SKU3073 Chemistry

Semester 1 2020/2021

EXPERIMENT 3

GLASSWARE CLEANING AND CHEMICAL STORAGE

3.1 OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this activity, students should be able to:

1. apply proper techniques of cleaning glassware

2. select the correct cleaner to clean the stain

3. apply appropriate procedure to store chemicals and solvents according to the hazardous
grading

3.2 INTRODUCTION

Chemistry laboratory are equipped with chemical substances and glassware apparatus.
It is important to handle them in a correct and proper way.

3.2.1 Handling glassware

1. Borosilicate glassware is recommended for all laboratory glassware except for special
experiments that use UV or other light sources.

2. Careful handling and storage procedures should be used to avoid damaging glassware.

3. Inspect the glassware before each use and discard if scratched on inner surfaces,
chipped, cracked or damaged in any way.

4. Tongs, a dustpan and a broom are the best tools for cleaning up broken glasses.

5. If hands are used to pick up broken glass, only handle large pieces of glass and wear
heavy leather gloves to protect your hands.

6. Broken glass must be packaged in labelled, rigid and sealed containers before disposal.

7. Proper instruction should be provided in the use of glass equipment designed for
specialized tasks, which can represent unusual risks for the first-time user.

8. Use proper glass cleaning techniques (appropriate detergent and brushes).

27
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

3.2.2 Cleaning procedure

1. Wear heavy, water-resistant rubber gloves during glassware cleaning operations.

• Gloves with textured or slip-resistant palms are recommended. Also wear goggles
to prevent cleaning agents from entering the eyes.
2. Use only plastic core brushes that have soft non-abrasive bristles or soft, a n d clean
sponges/rags.
3. Many commercial glass cleaners are available.
• Follow manufacturer’s directions for the use of these products since some are
corrosive and can damage the glass.
• Organic solvents can be used if needed.
4. Do not use strong alkaline products and hydrofluoric acid as cleaning agents. These
materials dissolve glass, leading to damage and eventual breakage.
5. Do not place metal or other hard objects, such as spatulas, glass stirring rods, or brushes
with metal parts inside the glassware. This will scratch the glass and cause breakage and
injury. Scratched glassware is prone to breakage during freezing or heating.
6. Do not place your hands inside glassware while wearing any jewellery, particularly diamond
rings, as these will scratch the inner wall of the glassware.
7. Do not use heat as a method to remove carbon residues. Heating glassware to
temperatures > 800 °F will cause permanent stresses in the glass and eventual
breakage.
8. Avoid a n y impact on hard objects, such as other glassware, counter tops, etc.
9. Store glassware carefully during drying operations. Do not place round or oddly
shaped glassware on the counter tops or other flat surfaces. Drying racks are the best
option.

3.2.3 Cleaning glassware with chromic acid

1. Chromic acid is toxic and corrosive. Do it in the fume cupboard. Wear laboratory coat,
rubber gloves and goggles.
2. Preparation of chromic acid:
• Prepare a one litre container. Dissolve 60 g of s o d ium dichromate or pot ass ium
dichromate in 150 mL of warm distilled water.
• Slowly add concentrated sulphuric acid to produce a total volume of one litre chromic
acid solution.
• The solution should have no precipitate and becomes a deep red colour and will last
for years in a glass-stoppered bottle.
• If the solution develops a green hue, it should be disposed.
3. When cleaning the glassware, make sure chromic acid will be in contact only with glass -
not with any metal or rubber elements. Make sure glassware does not contain water before
using the mixture. It is best to soak the item in the chromic acid solution for 5-10 minutes.
4. Rinse the glassware thoroughly with tap water. After that rinse 3 – 4 times with distilled or
deionised (DI) water.

28
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

3.2.4 Alternatives to chromic/sulfuric acid for cleaning laboratory glassware

Chromic acid is extremely corrosive. It will ignite anything ignitable that it comes in contact with,
for example paper towels, ethanol, and etc. It is also highly hazardous and difficult to dispose.
Hence, some alternatives to chromic acid/sulfuric acid are recommended for laboratory glassware
cleaning:

a) Alconox powdered detergent: suitable for general cleaning applications in analytical

laboratory, hospitals and other highly regulated environments where critical cleaning is
a necessity.
b) Liquinox® Critical Cleaning Liquid Detergent: a functional equivalent to the Alconox
powder in a liquid concentrate.
c) Citranox® Liquid Acid Cleaner and Detergent: suitable to clean inorganic
substances including salts, oxides and other acid labile residues.
d) Versa-Clean Multipurpose Concentrate®: Removes grease, clays, dirt, etc., from
plastics, glass, rubber, vinyl and many other materials.
e) RBS-35 Concentrate®: Surfactant cleaner excellent for the removal of radioactive
isotopes; cleans glass, plastic, porcelain, or ferrous metal surfaces of grease, soil, and
other contamination.

3.2.5 Making your own cleaner

Besides the commercial products of glassware cleaner, we can make our own cleaner by using
common chemicals found in the laboratory. The following are the steps to make sodium hydroxide
(or potassium hydroxide) in alcohol:

a) Dissolve 120 g of sodium hydroxide (or potassium hydroxide) in 120 ml water. Allow to
cool.
b) Dilute to one litre with 95% ethyl alcohol. This solution acts as a general purpose
cleaner.

3.2.6 Chemical storage guidelines

3.2.6.1 Labelling

All hazardous chemicals must be labelled with specified elements including pictograms, signal
words, hazard and precautionary statements. Labels are groups of written, printed or graphic
informational elements concerning hazardous chemical that are affixed to, printed on, or attached
to the immediate container of a hazardous chemical, or to the outside packaging. Labels for a
hazardous chemical must contain:

a) Name, Address and Telephone Number of the chemical manufacturer, importer or

other responsible party.
b) Product Identifier is how the hazardous chemical is identified. This can be the
chemical name, code number or batch number.

29
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

c) Signal Word are used to indicate the relative level of severity of the hazard and alert
the reader to a potential hazard on the label. There are only two words used as signal
words, DANGER and WARNING. Within a specific hazard class, DANGER is used for
the more severe hazards and WARNING is used for the less severe hazards. There
will only be one signal word on the label no matter how many hazards a chemical may
have.
d) Hazard Statement(s) describe the nature of the hazard(s) of a chemical, including,
where appropriate, the degree of hazard. For example: Causes damage to kidneys
through prolonged or repeated exposure when absorbed through the skin. All
applicable hazard statements must appear on the label.
e) Precautionary Statement(s) describe recommended measures that should be taken
to minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposure to the hazardous
chemical or improper storage or handling. There are four types of precautionary
statements: prevention (to minimize exposure); response (in case of accidental
spillage or exposure emergency response, and first-aid); storage; and disposal.
f) Pictogram(s) are graphic symbols used to communicate specific information about the
hazards of a chemical. Pictograms consist of a red square frame set at a point with a
black hazard symbol on a white background, sufficiently wide to be clearly visible.

Example of label:

Warning!
Harmful if swallowed

Wash hands and face thoroughly after handling. Do not eat, drink or smoke when using
this product. Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local, state and federal
regulations.

First aid:
If swallowed: Call a doctor if you feel unwell. Rinse mouth.

Figure 3.1: Example of label

3.2.6.2 Chemicals Separation and Segregation

The word separation denotes the positioning of different product groups in separate areas within
a warehouse and refers to the physical separation of different hazard classes, e.g. in separate
warehouses or by a fire wall within a single warehouse. The primary objective of product
separation and segregation is to minimize the risks of fire or cross contamination often presented
by mixed storage arrangements of incompatible materials.

30
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

Store chemicals according to hazard classification and compatibility. Chemicals should be

arranged alphabetically, ONLY after you have segregated them into hazard classes. Since many
compounds exhibit more than one hazard characteristics, segregation should be based on the
characteristic(s) posing the greatest storage risk. The hierarchy listed below should be used as a
general guide for ranking hazard characteristics associated with storage.

Radioactive → Pyrophoric → Explosive → Flammable Liquid → Corrosive

Acid/Base → Water Reactive → Flammable Solid → Oxidizer →
Combustibility → Toxicity → No special segregation required.

Figure 3.2: Hierarchy of hazard classification

3.2.6.3 Specific storage guidelines by chemical hazard class

a) Radioactive
• Radioactive materials must be properly labelled and identified. It must be clearly
marked with the radiation caution symbol and the words CAUTION –
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.
• Storage locations should have an inventory of the stored materials identifying
the types and maximum quantity of radioisotopes present.
• Double containment is recommended as a safe storage and transport practice.
b) Pyrophoric
• Pyrophoric compounds consist of pyrophoric liquid and pyrophoric solid.
• Pyrophoric liquid and pyrophoric solid can ignite within 5 min of coming into
contact with air.
• Containers with pyrophoric materials must be clearly labelled with correct
chemical names and hazard warning. Container should be kept away from
areas with heat/flames, oxidizers, water sources, and other flammable and
combustible materials, and corrosive materials which are capable of degrading
the container.
• Pyrophoric chemicals should be stored under an atmosphere of inert gas or
under kerosene, mineral oil, or within a solvent as appropriate [the material must
be preserved during storage and while dispensing].
• DO NOT allow solvent of pyrophoric chemicals to dry out. Always check to
ensure there is a visible amount of solvent in the bottle.
• Provide secondary containment by storing in original manufacturer’s shipping
container.
c) Explosives
• Explosives are substances that can detonate or decompose rapidly and
violently at room temperatures and pressure with an essentially instantaneous
release of large quantities of gases and heat.

31
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

• Gentle heat, light, mild shock, and chemical action can initiate these explosive
reactions. Many of these compounds become more sensitive as they age or dry
out.
• Write the date received/opened on all containers of explosive/shock-sensitive
chemicals.
• Discard opened container after six months, and closed container after one year.
• Work with small quantities.
• The storage places should be situated far away from other buildings and
structures so as to minimize damage in case of explosion.
• The storerooms should be of solid construction and kept securely locked when
not in use. No store should be near a building containing oil, grease,
combustible or flammable waste material, open fire or flame.
d) Flammable Liquid
• A liquid having a flash point of not more than 93 °C.
• Store flammable liquids in a cool dry place, away from sources of ignition, heat,
sparks, flames or direct sunlight in a securely closed containers specifically
designed for the purpose.
• It is preferable for the store to be in the open air, but in all cases adequate
ventilation at high and low level will be needed to disperse any vapours from
leaking containers.
e) Corrosive
• Corrosive chemicals include strong acids, alkalis and other chemicals which will
cause burns or irritation to the skin, mucous membranes or eyes or will damage
most materials.
• Typical examples of these chemicals include hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric
acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid and perchloric acid.
• Such material may cause damage to their containers and leak into the
atmosphere of the storage area; some are volatile and others react violently
with moisture, organic matter or other chemicals.
• Acid mists or fumes may corrode structural materials and equipment; and have
a toxic action on a person.
• No stores should be used for storing nitric acid mixtures and sulphuric acid
mixtures together. However, sometimes it is necessary to store corrosive and
poisonous liquids in special types of containers; for example, hydrofluoric acid
should be kept in leaden ceresin bottles.
• Since hydrofluoric acid interacts with glass, it should not be stored near glass
or earthenware carboys (round-bottom narrow-necked flask for holding
acids/corrosive liquids) containing other acids.
• Carboys containing corrosive acids should be packed with infusorial earth or
other effective inorganic insulating material.
• Store solutions of inorganic hydroxides in polyethylene container.
• Place alkaline solution in spill trays to contain leaks or spills.

32
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

• Store large bottles on shelves waist high or lower in an approved corrosives

cabinet.
• Any necessary first-aid equipment such as emergency showers and eyewash
bottles should be provided in or immediately close to the storage place.
f) Reactive
• Water reactive materials can react violently or vigorously with water, wet
surfaces, or even the moisture in the air.
• These chemicals may react to give off flammable (such as hydrogen) or toxic
gas (such as phosgene) or spontaneously burn or explode.
• Water is obviously NOT a good choice for putting out fires caused by water
reactive chemicals. A class D fire extinguisher is designed to be used to fight
fires caused by certain water reactive chemicals.
• Contamination of reactive chemicals can produce an exothermic reaction which
can evolve dangerous amounts of heat. The heat evolved from the mixing of
chemicals can cause splashing and spraying of the mixture which can cause
bums, poisoning, fire or explosion.
• Substances that react violently together shall not be stored in close proximity to
each other. Information on appropriate storage conditions should be sought
from manufacturers or relevant state authorities. When transferring highly
reactive chemicals to secondary storage containers, ensure the compatibility of
the chemical with the container and provide appropriate labelling.
• Separate alkali metals from incompatible chemicals. In addition to being water
reactive, alkali metals also react with oxygen, acids, halogenated hydrocarbons
and carbon dioxide.
• Store all metals in the container provided by the manufacturer.
• Store alkali metals under mineral oil or in an inert atmosphere (Note: Lithium
reacts with nitrogen).
• Containers should be stored in a cool, dry environment, away from light and free
from extremes of temperature and humidity.
• Water reactive materials should not be stored under the sink.
• Use secondary containment.
g) Flammable Solid
• A solid which is readily combustible, cause fire or contribute to fire through
friction.
• Readily combustible solids are powdered, granular, or pasty substances which
are dangerous if they can be easily ignited by brief contact with an ignition
source, such as a burning match, and the flame spreads rapidly.
• Store flammable solids in a cool dry place, away from sources of ignition, heat
and sunlight, chemical that is combustible and securely closed containers.
• Li, Na and K should be stored under kerosene or mineral oil.
• Flammable solids cabinets should be stored away from flammable liquids.

33
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

h) Oxidizer
• Oxidizers are chemicals, which can react violently with flammable and
combustible materials. They give rise to highly exothermic reaction when in
contact with other chemicals, particularly flammable chemicals.
• These are chemicals that supply their own oxygen and do readily assist and
maintain combustion; examples are sodium chlorate, potassium nitrate and
ammonium nitrate. For examples concentrated nitric acid, may create fire if they
come into contact with organic combustible materials.
• Storage rules must therefore be strictly observed and in particular, sodium
chlorate should never be stored on wooden pallets. Oxidizing chemicals should
not be stored in close proximity to combustible chemicals.
• If these chemicals are stored in the same building, they should be isolated by a
firewall.
• Generally, oxidizing chemicals should be isolated from organic materials,
combustible and flammable solvents, corrosives, toxic substances, heat and
strong sunlight. Keep away from reducing agents such as zinc, alkaline metals,
and formic acid.
• Store in a cool, dry place. Do not store on or in areas constructed of wood or
other combustible materials.
i) Combustible substance
• The storage of combustible chemical is similar to the consideration applied
to the storage of flammable chemical.
• Combustible chemicals should be stored in a well-ventilated, cool area and
they should not be used in proximity to sources of ignition such as flames, hot
surfaces, and sparks from electrical switches, or static electricity.
• Containers of combustible chemicals should not be left open in the laboratory
or storage area. Container lids should be closed back immediately.
j) Toxic substance
• Toxic chemicals can be harmful by contact, inhalation and ingestion.
• Toxic chemicals are classified according to their poisoning potential (acute
toxicity), mechanism of action (skin irritant, respiratory sensitizations) or
adverse health effects (carcinogenic, mutagenic).
• These chemicals should be avoided from contact with heat, acids, moisture and
oxidizing chemicals.
• Very toxic chemicals and carcinogen should be stored in ventilated storage
areas in unbreakable secondary containers. Typically, known and probable
carcinogens are arsenic powder and arsenicals, sodium arsenate and etc.
• Chemicals with a high chronic toxicity such as mutagen, teratogens and
carcinogens, should be identified with a label.
• It is important that adequate personal protective equipment is available at any
time toxic chemicals are handled and for use when clearing up spills and toxic
chemicals. This will include suitable gloves, boots, eye shields, and when
appropriate, face shield or even breathing apparatus.

34
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

• Store and label toxic chemicals to ensure users are alerted to the potential
hazard.
• Store in unbreakable, tightly sealed containers.

3.2.6.4 Incompatible Chemicals

Certain hazardous chemicals should not be mixed or stored with other chemicals because a
severe reaction can take place or an extremely toxic reaction product can result. The label and
MSDS will contain information on incompatibilities. The following incompatibility matrix and table
contains examples of incompatible chemicals:

Table 3.1: Incompatibilities by Hazard Class

Acids, Acids, Acids, Alkalis Oxidizers Toxic, Toxic, Water Organic

Inorganic Oxidizing Organic (Bases) inorganic organic reactive solvents
Acids,
X X X X X X
Inorganic
Acids,
X X X X X X
Oxidizing
Acids,
X X X X X X X
Organic
Alkalis
X X X X X X
(Bases)
Oxidizers X X X X
Toxic,
X X X X X X
inorganic
Toxic,
X X X X X X
organic
Water
X X X X X X
reactive
Organic
X X X X X
solvents
X = Not compatible – do not store together

35
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

Table 3.2: Chemical Incompatibility Table

CHEMICAL KEEP OUT OF CONTACT WITH

Acetic Acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol,
perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates
Acetone Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures, and strong bases
Acetylene Chlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver, mercury
Alkali Metals Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons,
carbon dioxide, the halogens
Ammonia, anhydrous Mercury, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine,
hydrofluoric acid
Ammonium Nitrate Acids, metal powders, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrites,
sulphur, finely divided organic or combustible materials
Aniline Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide
Arsenic materials Any reducing agent
Azides Acids
Bromine Same as chlorine
Calcium Oxide Water
Carbon (activated) Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents
Carbon tetrachloride Sodium
Chlorates Ammonium salts, acids, metal powders, sulphur, finely divided
organic or combustible materials
Chromic Acid and Chromium Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, glycerine,
trioxide turpentine, alcohol, flammable liquids in general
Chlorine Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (or
other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide, turpentine,
benzene, finely divided metals
Chlorine Dioxide Ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulphide
Copper Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide
Cumene Hydro peroxide Acids, organic or inorganic
Cyanides Acids
Flammable Liquids Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid,
sodium peroxide, halogens
Hydrocarbons Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, sodium peroxide
Hydrocyanic Acid Nitric acid, alkali

36
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

Hydrofluoric Acid Ammonia, aqueous or anhydrous

Hydrogen Peroxide Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts, alcohols,
acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, flammable
liquids
Hydrogen Sulphide Fuming nitric acid, other acids, oxidizing gases, acetylene,
ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous), hydrogen
Hypochlorite Acids, activated carbon
Iodine Acetylene, ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous), hydrogen
Mercury Acetylene, fulminic acid, ammonia
Nitrates Sulfuric acid
Nitric Acid (concentrated) Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen
sulphide, flammable liquids, flammable gases, copper, brass,
any heavy metals
Nitrites Acids
Nitroparaffins Inorganic bases, amines
Oxalic Acid Silver, mercury
Oxygen Oils, grease, hydrogen; flammable liquids, solids, or gases
Per chloric Acid Acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, alcohol, paper, wood,
grease and oils
Peroxides, organic Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store cold
Phosphorus (white) Air, oxygen, alkalis, reducing agents
Potassium Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water
Potassium chlorate and Sulfuric and other acids
perchlorate
Potassium Permanganate Glycerine, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acid
Selenides Reducing agents
Silver Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, ammonium compounds,
fulminic acid
Sodium Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water
Sodium nitrite Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium salts
Sodium Peroxide Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride,
benzaldehyde, carbon disulphide, glycerine, ethylene glycol,
ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural
Sulphides Acids
Sulfuric Acid Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium

37
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

permanganate (or compounds with similar light metals, such as

sodium, lithium, etc.)
Tellurides Reducing agents
(Source: Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Guide for Safety in the Chemical Laboratory,
1973, pp. 215-217, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 2nd Edition.

3.2.6.5 Storage codes

Some manufacturers provide colour-coded labels to categorize chemicals for storage purposes.
Chemicals with a particular storage colour may be stored together, except when indicated
otherwise. Chemicals with different storage colour labels should be stored in different areas. The
following storage codes is a commonly accepted code.

3.2.6.6 Secondary Containment

Secondary containment means that when a chemical spill occurs, the spill will be contained and
controlled in a secondary area (i.e., specially designed safety storage cabinet) which will reduce
the risk of chemical exposure, fire, explosion, etc. The following general hazard groups requires
separation in secondary containment:

a) Flammable or combustible liquids and halogenated solvents (alcohols, ethers etc.)

b) Concentrated mineral acids (nitric, hydrochloric, sulphuric, hydrofluoric, phosphoric)

c) Concentrated bases (ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide)

Table 3.3: Storage codes

Red. Flammable. Store in area segregated for flammable

R STORAGE
CODE RED
reagents.

Yellow. Reactive and oxidizing reagents. May react violently

Y STORAGE
CODE YELLOW
with air, water or other substances. Store away from flammable
and combustible materials.

Blue. Health hazard. Toxic if inhaled, ingested or absorbed

B STORAGE
CODE BLUE
through skin. Store in secure area.

38
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

White. Corrosive. May harm skin, eyes, mucous membranes.

W STORAGE
CODE WHITE
Store away from red-, yellow-, and blue-coded reagents.

Gray. Presents no more than moderate hazard in any category.

G STORAGE
CODE GRAY
For general chemical storage. Green also may be used.

Exception. When this symbol appears within the storage code

STORAGE bar, the reagent is incompatible with other reagents of same
CODE color bar. Store separately.

STOP

Chemicals

Naphthalene

Metallic silver mirror

Paint

Acetone

Chromic acid

Detergent

Apparatus

Boiling tube

Test tube

Watch glass/petri dish

Beaker

39
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

3.3 PROCEDURE

Activity 1: Glassware cleaning

You are given glassware apparatus with different residues. Identify the suitable cleaner which
could be used to remove the residues. Clean the glassware according to the recommended
cleaners in Table 1 and record your observations (state whether the cleaner successfully remove
the residue, the way of cleaning and total time used to remove the residues).

Activity 2: Chemical storage

a) Classify 10 chemical substances found in a chemistry laboratory according to their hazard

classes and storage codes by using a suitable graphic organizer (chart, map, or table).
b) Complete the information in Table 2, apply the classification you have made to store and
locate the chemicals based on their hazard symbols that has been labelled.

3.4 QUESTIONS

3.4.1 Fill in the blanks with the correct answers.

1. After cleaning and rinsing the glassware with tap water, it should be rinsed with
___________ or _____________ before drying.

2. ___________ is a suitable solution to clean tough stain such as metal and organic residue.

3. Alkali such as sodium and lithium should be stored _______________ because these
materials can react vigorously in contact with water or wet surfaces.

4. Pyrophoric substances are chemicals that can ignite spontaneously upon contact with
____________ at temperature of less than 54C.

5. Due to the corrosive properties of the chromic acid, ___________ and ___________ have
been proposed as alternatives to replace chromic acid as detergent in glassware cleaning.

40
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

3.4.2 State True or False in the blank brackets.

1. Hydrofluoric acid cannot be used as a cleaning agent because it can dissolve glass.
( )

2. We should rinse the burette several times with distilled water before we use it for titration.
( )

3. Acids and bases should be stored in the same storage cabinet to minimize the storage
space. ( )

4. Ethers tend to react with air and light to form unstable peroxide. Therefore diethyl
ether should be stored in steel containers because the iron would neutralizes peroxides.
( )

5. Nitric acid and sulphuric acid should be stored in fumed hoods because these acids
vaporize in the air. ( )

3.5 REFERENCES

1. Environmental Health and safety. (2012). Chemical Storage: Nine Compatible Storage
Group System. Retrieved from https://ehs.research.uiowa.edu/chemical-storage-
nine-compatible-storage-group-system

2. Renfrew, M. M. (1973). Journal of Chemical Education, Vol 50. Issue 9, ppA466

3. Reinhold, V. N. (1973). Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Guide for Safety in the

Chemical Laboratory, 2nd Edition, pp. 215-217.

41
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

3.6 WORK SHEET

Table 1

Observation/Cleaner
Water / Thinner Detergent Chromic acid
Glasswar Conclusion
e Hot water
Residue
Boiling tube
Apparatus Naphthalen
e

Test tube Metallic

silver mirror

Watch glass Paint

Beaker Butter

47
 SKU3073 Chemistry
Semester 1 2020/2021

Table 2

Chemical Name Symbol Storage priority symbol

Formic acid

Benzoyl peroxide
solid

Sodium hydroxide
pallet

Sodium peroxide

Methanol

Potassium permanganate
Not mention

Not mention
Sodium cyanide
Not mention

Sodium chloride

Cyclohexanone

Iodine indicator

Uranium

___________________ _____________________________
DATE LECTURER’S SIGNATURE/STAMP