Any abnormalities during the X-ray beam always stop the emission.
The presence or absence of the acoustic signal depends on the moment
in which the problem occurred and on the success of the procedure for
stopping the rays.
These errors cannot always be removed without turning off the device
and in most cases indicate situations of system faults or deterioration
that require the intervention of technical assistance.
Displayed ACOUSTIC
Type of ABNORMALITY
message signal
No emission None
E04
Activation of the back-up timer None
E06
Protection intervention None
E07
WARNING:
If an error message appears and the buzzer sounds, always turn off
the system. In any case, the intervention of the back up timer
always stops X-ray emission.
ENDOGRAPH DC 54 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Messages on display
Situations that do not directly involve the safety of the operator, the
patient or the system are considered as resettable anomalies.
The error condition prevents additional exposures until it is reset
Displayed ACOUSTIC
Type of ABNORMALITY
message signal
Memory checksum error (EEPROM) None
CH0
X-ray button active after the cooling phase None
E11
Release of X-ray button during emission None
E12
Release of button during the pre-heating None
E13 phase
WARNING:
If E12 is displayed, the X-ray button was released with the emission
in progress, therefore the film must be replaced or the image
receptor must be restarted to obtain the diagnostic results.
If E11 is displayed, release the X-ray button; if this has not been
pressed, this indicates a fault, therefore call the support service.
(Rev. 0) 55 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Control and correction
Possible causes:
• Insufficient X-ray exposure (short time)
• Insufficient development time
• Film processor damaged
• Film processor temperature lower than the recommended value
• Incorrect dilution of the developing liquids.
Possible causes:
• Excessive X-ray exposure
• Excessive development time
• Film processor temperature higher than the recommended value
• Incorrect dilution of the developing liquids.
Possible causes:
• The patient moved
• The tube-head moved.
Some intra-oral films have a thin layer of lead in the package that
engraves a few herringbone shaped marks in the lower part. These
films can only be exposed to radiation on one side. If the film is
exposed from the wrong side, the layer of lead will absorb a large
quantity of radiation during exposure. The result will be a lighter
X-ray and the film will show herringbone shaped marks.
ENDOGRAPH DC 56 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Control and correction
Possible causes:
• Rays directed far from the median section of the film
• Level of the developing liquids is too low, resulting in the partial
development of the film
• Two or more films placed next to each other in the film
processor.
• Obscured X-
X-rays
Possible causes:
• Film stored for too long (check expiration date)
• Accidental exposure of the film to rays
• Accidental exposure of the film to other sources of natural or
artificial light.
If the film is left in a hot water bath for too long (for example,
overnight), the emulsion may soften and detach partially from the
base of the film. After development, the film will appear scratched.
(Rev. 0) 57 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Control and correction
ENDOGRAPH DC 58 (Rev. 0)
USER'S MANUAL
Maintenance
10. MAINTENANCE
This unit, like all other electrical appliances, must be used correctly and
also serviced and controlled at regular intervals. This precaution ensures
a safe and efficient performance.
WARNING:
If the operator detects irregularities or failures, he must immediately call
the Technical Service.
(Rev. 0) 59 ENDOGRAPH DC
USER'S MANUAL
Maintenance
MAINTENANCE LOGBOOK
Cause .............................................
Cause .............................................
Cause .............................................
Cause .............................................
Cause .............................................
Cause .............................................
Cause .............................................
ENDOGRAPH DC 60 (Rev. 0)
Cod. 6959900203_Rev.0 0051