Generator Performance Guideline

16 September 2019
Important Notice
Purpose
AEMO and Western Power has prepared this document to provide guidance about the standards
for performance of generators in the Wholesale Electricity Market, as at the date of publication.

Disclaimer

This document or the information in it may be subsequently updated or amended. This document does not
constitute legal or business advice, and should not be relied on as a substitute for obtaining detailed advice
about applicable laws, procedures or policies. AEMO and Western Power have made every effort to ensure
the quality of the information in this document, but cannot guarantee its accuracy or completeness.
Accordingly, to the maximum extent permitted by law, AEMO, Western Power and their officers,
employees and consultants involved in the preparation of this document:
• make no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or
completeness of the information in this document; and
• are not liable (whether by reason of negligence or otherwise) for any statements or representations
in this document, or any omissions from it, or for any use or reliance on the information in it.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................6
1.1 The power system is evolving ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Generator performance is critical for system security ................................................................................... 6
1.3 The requirements in the Technical Rules need revision ................................................................................ 7
1.4 This guideline identifies proposed generator performance standards for the Wholesale Electricity
Market ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 Exclusion of communications standards ....................................................................................................... 8
2. Performance framework...................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Required generator performance established via tripartite negotiation ........................................................ 9
2.2 Agreed generator performance must lie within a specified range ................................................................. 9
3. Performance criteria ....................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Reactive power Capability .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.1 Ideal performance standard ................................................................................................ 12
3.1.2 Minimum performance standard ......................................................................................... 14
3.1.3 Basis for negotiation ........................................................................................................... 16
3.1.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ....................................................................... 16
3.2 Voltage and Reactive power Control .......................................................................................................... 17
3.2.1 Ideal performance standard ................................................................................................ 17
3.2.2 Minimum performance standard ......................................................................................... 21
3.2.3 Basis for negotiation ........................................................................................................... 23
3.2.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ....................................................................... 23
3.3 Active Power Control ................................................................................................................................. 23
3.3.1 Ideal performance standard ................................................................................................ 23
3.3.2 Minimum performance standard ......................................................................................... 24
3.3.3 Basis for negotiation ........................................................................................................... 24
3.3.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ....................................................................... 24
3.4 System Strength ........................................................................................................................................ 24
3.4.1 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ....................................................................... 25
3.5 Inertia and Frequency Control .................................................................................................................... 25
3.5.1 Ideal performance standard ................................................................................................ 25
3.5.2 Minimum performance standard ......................................................................................... 26
3.5.3 Basis for negotiation ........................................................................................................... 27
3.5.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ....................................................................... 27
3.6 Disturbance ride-through (continuous uninterrupted operation) ................................................................. 27
3.7 Disturbance ride-through (frequency) ........................................................................................................ 27

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 3.7.1 Ideal performance standard ................................................................................................ 27
3.7.2 Minimum performance standard ......................................................................................... 29
3.7.3 Basis for negotiation ........................................................................................................... 30
3.7.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ....................................................................... 30
3.8 Disturbance ride through (voltage) ............................................................................................................ 30
3.8.1 Ideal performance standard ................................................................................................ 30
3.8.2 Minimum performance standard ......................................................................................... 32
3.8.3 Basis for negotiation ........................................................................................................... 33
3.8.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ....................................................................... 33
3.9 Disturbance ride through (multiple contingencies) ..................................................................................... 33
3.9.1 Ideal performance standard ................................................................................................ 34
3.9.2 Minimum performance standard ......................................................................................... 38
3.9.3 Basis for negotiation ........................................................................................................... 40
3.9.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ....................................................................... 40
3.10 Disturbance ride through (partial load rejection) ...................................................................................... 40
3.10.1 Ideal performance standard .............................................................................................. 40
3.10.2 Minimum performance standard ....................................................................................... 40
3.10.3 Basis for negotiation ......................................................................................................... 40
3.10.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ..................................................................... 40
3.11 Disturbance ride through (quality of supply) ............................................................................................. 40
3.11.1 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ..................................................................... 41
3.12 Generator protection systems .................................................................................................................. 41
3.12.1 Ideal performance standard .............................................................................................. 41
3.12.2 Minimum performance standard ....................................................................................... 41
3.12.3 Basis for negotiation ......................................................................................................... 42
3.12.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ..................................................................... 42
3.13 Quality of electricity generated ................................................................................................................ 42
3.13.1 Ideal performance standard .............................................................................................. 42
3.13.2 Minimum performance standard ....................................................................................... 42
3.13.3 Basis for negotiation ......................................................................................................... 43
3.13.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ..................................................................... 43
3.14 Impact on network transfer capability ...................................................................................................... 43
3.15 Model provision ....................................................................................................................................... 43
3.15.1 Ideal performance standard .............................................................................................. 44
3.15.2 Minimum performance standard ....................................................................................... 44
3.15.3 Basis for negotiation ......................................................................................................... 44
3.15.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules ..................................................................... 44
4. Definitions ...................................................................................................................................................... 46

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Figures
Figure 1 Illustration of performance band................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2 Reactive power capability required to meet the ideal standard...................................................... 13

Figure 3 Ambient temperatures for which ideal performance must be met ................................................. 14
Figure 4 Reactive power capability required to meet the minimum standard .............................................. 15

Figure 5 Relaxation of reactive power requirement with connection point voltage ...................................... 15

Figure 6 Frequency variations that a generating system must ride through to meet the ideal
standard ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 7 RoCoF that a generating system must ride through to meet the ideal standard ............................. 28

Figure 8 Frequency variations that a generating system must ride through to meet the minimum
standard ....................................................................................................................................... 29

Figure 9 RoCoF that a generating system must ride through to meet the minimum standard ...................... 30
Figure 10 Voltage variations that a generating system must ride through to meet the ideal
standard ....................................................................................................................................... 31

Figure 11 Voltage variations that a generating system must ride through to meet the minimum
standard ....................................................................................................................................... 32

Figure 12 Connection point voltage during auto reclose operation ................................................................ 36

Tables
Table 1 Synchronous generator excitation control system performance requirements ............................... 20

Table 2 Non-synchronous generator control system performance requirements........................................ 21

Table 3 Data to confirm lowest stable short circuit ratio ............................................................................ 25

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1. Introduction
1.1 The power system is evolving
The South West Interconnected System (SWIS) is changing:
• Generation embedded in customer premises is becoming an increasingly significant source of
electricity. The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) has predicted that over the next ten years,
on average, each year new roof-top photovoltaic (PV) systems will add 134 MW of generation1;
• New large-scale grid connected renewable (solar and wind) generation projects are also being
developed;
• Both the roof-top PV and grid connected renewable generation are inverter based, non-synchronous
generation, meaning that over time the power system will have lower levels of synchronous
generators.
The Technical Rules define the performance requirements that large-scale generators are required to meet.
It is important that the generator performance standards are set appropriately and recognise the evolving
characteristic of the power system.

1.2 Generator performance is critical for system security

A secure power system is one that is able to ride through unexpected contingencies without causing wide
spread disruption in the supply of electricity to customers. To maintain system security AEMO as the system
operator in collaboration with Western Power needs to identify the secure power transfer limits for the
SWIS and to control the output from generators to keep power flows within the secure transfer limits.
Understanding how generators will perform during normal operation, in response to contingency events,
and the support that generators can provide to help regulate voltage and frequency and maintain a stable
voltage and frequency is crucial in accurately determining system security limits. When a new generator is
proposed to connect to the SWIS, it is important that there is clarity regarding the level of performance that
the generator is required to deliver to ensure that its connection does not degrade the security of the
power system.
Various reviews have identified that maintaining appropriate generation performance requirements is
critical. This is reflected in recommendation 2.1 from the Finkel review2 which recommended that by mid-
2018 the Australian Energy Market Commission (AEMC) should:
• Review and update the connection standards in their entirety.
• The updated connection standards should address system strength, reactive power and voltage
control capabilities, the performance of generators during and subsequent to contingency events, and
active power control capabilities.
• To be approved for connection, new generators must fully disclose any software or physical
parameters that could affect security or reliability.
• Thereafter, a comprehensive review of the connection standards should be undertaken every three
years.

1 https://www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/Wholesale-Electricity-Market-WEM/Planning-and-forecasting/WEM-Electricity-Statement-of-Opportunities
2018 Wholesale Electricity Market Electricity Statement of Opportunities
2 https://www.energy.gov.au/government-priorities/energy-markets/independent-review-future-security-national-electricity-market

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While the Finkel review primarily considered the National Electricity Market (NEM), the need for
appropriate generator performance requirements is also relevant for the SWIS. It may well be argued that
the isolated nature of the SWIS means that it is even more important to maintain accurate knowledge of
generator performance.
In October 2018, the Australian Energy Market Commission (AEMC) completed a review of the generator
performance standards in the National Electricity Rules (NER). This review recognised the changing
characteristics of the power system and the need for refreshed generator performance standards to
enhance power system security by implementing technical performance requirements that:
• reflect the range of new generating technologies that are expected to connect to the system in the
future and the implications of those technologies for system security and the quality of supply to other
users.
• better address the needs of the power system. In some cases, they need to be updated to efficiently
manage frequency and voltage within acceptable limits, or to limit the risk of major power system
collapse when those acceptable limits are breached. In other cases, they need to be updated to
replace some of the valuable attributes being lost as synchronous generation retires, such as their
inherent stabilising behaviour that assists the power system during certain disturbances.
This work provides a good foundation for reviewing the performance requirements that apply in the SWIS.

1.3 The requirements in the Technical Rules need revision

The Technical Rules define the performance requirements for the network, generation and load that in
combination form the SWIS. The generator performance requirements in the Technical Rules are in need of
review to address a variety of known limitations including:
• Performance requirements generally assume synchronous generation technology and its inherent
ability to contribute to system strength and system stability
• There are gaps in the specified performance requirements, particularly when compared to the revised
generator performance standards now implemented in the National Electricity Rules (NER)
• Some performance requirements are specified at a level inappropriate for a power system that
incorporates a significant and growing level of variable non-synchronous generation
• Mandatory performance requirements provide little guidance regarding the circumstance that would
support a negotiated level of performance
• The current requirements do not contemplate the role AEMO plays in agreeing generator performance
requirements.

1.4 This guideline identifies proposed generator performance standards for the
Wholesale Electricity Market
The introduction of the Generator Interim Access system will enable a number of generator connections to
proceed that had previously been stalled because they were awaiting arrangements that would facilitate
connection of new generators on a constrained basis, ensuring that network capability is not exceeded.
There is a need for developers of new large-scale generation to understand technical performance
requirements that would be sufficient to ensure connections that do not degrade the SWIS power system
security. This guideline is intended to facilitate this understanding.
Western Power and AEMO have developed this guideline to help inform developers of the evolving
technical requirements. The intention is that this guideline provides information that will help generator

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investors understand potential future obligations, should the technical performance requirements specified
in this guideline be codified into the appropriate regulatory instruments such as the Technical Rules.
The guideline does not replace the existing regulatory requirements and compliance with this guideline is
entirely voluntary. This guideline articulates a level of performance that Western Power and AEMO
consider will be appropriate to maintain security of supply for the SWIS.
Western Power and AEMO intend to seek revisions to the relevant regulatory instruments to implement
the technical performance requirements articulated in this guideline. This guideline will help generators
and other interested stakeholders understand the proposed requirements. This guideline will also help
generators and other interested stakeholders participate in future consultations undertaken as part of
developing appropriate changes to the relevant regulatory instruments.
This guideline is also intended to provide information to generation developers that they may find helpful
when specifying new generation equipment that will satisfy future generator performance requirements.
Generators may also refer to this guideline where generating plant is modified to ensure their generation
equipment will satisfy future generator performance requirements. This guideline indicates performance
requirements expected for generating systems with a combined nameplate rating of the generating units
exceeding 10 MW.
In this guideline document, defined terms appear in italics and have the meaning provided in section 4
which reflects the meaning in the Technical Rules or NER.

1.5 Exclusion of communications standards

This guideline does not include information on communications standards that WEM market participants
must meet. That information can be found in other documents published by AEMO3.

3 https://www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/Wholesale-Electricity-Market-WEM/Procedures

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2. Performance framework
It is recommended that the generator performance requirements for the SWIS adopt a structure and
approach which is closely aligned with that followed in the NER. Within this new framework, the required
performance for each generator will be defined by a set of generator performance standards (GPS). Each
individual performance standard records the requirement to meet a specific technical characteristic. While
the SWIS GPS cover the same set of technical characteristics as those defined in the NER, the required
performance levels differ. The performance levels in the SWIS GPS reflect the particular requirements for
maintaining power system security in the SWIS.
This approach offers benefits for generation investors by maintaining a level of consistency between the
way technical performance requirements are specified in the NEM and in the SWIS. It also helps ensure that
important technical performance criteria are captured and that the AEMC’s recently completed review is
appropriately leveraged.

2.1 Required generator performance established via tripartite negotiation

It is envisaged that the negotiation of the GPS will involve a tripartite negotiation between the generation
developer, Western Power and AEMO, with AEMO becoming involved in the negotiation of those generator
performance standards that have a direct impact on power system security. These particular performance
standards are identified as AEMO advisory matters. Western Power will be involved in the negotiation of all
generator performance standards.
It is envisaged that each generator seeking to connect to the SWIS will negotiate set performance
requirements and document the agreed set of performance criteria in its GPS. The GPS should be
negotiated prior to the connection offer being made. Western Power will provide the agreed GPS to the
connecting generator and AEMO.
The generator should maintain a close watch over its actual performance and flag to Western Power and
AEMO immediately if it becomes aware of any inability to meet one of the performance standards specified
in the GPS.

2.2 Agreed generator performance must lie within a specified range

The Technical Rules specify a set of required generator minimum performance characteristics. For each
performance characteristic, a single performance target is specified.
A different approach is adopted in the NER where a performance band is specified for each technical
performance criteria. The performance band represents a range of performance that may be acceptable at
different connection points:
• The upper end of the range is referred as the automatic standard and represents a level of
performance sufficient to ensure that connection of the generator would not be denied based on that
particular performance characteristic.
• The lower end of the range is referred to as a minimum standard and represents the lowest level of
performance that may, through negotiation, be acceptable. This level of performance is unlikely to be
acceptable at all connection points. A generator not able to meet the minimum standard would not be
allowed to connect at any connection point.
• The generator can propose a level of performance between the automatic and minimum standard and
if the level of performance is lower than the automatic standard, the generator must demonstrate to
the connecting network service provider and, where relevant AEMO that accepting the lower standard
is appropriate. The NER includes specific details on criteria that must be demonstrated before any

9
 standard lower than automatic is accepted which should encourage developers to target delivery of
the automatic standard in most instances.
The specification of potential performance bands establishes a framework for arriving at a negotiated
performance level that is appropriate for the connection point and allows generators to optimise their
investment by avoiding investment in infrastructure to provide capability, unless it is required.
It is proposed that a similar approach be adopted for the SWIS GPS. Where appropriate, the required level
of performance for a particular standard will be specified by a range identified by an upper, ideal level of
performance and a lower, minimum performance level:
• The ideal level of performance is sufficient to ensure that connection of the generator would not be
denied based on that particular performance characteristic.
• The minimum standard represents the lowest level of performance that may be acceptable. This level
of performance is unlikely to be acceptable at all connection points and a generator not able to meet
the minimum standard would not be allowed to connect.
• The generator can propose a level of performance between the ideal and minimum standard and if the
proposed level of performance is lower than the ideal must demonstrate to Western Power and,
where relevant, AEMO that accepting a lower standard is appropriate and will not degrade system
security or the quality of supply for other network customers.
The performance band is illustrated inFigure 1 below.

Figure 1 : Illustration of performance band

One advantage of defining a band that the negotiated performance standard must lie within is that it
should remove any requirement for generators to negotiate derogations to the technical performance
requirements in the Technical Rules. The negotiating band proposed in this guideline considers the range of
relaxation of performance requirements that Western Power has, to date, been willing to accommodate via
a derogation. In this way the negotiating band preserves the ability of generators to negotiate reduced
performance obligations consistent with previously accepted derogations, noting that the ability to accept
reduced performance will depend on a variety of factors including the location of the connection point.

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3. Performance criteria
This section lists the individual performance areas that must be covered by each GPS. Each subsection
describes a technical requirement and specifies the minimum and ideal standard for that requirement.
Performance standards specify the performance, in relation to that standard, measured at the connection
point.
The following common requirements apply when negotiating each individual performance standard
(additional requirements specific to an individual standard are discussed in the relevant sub-section):
(a) A negotiated performance standard must:
(1) be no less onerous than the corresponding minimum performance standard;
(2) be set at a level that will not adversely affect power system security; and
(3) be set at a level that will not adversely affect the quality of supply for other Network Users;
(b) When submitting a proposal for a negotiated performance standard a generator must propose a
standard that is as close as practicable to the corresponding ideal performance standard, having
regard to:
(1) the need to protect the plant from damage;
(2) power system conditions at the location of the proposed connection; and
(3) the commercial and technical feasibility of complying with the ideal performance standard with
respect to the relevant technical requirement.
(c) When proposing a negotiated performance standard, the generator must provide reasons and
evidence as to why, in the reasonable opinion of the generator, the proposed negotiated performance
standard is appropriate, including:
(1) how the generator has taken into account the matters outlined in subparagraphs (b); and
(2) how the proposed negotiated performance standard meets the requirements of paragraph (a).
Evidence should be provided to Western Power and Western Power will share it with AEMO as
required.
(d) Western Power must, following the receipt of a proposed set of negotiated performance standards,
consult with AEMO as soon as practicable in relation to AEMO advisory matters.
(e) AEMO must advise Western Power, in respect of AEMO advisory matters, whether the proposed
negotiated performance standard should be accepted or rejected.
(f) When advising Western Power to reject a proposed negotiated performance standard, and subject to
obligations in respect of confidential information, AEMO must:
(1) provide detailed reasons in writing for the rejection to Western Power, including where the basis
of AEMO’s advice is lack of evidence from the generator, details of the additional evidence AEMO
requires to continue assessing the proposed negotiated performance standard; and
(2) recommend a negotiated performance standard that AEMO considers to be appropriate.
(g) Western Power must, following the later of:
(1) receipt of a proposed negotiated performance standard; and
(2) receipt of all information required to allow assessment of the performance standard, including
receipt of AEMO’s advice with respect to that performance standard

11
 accept or reject a proposed negotiated access standard.
(h) Western Power must reject the proposed negotiated performance standard where:
(1) in Western Power’s reasonable opinion, one or more of the requirements articulated in the
previous paragraphs are not met; or
(2) AEMO has advised Western Power to reject the proposed negotiated performance standard.
(i) If Western Power rejects a proposed negotiated access standard, Western Power must, subject to
obligations in respect of confidential information:
(1) provide detailed reasons in writing for the rejection, including details of advice provided by AEMO
and details of the additional evidence required to continue assessing the proposed negotiated
performance standard; and
(2) recommend a negotiated performance standard that Western Power and AEMO consider to be
appropriate.
(j) The generator may in relation to the response received from Western Power:
(1) accept the negotiated performance standard proposed by Western Power;
(2) reject the negotiated performance standard proposed by Western Power, or
(3) propose an alternative negotiated performance standard to be further evaluated by Western
Power and AEMO (as necessary).

3.1 Reactive power Capability

Reactive power provided by generators is essential to maintaining voltage stability and keeping the
voltages on the network within the limits defined in the Technical Rules.

3.1.1 Ideal performance standard

The ideal performance standard requires the generating system to have capability to supply or absorb
reactive power consistent with the shaded area in Figure 2, which provides an illustration of the
requirement for a generating system with a maximum active power of 100 MW.

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 Figure 2 : Reactive power capability required to meet the ideal standard
To meet this standard, the generating system, while operating at any level of active power output between
its registered4 maximum and minimum active power output level, must be capable of supplying or
absorbing at its connection point an amount of reactive power of at least the amount equal to the product
of the rated active power output of the generating system at nominal voltage and 0.484. This level of
reactive capability should be able to be delivered continuously for voltages at the connection point within
the range specified in clause 2.2.2 of the Technical Rules.
This requirement must be met for all operating conditions, including stated ambient temperature. Unless
operating restrictions have been agreed in accordance with clause 3.1(b) of the Technical Rules, Western
Power may assume the site specific maximum ambient temperature shown in the figure below when
assessing compliance with the ideal performance standard.

4 Registered data is specified in Attachment 3 of the Technical Rules

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Figure 3 : Ambient temperatures for which ideal performance must be met

3.1.2 Minimum performance standard

The minimum performance standard requires the generating system to have capability to supply or absorb
reactive power consistent with the shaded area in
Figure 4, which provides an illustration of the requirement for a generating system with a maximum active
power of 100 MW. This figure represents the required capability when the voltage at the connection point
is 1.0 pu. For other voltage levels, it may be appropriate to relax the reactive power absorption or supply
requirement depending on whether the voltage is lower or higher than 1.0pu. Figure 5 illustrates the level
of relaxation allowed to meet the minimum performance standard.
To meet this standard, the generating system, while operating at any level of active power output
between its registered maximum and minimum active power output level, must be capable of
supplying or absorbing at its connection point an amount of reactive power of at least the amount
equal to the product of the rated active power output of the generating system and 0.329 for a
voltage at the connection point of 1.0 pu.

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Figure 4 : Reactive power capability required to meet the minimum standard

Figure 5 : Relaxation of reactive power requirement with connection point voltage

The reactive power capability in
Figure 4 can be varied as defined in Figure 5 when the voltage at the connection point varies between 0.9
per unit and 1.1 per unit.

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Non-scheduled generating systems may, with Western Power’s agreement, achieve the reactive power
capability specified in
Figure 4 by reducing the active power output when the ambient temperature exceeds 25oC.

3.1.3 Basis for negotiation

In addition to the general provisions for negotiating any performance standard, when negotiating the
appropriate reactive power capability performance standard, the generator, Western Power and AEMO:
• must ensure that the reactive power capability of the generating system is consistent with maintaining
power system security and is sufficient to ensure that all relevant system standards are met before and
after credible contingency events under normal and planned outage operating conditions of the power
system, taking into account existing power system conditions and any other relevant projects in relation
to the connection of other Network Users; and
• may negotiate a limit that describes how the reactive power capability varies as a function of active
power output due to a design characteristic of the plant.
The GPS will record the reactive power capability of the generating system under each of the following
conditions:
• 50oC ambient temperature and 0.9 per unit voltage at the connection point
• 50oC ambient temperature and 1.0 per unit voltage at the connection point
• 50oC ambient temperature and 1.1 per unit voltage at the connection point
• 25oC ambient temperature and 0.9 per unit voltage at the connection point
• 25oC ambient temperature and 1.0 per unit voltage at the connection point
• 25oC ambient temperature and 1.1 per unit voltage at the connection point

3.1.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The proposed ideal standard has been developed by considering the performance requirement specified in
clause 3.3.3.1 of the Technical Rules with some adjustments made to adopt a performance requirement
that is appropriate for all generation technologies. The proposed standards specify requirements at the
connection point and the definition of generating system allows for requirements to be delivered taking
into account shunt equipment and tap changer controls that form part of the generating system.
The proposed minimum standard allows a reduced level of performance consistent with that which has
been allowed at some connection points and recognised in derogations granted previously by Western
Power.
The minimum standard also recognises that delivering the range of reactive power capability required by
the ideal standard under the high ambient conditions that can occur during summer is difficult for some
generation technologies connected to the power system via inverters. The ideal standard may add
significant additional costs by requiring additional inverter capacity to cope with derating under high
ambient temperatures. In some areas of the network the need for reactive power absorption on these high
temperature days is diminished due the significant proportion of air conditioning load. The minimum
standard provides an opportunity to allow a relaxed requirement while still providing sufficient reactive
power to control system voltages.

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3.2 Voltage and Reactive power Control
The specific control systems implemented in generating systems to control voltage and/or reactive power
output have a critical impact on controlling voltage on the power system. The performance requirements
are set to assist in delivering stable control of voltage within the range of nominal voltage specified clause
2.2.2 of the Technical Rules.
The control systems and techniques used to control voltage and reactive power differ appreciably for
synchronous and other forms of generation. The performance standards are therefore separated into
requirements common to all forms of generation and specific requirements for synchronous and other
forms of generation. The synchronous generation requirements would also apply to synchronous
condensers, which may be required in some areas of the SWIS to address system strength issues.

3.2.1 Ideal performance standard

To meet the ideal performance standard a generating system must meet the requirements outlined in this
section 3.2.1. In summary the ideal performance standard requires the generating system to have the
ability to regulate voltage, reactive power and power factor. The active control modes will be nominated by
Western Power, after liaising with AEMO, but the generating system will be able to switch between control
modes if required.

3.2.1.1 Common requirements

A generating system must have plant capabilities and control systems sufficient to ensure that:
• power system oscillations, for the frequencies of oscillation of the generating unit against any other
generating unit, are adequately damped;
• operation of the generating system does not degrade the damping of any critical mode of oscillation
of the power system; and
• operation of the generating system does not cause instability (including hunting of tap-changing
transformer control systems) that would adversely impact other Network Users;
Control systems on generating systems that control voltage and reactive power must include permanently
installed and operational monitoring and recording facilities for key variables, including each input and
output and facilities for testing whether the control system is sufficient to establish its dynamic operational
characteristics.
A generating system must have control systems able to regulate voltage, reactive power and power factor,
with the ability to:
• operate in any control mode; and
• switch between control modes,
as shown in the manufacturer’s and/or design specifications of the relevant equipment and demonstrated
to the reasonable satisfaction of Western Power and AEMO. Western Power and AEMO will nominate one
or more control modes to be implemented when the generating system is commissioned and may require
additional control modes to be commissioned after connection if they reasonably consider such additional
modes to be necessary to ensure power system security or quality of supply. Where a generating system
has been commissioned for more than one control mode, the generator, Western Power and AEMO must
agree on a procedure for switching between control modes. The initial operating mode, other available
modes and the procedure for switching between modes must be recorded as part of the performance
standard.

17
A generating system must have a voltage control system that:
• regulates voltage at the connection point or another agreed location in the power system (including
within the generating system) to within 0.5% of the setpoint, where that setpoint may be adjusted to
incorporate any voltage droop or reactive current compensation agreed with AEMO and Western
Power;
• regulates voltage in a manner that helps to support network voltages during faults and does not
prevent Western Power from achieving the requirements for voltage performance and stability
specified in clauses 2.2.2, and 2.2.7 to 2.2.11 of the Technical Rules;
• allows the voltage setpoint to be continuously controllable in the range of at least 95% to 105% of
the target voltage (as determined by Western Power) at the connection point or agreed location on
the power system, without reliance on a tap-changing transformer and subject to the performance
standards for reactive power capability agreed with AEMO and Western Power; and
• has limiting devices to ensure that a voltage disturbance does not cause a generating unit to trip at
the limits of its operating capability. The generating system must be capable of stable operation for
indefinite periods while under the control of any limiter. Limiters must not detract from the
performance of any stabilising circuits and must have settings applied that are coordinated with all
protection systems.
Where provided, a power system stabiliser must have:
• for a synchronous generating unit, measurements of rotor speed and active power output of the
generating unit as inputs, and otherwise, measurements of power system frequency and active
power output of the generating unit as inputs;
• two washout filters for each input, with ability to bypass one of them if necessary;
• sufficient (and not less than two) lead-lag transfer function blocks (or equivalent number of complex
poles and zeros) with adjustable gain and time-constants, to compensate fully for the phase lags due
to the generating plant;
• an output limiter, which for a synchronous generating unit is continually adjustable over the range of
–10% to +10% of stator voltage;
• monitoring and recording facilities for key variables including inputs, output and the inputs to the
lead-lag transfer function blocks; and
• facilities to permit testing of the power system stabiliser in isolation from the power system by
injection of test signals, sufficient to establish the transfer function of the power system stabiliser.
Where provided, a reactive power or power factor control system must:
• regulate reactive power or power factor (as applicable) at the connection point or another agreed
location in the power system (including within the generating system), to within:
(i) for a generating system operating in reactive power mode, 2% of the rating (in MVA) of the
generating system (expressed in MVAr); or
(ii) for a generating system operating in power factor mode, a power factor equivalent to 2% of
the rating (in MVA) of the generating system (expressed in MVAr);
• allow the reactive power or power factor setpoint to be continuously controllable across the reactive
power capability range specified in the relevant performance standard; and
• for the generating system connected to the power system, and for a step change in setpoint of at
least 50% of the reactive power capability documented in the relevant performance standard, or a
5% disturbance in the regulated voltage setpoint:

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 (i) have settling times for active power, reactive power and voltage of less than 5.0 seconds
from an operating point where the voltage disturbance would not cause any limiting device
to operate; and
(ii) have settling times for active power, reactive power and voltage of less than 7.5 seconds
when operating into any limiting device from an operating point where a voltage disturbance
of 2.5% would just cause the limiting device to operate.
Western Power may determine whether to use a setpoint step test or a 5% voltage disturbance test
for the purposes of this subparagraph.
The structure and parameter settings of all components of the control system, including the voltage
regulator, reactive power regulator, power system stabiliser, power amplifiers and all associated limiters,
must be approved by Western Power and AEMO.
The structure and settings of the voltage / reactive power control system must not be changed, corrected
or adjusted in any manner without the prior written approval of both Western Power and AEMO.
Control system settings may require alteration from time to time as advised by Western Power. A
Generator must cooperate with Western Power by applying the new settings and participating in tests to
demonstrate their effectiveness. Where necessary, revised settings will be documented in an amended
performance standard.

3.2.1.2 Synchronous generator

A synchronous generating system must have an excitation control system that:

• can operate the stator continuously at 105% of nominal voltage with rated active power output;
• has an excitation ceiling voltage of at least:
(A) for a static excitation system, 2.3 times; or
(B) for other excitation control systems, 1.5 times,
the excitation required to achieve generation at the nameplate rating for rated power factor, rated
speed and nominal voltage;
• has a power system stabiliser with sufficient flexibility to enable damping performance to be
maximised, with the stabilising circuit responsive and adjustable over a frequency range from 0.1 Hz
to 2.5 Hz.
The performance characteristics required for AC exciter, rotating rectifier and static excitation systems are
specified in Table 1.

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Table 1 : Synchronous generator excitation control system performance requirements

Performance Item Units Static AC Exciter Notes

Excitation or Rotating
Rectifier
Sensitivity: A sustained 0.5% error between the Gain 200 200 1
voltage reference and the sensed voltage must (ratio) minimum minimum
produce an excitation voltage change of not less than
1.0 per unit.

Field voltage rise time: Time for field voltage to rise second 0.05 0.5 2,4
from rated voltage to excitation ceiling voltage maximum maximum
following the application of a short duration impulse
to the voltage reference.

Settling time with the generating unit unsynchronised second 1.5 2.5 3
following a disturbance equivalent to a 5% step change maximum maximum
in the sensed generating unit terminal voltage.

Settling time with the generating unit synchronised second 2.5 5 maximum 3
following a disturbance equivalent to a 5% step change maximum
in the sensed generating unit terminal voltage. Must
be met at all operating points within the generating
unit capability.

Settling time following any disturbance which causes second 5 maximum 5 maximum 3
an excitation limiter to operate. Disturbance applied
from an operating point where a voltage disturbance
of 2.5% would just cause the limiting device to
operate.

Notes:
1. One per unit excitation voltage is that field voltage required to produce nominal voltage on the air gap
line of the generating unit open circuit characteristic (Refer IEEE Standard 115-1983 - Test Procedures
for Synchronous Machines). Excitation control system with both proportional and integral actions must
achieve a minimum equivalent gain of 200.
2. Rated field voltage is that voltage required to give nominal generating unit terminal voltage when the
generating unit is operating at its maximum continuous rating. Rise time is defined as the time taken
for the field voltage to rise from 10% to 90% of the increment value.
3. Settling time is defined as the time taken for the generating unit terminal voltage to settle and stay
within an error band of ±10% of its increment value.
4. Field voltage means generating unit field voltage.

3.2.1.3 Generating systems that are not comprised of synchronous generating units

A generating system, other than one comprised of synchronous generating units, must have a voltage
control system that has a power oscillation damping capability with sufficient flexibility to enable damping
performance to be maximised, with the stabilising circuit responsive and adjustable over a frequency range
from 0.1 Hz to 2.5 Hz.

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The performance characteristics required for the voltage and reactive power control systems of all non-
synchronous generating units are specified in Table 2.
Table 2 : Non-synchronous generator control system performance requirements

Performance Item Units Limiting Notes

Value
Sensitivity: A sustained 0.5% error between the reference voltage Gain 200 1
and the sensed voltage must produce an output change of not less (ratio) minimum
than 100% of the reactive power generation capability of the
generating unit, measured at the point of control.

Rise time: Time for the controlled parameter (voltage or reactive second 1.5 2
power output) to rise from the initial value to 90% of the change maximum
between the initial value and the final value following the application
of a 5% step change to the control system reference.

Small disturbance settling time: Settling time of the controlled second 2.5 3
parameter with the generating unit connected to the transmission or maximum
distribution network following a step change in the control system
reference that is not large enough to cause saturation of the
controlled output parameter. Must be met at all operating points
within the generating unit’s capability.

Large disturbance settling time Settling time of the controlled second 5 3

parameter following a large disturbance, including a transmission or maximum
distribution network fault, which would cause the maximum value of
the controlled output parameter to be just exceeded and a limiter to
operate.

Notes:
1. A control system with both proportional and integral actions must be capable of achieving a
minimum equivalent gain of 200.
2. The controlled parameter and the point where the parameter is to be measured must be agreed
and included in the relevant connection agreement.
3. Settling time is defined as the time taken for the controlled parameter to settle and stay within an
error band of ±10% of its increment value.

3.2.2 Minimum performance standard

To meet the minimum performance standard a generating system must meet the requirements outlined in
this section 3.2.2. In summary the minimum performance standard requires the generating system to have
the ability to regulate voltage or either reactive power or power factor. A single control mode will be
implemented as agreed with Western Power and AEMO.

3.2.2.1 Common requirements

A generating system must have plant capabilities and control systems, including, if appropriate, a power
system stabiliser, sufficient to ensure that:

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• power system oscillations, for the frequencies of oscillation of the generating unit against any other
generating unit, are adequately damped;
• operation of the generating unit does not degrade:
(A) any mode of oscillation that is within 0.3 nepers per second of being unstable, by more than 0.01
nepers per second; and
(B) any other mode of oscillation to within 0.29 nepers per second of being unstable; and
• operation of the generating unit does not cause instability (including hunting of tap-changing
transformer control systems) that would adversely impact other Network Users;
• a generating system comprised of generating units must have facilities for testing its control systems
sufficient to establish their dynamic operational characteristics;
• a generating system must have facilities with a control system to regulate:
(i) voltage; or
(ii) either reactive power or power factor with the agreement of AEMO and Western Power;
• a voltage control system for a generating system must:
(i) regulate voltage at the connection point or another agreed location in the power system
(including within the generating system), to within 2% of the setpoint, where that setpoint
may be adjusted to incorporate any voltage droop or reactive current compensation agreed
with AEMO and Western Power; and
(ii) allow the voltage setpoint to be controllable in the range of at least 98% to 102% of the target
voltage (as determined by Western Power) at the connection point or the agreed location,
subject to the reactive power capability agreed with AEMO and Western Power and
documented in the relevant performance standards;
• a generating system’s reactive power or power factor control system must:
(i) regulate reactive power or power factor (as applicable) at the connection point or another
agreed location in the power system (including within the generating system), to within:
(A) for a generating system operating in reactive power mode, 5% of the nameplate rating (in
MVA) of the generating system (expressed in MVAr); or
(B) for a generating system operating in power factor mode, a power factor equivalent to 5%
of the nameplate rating (in MVA) of the generating system (expressed in MVAr); and
(ii) allow the reactive power or power factor setpoint to be continuously controllable across the
reactive power capability defined in the relevant performance standard;
• has limiting devices to ensure that a voltage disturbance does not cause a generating unit to trip at the
limits of its operating capability. The generating system must be capable of stable operation for
indefinite periods while under the control of any limiter. Limiters must not detract from the
performance of any stabilising circuits and must have settings applied that are coordinated with all
protection systems.

3.2.2.2 Synchronous generator

A synchronous generating unit, with an excitation control system required to regulate voltage must:
• have excitation ceiling voltage of at least 1.5 times the excitation required to achieve generation at the
nameplate rating for rated power factor, rated speed and nominal voltage;

22
• subject to the ceiling voltage requirement, have a settling time of less than 7.5 seconds for a 5%
voltage disturbance with the generating unit synchronised from an operating point where such a
voltage disturbance would not cause any limiting device to operate

3.2.2.3 Generating systems that are not comprised of synchronous generating units

A generating system, other than one comprised of synchronous generating units, with a voltage control
system must have a settling time less than 7.5 seconds for a 5% voltage disturbance, with the generating
unit electrically connected to the power system from an operating point where such a voltage disturbance
would not cause any limiting device to operate.

3.2.3 Basis for negotiation

The negotiated access standard proposed by the generator must be the highest level that the generating
system can reasonably achieve, including by installation of additional dynamic reactive power equipment,
and through optimising its control systems.

3.2.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The ideal standard reflects the level of performance of a voltage control system in the current version of
the Technical Rules (clause 3.3.4.5), but defines an expanded set of control modes that may be required.

3.3 Active Power Control

Maintaining system security requires the power flows on the network to be controlled within secure
operating limits. This is achieved by controlling the active power produced from generators.

3.3.1 Ideal performance standard

To meet the ideal standard a generating system must have an active power control system capable of:
• for a scheduled generating unit or a scheduled generating system:
(i) maintaining and changing its active power output in accordance with its dispatch instructions;
(ii) ramping its active power output linearly from one level of dispatch to another;
(iii) receiving and automatically responding to signals delivered from the automatic generation
control system, as updated at a rate of once every four seconds (or such other period specified
by AEMO) and
(iv) in a thermally stable state, of changing active power generation in response to a dispatch
instruction at a rate not less than 5% of the generating unit’s or generating system’s
nameplate rating per minute.
• subject to energy source availability, for a non-scheduled generating unit or non-scheduled generating
system:
(i) automatically reducing or increasing its active power output within 5 minutes, at a constant
rate, to or below the level specified in an instruction electronically issued by a control centre,
subject to subparagraph (iii);
(ii) automatically limiting its active power output, to below the level specified in subparagraph (i);
(iii) not changing its active power output within five minutes by more than the raise and lower
amounts specified in an instruction electronically issued by a control centre; and

23
 (iv) must not change its active power generation at a rate greater than 10 MW per minute or 15%
of the power station’s aggregate nameplate rating per minute, whichever is the lower or as
agreed with Western Power and AEMO.
• Each control system used to satisfy the ideal active power standard must be adequately damped.

3.3.2 Minimum performance standard

To meet the minimum performance standard, a generating system must have an active power control
system capable of:
• for a scheduled generating unit or a scheduled generating system:
(i) maintaining and changing its active power output in accordance with its dispatch instructions;
and
(ii) receiving and automatically responding to signals delivered from the automatic generation
control system, as updated at a rate of once every four seconds (or such other period specified
by AEMO).
• for a non-scheduled generating system:
(i) reducing its active power output, within five minutes, to or below the level required to manage
network flows that is specified in a verbal instruction issued by the control centre;
(ii) limiting its active power output, to or below the level specified in subparagraph (i); and
(iii) subject to energy source availability, ensuring that the change of active power output in a five
minute period does not exceed a value agreed with AEMO and Western Power;
• Each control system used to satisfy the minimum active power standard must be adequately damped.

3.3.3 Basis for negotiation

The negotiated access standard must document to AEMO’s satisfaction any operational arrangements
necessary to manage network flows that may include a requirement for the generating system to be
operated in a manner that prevents its output changing within 5 minutes by more than an amount
specified by a control centre.

3.3.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The proposed approach retains the ramp rate provisions, specified in clause 3.3.3.5 of the Technical Rules
while better defining performance requirements that support a move towards security constrained
dispatch and implementing the generation dispatch constraints required by the generator interim access
system.

3.4 System Strength

As the number of inverter connected generators increases, it is likely that the system strength measured, as
the short circuit ratio (SCR), being the ratio of short circuit current to rated load current, will decline across
the SWIS. The relative distribution of synchronous generating units and inverter connected generation
across the SWIS is likely to result in the system strength varying between connection points.
At very low levels of system strength, interactions between an inverter connected generator and the rest of
the power system can make it difficult to maintain voltage stability and maintain stable operation of those
generators.

24
While no specific generator performance standard addressing system strength is proposed, it is
recommended that generators seeking connection to the SWIS provide, as part of the technical details, in
their connection application, a statement of the lowest short circuit ratio that will allow stable operation of
their equipment. This requirement could be achieved by amending schedule 3 of the Technical Rules, which
specifies the technical details required in support of connection applications. Specifically, the following
additional data shown in Table 3 should be provided.

Table 3 : Data to confirm lowest stable short circuit ratio

Data Description Units Data Category

Short Circuit Ratio Numeric S, D, R

The lowest short circuit ratio at the connection point for which the ratio
generating system, including its control systems: (i) will be commissioned
to maintain stable operation; and (ii) has the design capability to maintain
stable operation.
For the purposes of the above, “short circuit ratio” is the synchronous
three phase fault level (expressed in MVA) at the connection point divided
by the rated output of the generating system (expressed in MW or MVA)
at Western Power’s discretion.

In addition, all generators should undertake a preliminary assessment of system strength5 at their proposed
connection point and if that assessment, performed using the Minimum Short Circuit Ratio (MSCR) method
described in the AEMO guideline, indicates there is insufficient Available Fault Level (AFL) to accommodate
the new generator connection then this would trigger the need for a detailed assessment using a
functioning PSCAD or equivalent Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) model of the generator. This model will
need to be provided to Western Power and used to demonstrate that the generator will operate stably
when connected.

3.4.1 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The Technical Rules are silent on the requirement to operate stably for expected levels of system strength.
The proposed revision discussed in section 1.3 of this document addresses that limitation.

3.5 Inertia and Frequency Control

Maintaining adequate control of frequency is necessary to ensure power system security. Having sufficient
generation capacity that can automatically adjust its output to correct changes in frequency helps ensure
sufficient frequency response is available. Adequate frequency control is very important for an islanded
power system such as the SWIS, as there is no ability to draw on support from neighbouring power systems.

3.5.1 Ideal performance standard

To meet the ideal performance level a generating system must:

5 AEMO has published a system strength assessment guideline that describes the assessment method
https://www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/National-Electricity-Market-NEM/Security-and-reliability/System-Strength-Impact-Assessment-
Guidelines

25
• have inertia or an equivalent fast frequency response capability, sufficient to not cause:
(i) any reduction of rotor angle stability, frequency stability or voltage stability related power
transfer capability relative to the level that would apply if the generating system was not
connected, and
(ii) an increased need for load shedding to manage rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) following
the trip of a generating unit.
• have an automatic variable load control characteristic. Generating units with turbine control systems
must include facilities for both speed and load control.
• have generating units capable of operation in a mode in which they will automatically and accurately
alter active power output to allow for changes in the relevant dispatch level and for changes in
frequency of the transmission and distribution system and in a manner to sustain its initial response.
All generating units must operate in this mode unless instructed otherwise by AEMO or Western
Power.
• have a dead band on each generating system (the sum of increase and decrease in power system
frequency before a measurable change in the generating unit's active power output occurs) which is
less than 0.05 Hz. When defining the dead band, it needs to be symmetrical around 50 Hz.
• Provide control ranges and response times for generating units such that:
(A) the overall response of each generating unit for power system frequency excursions must be
settable and be capable of achieving an increase in the generating unit's active power output
of not less than 5% for a 0.1 Hz reduction in power system frequency (4% droop) for any initial
output up to 85% of registered maximum active power output.
(B) each generating unit must also be capable of achieving a reduction in the generating unit's
active power output of not less than 5% for a 0.1 Hz increase in system frequency provided this
does not require operation below the technical minimum.
(C) for initial outputs above 85% of rated active power output, each generating unit’s response
capability must be included in the relevant performance standard.
(D) thermal generating units must be able to sustain load changes of at least 10% for a frequency
decrease and 30% for a frequency increase if changes occur within the above limits of output.
(E) scheduled generating units achieve a rate of response for any frequency disturbance, of at
least 90% of the maximum response expected according to the droop characteristic within 6
seconds for thermal generating units and the new output must be sustained for not less than a
further 10 seconds.
(F) non-scheduled generating units achieve a rate of response for any frequency disturbance, of at
least 90% of the maximum response expected within 2 seconds and the new output must be
sustained for not less than a further 10 seconds.
All control systems relied on to satisfy this performance standard must be adequately damped.

3.5.2 Minimum performance standard

To meet the minimum performance level a generating system must achieve the performance requirements
for the ideal standard except that for non-scheduled generation performance is subject to energy source
availability.

26
3.5.3 Basis for negotiation
The negotiated performance standard should recognise that there is no requirement for a generating
system to operate below its technical minimum in response to a rise in the frequency of the power system
as measured at the connection point, or above its rated active power output in response to a fall in the
frequency of the power system as measured at the connection point.

3.5.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The ideal standard reflects the current requirements in the Technical Rules for scheduled generation and
applies that level of performance for all generating units. The minimum standard recognises that
performance requirements for non-scheduled generating systems are subject to energy source availability.

3.6 Disturbance ride-through (continuous uninterrupted operation)

The ability of generating systems to ride through power system disturbances is crucial for maintaining
power system security. Contingency events such as faults on the network and unexpected trips of loads and
generators, all disturb the power system resulting in temporary deviations in voltages and frequency from
normal operating levels. If generating units fail to ride through such events, they can create further
disturbances increasing voltage and frequency deviations and the impact of the original contingency and in
the worst case, lead to a cascading failure of the power system.
A set of GPS are proposed that collectively specify the requirement for generators to ride through power
systems disturbances and maintain continuous uninterrupted operation. A separate performance standard
specifies the requirement to ride through:
• frequency disturbances
• voltage disturbances
• multiple contingencies
• partial load rejection
• quality of supply issues

3.7 Disturbance ride-through (frequency)

3.7.1 Ideal performance standard

To meet the ideal performance standard, a generating system must maintain continuous uninterrupted
operation for frequencies within the range identified in Figure 6 and for a RoCoF within the range shown in
Figure 7.
A generator must maintain continuous uninterrupted operation provided, following an over frequency
contingency event:
• Frequency does not exceed 52.5 Hz;
• Frequency returns below 52 Hz within 6 seconds;
• Frequency returns below 51 Hz within 2 minutes; and
• Frequency returns below 50.2 Hz within 15 minutes
A generator must maintain continuous uninterrupted operation provided, following an under frequency
contingency event:

27
• Frequency is does not fall below 47 Hz;
• Frequency returns above 48.75 Hz within 2 minutes; and
• Frequency returns above 49.8 Hz within 15 minutes

Figure 6 : Frequency variations that a generating system must ride through to meet the ideal standard
A generator must maintain continuous uninterrupted operation provided following an over or under
frequency contingency event:
• The absolute value of the RoCoF does not exceed 4 Hz/s for the first 250 ms, and
• The absolute value of the RoCoF does not exceed 3 Hz/s for the first second.

Figure 7 : RoCoF that a generating system must ride through to meet the ideal standard

28
3.7.2 Minimum performance standard
To meet the minimum performance standard, a generating system must maintain continuous uninterrupted
operation for frequencies within the range identified in Figure 8 and for a RoCoF within the range shown in
Figure 9.
A generator must maintain continuous uninterrupted operation provided, following an over frequency
contingency event:
• Frequency does not exceed 52 Hz;
• Frequency returns below 51 Hz within 10 seconds; and
• Frequency returns below 50.2 Hz within 15 minutes
A generator must maintain continuous uninterrupted operation provided, following an under frequency
contingency event:
• Frequency does not fall below 47 Hz;
• Frequency returns above 47.5 Hz within 10 seconds;
• Frequency returns above 48.75 Hz within 2 minutes; and
• Frequency returns above 49.8 Hz within 15 minutes

Figure 8 : Frequency variations that a generating system must ride through to meet the minimum
standard
A generator must maintain continuous uninterrupted operation provided, following an over or under
frequency contingency event:
• The absolute value of the RoCoF does not exceed 2 Hz/s for the first 250 ms, and
• The absolute value of the RoCoF does not exceed 1 Hz/s for the first second.

29
Figure 9 : RoCoF that a generating system must ride through to meet the minimum standard

3.7.3 Basis for negotiation

A negotiated performance standard could be accepted provided Western Power and AEMO agree that the
frequency would be unlikely to fall below the lower bound of the single contingency event band, specified
in table 2.1 in the Technical Rules, as a result of over frequency tripping of generating units with a
negotiated performance standard.

3.7.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The over and under frequency ride through in the ideal standard reflects the approach adopted in the NER
with the frequency threshold aligned to the frequency operating standards for the SWIS as specified in table
2.1 of the Technical Rules.
The withstand times for over and under-frequency events specified in the minimum standard reflect those
specified in clause 3.3.3.3(b) of the Technical Rules.
The RoCoF requirements reflect those in the NER which have been developed by the AEMC considering
international practice. The RoCoF requirements are more relaxed than those specified in clause 3.3.3.3(d)
of the Technical Rules, but better reflect expected capabilities of thermal generating units as identified
through the AEMC review.

3.8 Disturbance ride through (voltage)

3.8.1 Ideal performance standard

To meet the ideal performance standard, a generating system must maintain continuous uninterrupted
operation where a power system disturbance causes voltage at the connection point to vary within the
range identified in Figure 10. The voltage ride through requirement is defined by durations expressed with
reference to two points in time T(ov) and T(uv). The voltage ride through requirements are also set with

30
reference to the normal voltage at the connection, which is the operating voltage level agreed between
Western Power and AEMO.
T(ov) means a point in time when the voltage at the connection point first varied above 110% of normal
voltage before returning to between 90% and 110% of normal voltage, and T(uv) means a point in time
when the voltage at the connection point first varied below 90% of normal voltage before returning to
between 90% and 110% of normal voltage.
A generator must maintain continuous uninterrupted operation provided, following an over voltage event:
• Voltage does not exceed 130% of normal voltage for more than 0.02 s after T(ov);
• Voltage returns below 125% of normal voltage within 0.2 s after T(ov)
• Voltage returns below 120% of normal voltage within 2.0 s after T(ov)
• Voltage returns below 115% of normal voltage within 20.0 s after T(ov)
• Voltage returns below 110% of normal voltage within 20.0 minutes after T(ov)
A generator must maintain continuous uninterrupted operation provided, following an under voltage event:
• Voltage remains at 0% of normal voltage for no more than 450 ms after T(uv)
• Voltage returns above 70% of normal voltage within 450 ms after T(uv);
• Voltage returns above 80% of normal voltage within 2.0 s after T(uv)
• Voltage returns above 90% of normal voltage within 10.0 s after T(uv)
The generating unit is required to remain in continuous uninterrupted operation while the voltage remains
within 90% to 110% of normal voltage.

Figure 10 : Voltage variations that a generating system must ride through to meet the ideal standard

31
3.8.2 Minimum performance standard
To meet the minimum performance standard a generating system must maintain continuous uninterrupted
operation for voltages within the range identified in Figure 11. The voltage ride through requirement is
defined by durations expressed with reference to two points in time T(ov) and T(uv).
T(ov) means a point in time when the voltage at the connection point first varied above 110% of normal
voltage before returning to between 90% and 110% of normal voltage, and T(uv) means a point in time
when the voltage at the connection point first varied below 90% of normal voltage before returning to
between 90% and 110% of normal voltage.
A generator must maintain continuous uninterrupted operation provided, following an over voltage event:
• Voltage does not exceed 120% of normal voltage after T(ov);
• Voltage returns below 115% of normal voltage within 0.1 s after T(ov)
• Voltage returns below 110% of normal voltage within 0.9 s after T(ov)
A generator must maintain continuous uninterrupted operation provided, following an under voltage event:
• Voltage remains at 0% of normal voltage for no more than 450 ms after T(uv)
• Voltage returns above 70% of normal voltage within 450 ms after T(uv);
• Voltage returns above 80% of normal voltage within 2.0 s after T(uv)
• Voltage returns above 90% of normal voltage within 5.0 s after T(uv)
The generating system is required to remain in continuous uninterrupted operation while the voltage
remains within 90% to 110% of normal voltage, provided the ratio of voltage to frequency (as measured at
the connection point and expressed as a percentage of normal voltage and a percentage of 50 Hz) does not
exceed:
• a value of 1.15 for more than two minutes; or
• a value of 1.10 for more than 10 minutes.

Figure 11 : Voltage variations that a generating system must ride through to meet the minimum standard

32
The duration of the zero voltage level may be relaxed through agreement between Western Power and the
generator from that shown in Figure 11 to align with the timing achieved by breaker fail protection in the
relevant region of the power system.

3.8.3 Basis for negotiation

The negotiated performance standard should reflect that a generating system and each of its operating
generating units must be capable of continuous uninterrupted operation for the range of voltages specified
in the ideal performance standard, except where AEMO and Western Power agree that:
• the total reduction of generation in the power system as a result of any voltage excursion within levels
specified by the ideal performance standard, would not exceed 30 MW 6.
The performance standard must include any operational arrangements necessary to ensure the generating
system and each of its generating units will meet its agreed performance levels.

3.8.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The proposed performance standards expand on the requirements in the Technical Rules, which focus
more on the requirement to ride through low voltages immediately following faults. Collectively the
performance standard for voltage ride through and that proposed for riding through multiple contingency
events provide a more detailed specification of required performance than is contained in the Technical
Rules.

3.9 Disturbance ride through (multiple contingencies)

The importance of defining the ability of generating systems to ride through multiple contingency events
was highlighted through the analysis of the 2016 South Australia blackout, performed by AEMO. Analysis of
that event identified that repeated contingencies in close succession had triggered protection operations
on a number of wind farms resulting in significantly reduced generation from wind turbine generators.
This mode of protection operation had not been identified prior to the South Australia blackout and there
was nothing in the GPS at the time that provided guidance regarding an acceptable level of performance in
relation to riding through multiple contingency events.
The specification of multiple contingency ride performance is also not well defined in the Technical Rules.
General requirement
This set of performance standards uses the term ‘fault’ to include a fault of the relevant type having a
metallic conducting path. The following general requirements must be met to satisfy any negotiated
performance standard.
All generating systems
The performance standard must include any operational arrangements to ensure the generating system,
including all operating generating units will meet their agreed performance levels under abnormal network
or generating system conditions.
When assessing multiple disturbances, a fault that is re-established following operation of automatic
reclose equipment shall be counted as a separate disturbance.

6 The threshold value of 30 MW is 30% of the 100 MW threshold specified in the NER, the lower threshold reflects the relative sizes of the SWIS and
the NEM

33
Synchronous generating systems and units
For a generating system comprised solely of synchronous generating units, the reactive current
contribution, as measured at the connection point may be limited to 250% of the maximum continuous
current of the generating system. For a synchronous generating unit in any other generating system, the
reactive current contribution may be limited to 250% of the maximum continuous current of that
synchronous generating unit.
Asynchronous generating systems
For a generating system comprised of asynchronous generating units:
• the reactive current contribution may be limited to the maximum continuous current of a generating
system, including its operating asynchronous generating units;
• the reactive current contribution and voltage deviation described may be measured at a location
other than the connection point (including within the relevant generating system), where agreed with
AEMO and Western Power, in which case the level of injection and absorption will be assessed at
that agreed location;
• the reactive current contribution required may be calculated using phase to phase, phase to ground
or sequence components of voltages. The ratio of the negative sequence to positive sequence
components of the reactive current contribution must be agreed with AEMO and Western Power for
the types of disturbances specified in this performance standard; and
• the performance standard must record all conditions (which may include temperature) considered
relevant by both AEMO and Western Power under which the reactive current response is required.

3.9.1 Ideal performance standard

The ideal performance standard is specified by requirements expressed as:
• requirements to be met by all generating systems
• additional requirements to be met by generating systems that:
(i) include synchronous generating units; or
(ii) include asynchronous generating units.

Common requirements for all generating systems

A generating system and each of its generating units must remain in continuous uninterrupted operation for
any disturbance caused by:
• a credible contingency event;
• a three phase fault in a transmission system cleared by all relevant primary protection systems;
• a two phase to ground, phase to phase or phase to ground fault in a transmission or distribution
system or a three phase fault in a distribution system cleared in:
(i) the longest time expected to be taken for a relevant breaker fail protection system to clear
the fault; or
(ii) if a protection system referred to in subparagraph (i) is not installed, the greater of 450
milliseconds and the longest time expected to be taken for all relevant primary protection
systems to clear the fault,

34
provided that the event is not one that would disconnect the generating unit from the power system by
removing network elements from service or as a result of the operation of an inter-trip or runback scheme
approved by both Western Power and AEMO.
A generating system and each of its generating units must remain in continuous uninterrupted operation for
a series of up to 15 disturbances within any five minute period caused by any combination of the events
described in the previous paragraph where:
• up to six of the disturbances cause the voltage at the connection point to drop below 50% of normal
voltage;
• in parts of the network where three-phase automatic reclosure is permitted, up to two of the
disturbances are three-phase faults, and otherwise, up to one three-phase fault where voltage at the
connection point drops below 50% of normal voltage;
• up to one disturbance is cleared by a breaker fail protection system or similar back-up protection
system;
• up to one disturbance causes the voltage at the connection point to vary within the ranges measured
from the T(uv) point, as specified in the ideal performance standard for voltage ride through;
• the minimum clearance from the end of one disturbance and commencement of the next
disturbance may be zero milliseconds; and
• all remaining disturbances are caused by faults, other than three-phase faults,
Provided that none of the events would result in:
• the islanding of the generating system or cause a material reduction in power transfer capability by
removing network elements from service;
• the cumulative time that voltage at the connection point is lower than 90% of normal voltage
exceeding 1,800 milliseconds within any five minute period; or
• the time integral, within any five minute period, of the difference between 90% of normal voltage
and the voltage at the connection point when the voltage at the connection point is lower than 90%
of normal voltage exceeding 1 pu second.
To achieve the ideal performance standard, one of these disturbances should result in the voltage profile in
Figure 12, which illustrates the low voltage ride-through requirement during an auto reclose operation.

35
Figure 12 : Connection point voltage during auto reclose operation

Additional requirements for synchronous generating units

Subject to any changed power system conditions or energy source availability beyond a generator’s
reasonable control, a generating system comprised of synchronous generating units, in respect of the
following faults:
• a three-phase fault in a transmission system cleared by all relevant primary protection systems, or
• a two-phase to ground, phase to phase or phase to ground fault in a transmission or distribution
system or a three-phase fault in a distribution system cleared in:
(i) the longest time expected to be taken for a relevant breaker fail protection system to clear
the fault; or
(ii) if a protection system referred to in subparagraph (i) is not installed, the greater of 450
milliseconds and the longest time expected to be taken for all relevant primary protection
systems to clear the fault.
must supply to or absorb from the network:
• to assist the maintenance of power system voltages during the fault, capacitive reactive current of at
least the greater of its pre-disturbance reactive current and 4% of the maximum continuous current of
the generating system including all operating synchronous generating units (in the absence of a
disturbance) for each 1% reduction (from the level existing just prior to the fault) of connection point
voltage during the fault;

• after clearance of the fault, reactive power sufficient to ensure that the connection point voltage is
within the range for continuous uninterrupted operation; and

• from 100 milliseconds after clearance of the fault, active power of at least 95% of the level existing just
prior to the fault.

Additional requirements for asynchronous generating units

Subject to any changed power system conditions or energy source availability beyond the Generator’s
reasonable control, a generating system comprised of asynchronous generating units, for the following
faults:

36
• a three-phase fault in a transmission system cleared by all relevant primary protection systems, or
• a two-phase to ground, phase to phase or phase to ground fault in a transmission or distribution
system or a three-phase fault in a distribution system cleared in:
(i) the longest time expected to be taken for a relevant breaker fail protection system to clear
the fault; or
(ii) if a protection system referred to in subparagraph (i) is not installed, the greater 450
milliseconds and the longest time expected to be taken for all relevant primary protection
systems to clear the fault,
must have facilities capable of supplying to or absorbing from the network:
• to assist the maintenance of power system voltages during the fault:
(i) capacitive reactive current in addition to its pre-disturbance level of at least 4% of the
maximum continuous current of the generating system, including all operating asynchronous
generating units (in the absence of a disturbance) for each 1% reduction of voltage at the
connection point below the under-voltage range of 85% to 90% of normal voltage, except
where a generating system is directly connected to the power system with no step-up or
connection transformer and voltage at the connection point is 5%, or lower, of normal
voltage; and
(ii) inductive reactive current in addition to its pre-disturbance level of at least 6% of the
maximum continuous current of the generating system, including all operating asynchronous
generating units (in the absence of a disturbance) for each 1% increase of voltage at the
connection point above the over-voltage range of 110% to 115% of normal voltage,
during the disturbance and maintained until connection point voltage recovers to between 90% and 110%
of normal voltage, or such other range agreed with Western Power and AEMO.
; and
• from 100 milliseconds after clearance of the fault, active power of at least 95% of the level existing
just prior to the fault.
The under-voltage and over-voltage range referenced in paragraph (i) and (ii), immediately above, may be
varied with the agreement of Western Power and AEMO (provided the magnitude of the range between
the upper and lower bounds remains at 5%).
The reactive current response referenced in paragraph (i) and (ii), immediately above, must have a rise time
of no greater than 40 milliseconds and a settling time of no greater than 70 milliseconds and must be
adequately damped
Despite the amount of reactive current injected or absorbed during voltage disturbances, and subject to
thermal limitations and energy source availability, a generating system must make available at all times:
• sufficient current to maintain rated apparent power of the generating system, including all operating
generating units (in the absence of a disturbance), for all connection point voltages above 115% (or
otherwise, above the agreed over-voltage range); and
• the maximum continuous current of the generating system, including all operating generating units
(in the absence of a disturbance) for all connection point voltages below 85% (or otherwise, below
the agreed under-voltage range),
except that AEMO and Western Power may agree limits on active current injection where required to
maintain power system security and/or the quality of supply to other Network Users.

37
3.9.2 Minimum performance standard
The ideal performance standard is specified by requirements expressed as:
• requirements to be met by all generating systems
• additional requirements to be met by generating systems that:
(i) include synchronous generating units; or
(ii) include asynchronous generating units.

Common requirements for all generating systems

A generating system and each of its generating units must remain in continuous uninterrupted operation for
any disturbance caused by an event that is:
• a credible contingency event; or
• a single phase to ground, phase to phase or two phase to ground fault or three-phase fault in a
transmission system or distribution network cleared in the longest time expected to be taken for all
relevant primary protection systems to clear the fault, unless AEMO and Western Power agree that
the total reduction of generation in the power system due to that fault would not exceed 30 MW,
provided that the event is not one that would disconnect the generating unit from the power system by
removing network elements from service.
A generating system and each of its generating units must remain in continuous uninterrupted operation for
a series of up to six disturbances within any five-minute period caused by any combination of the events
described in the previous paragraph where:
• up to three of the disturbances causes the voltage at the connection point to drop below 50% of
normal voltage;
• up to one disturbance causes the voltage at the connection point to vary within the ranges measured
from the T(uv) in the performance standard for voltage ride through agreed with AEMO and Western
Power;
• the time difference between the clearance of one disturbance and commencement of the next
disturbance exceeds 200 milliseconds;
• no more than three of the disturbances occur within 30 seconds; and
• all disturbances are caused by faults,
provided that none of the events would result in:
• the islanding of the generating system or a material reduction in power transfer capability by
removing network elements from service;
• the cumulative time that voltage at the connection point is lower than 90% of normal voltage
exceeding 1,000 milliseconds within any five-minute period; or
• the time integral, within any five-minute period, of the difference between 90% of normal voltage
and the voltage at the connection point when the voltage at the connection point is lower than 90%
of normal voltage exceeding 0.5 pu second,
and there is a minimum of 30 minutes where no disturbances occur following a five-minute period of
multiple disturbances.

38
Additional requirements for synchronous generating units
Subject to any changed power system conditions or energy source availability beyond the generator’s
reasonable control after clearance of the fault, a generating system comprised of synchronous generating
units, in respect of the types of fault described in the previous sub section must:
• deliver active power to the network, and supply or absorb leading or lagging reactive power,
sufficient to ensure that the connection point voltage is within the range for continuous
uninterrupted operation agreed under relevant performance standard; and
• return to at least 95% of the pre-fault active power output, after clearance of the fault, within a
period of time agreed by the generator, AEMO and Western Power.

Additional requirements for asynchronous generating units

Subject to any changed power system conditions or energy source availability beyond the generator’s
reasonable control, a generating system comprised of asynchronous generating units, for the following
types of faults:
• a single phase to ground, phase to phase or two phase to ground fault or three-phase fault in a
transmission system or distribution network cleared in the longest time expected to be taken for all
relevant primary protection systems to clear the fault, unless AEMO and Western Power agree that
the total reduction of generation in the power system due to that fault would not exceed 30 MW
must have facilities capable of supplying to or absorbing from the network,
• to assist the maintenance of power system voltages during the fault:
(i) capacitive reactive current in addition to its pre-disturbance level of at least 2% of the
maximum continuous current of the generating system including all operating asynchronous
generating units (in the absence of a disturbance) for each 1% reduction of voltage at the
connection point below the under-voltage range of 80% to 90% of normal voltage, except
where:
▪ voltage at the connection point is 15% or lower of normal voltage; or
▪ where the generating system is directly connected to the power system with no
step-up or connection transformer and voltage at the connection point is 20% or
lower of normal voltage;
(ii) inductive reactive current in addition to its pre-disturbance level of at least 2% of the
maximum continuous current of the generating system including all operating asynchronous
generating units (in the absence of a disturbance) for each 1% increase of voltage at the
connection point above the over-voltage range of 110% to 120% of the normal voltage range;
during the disturbance and maintained until the connection point voltage recovers to between 90%
and 110% of normal voltage, or such other range agreed with Western Power and AEMO, and
• return to at least 95% of the pre-fault active power output, after clearance of the fault, within a
period of time agreed by the connection applicant, AEMO and Western Power.
The under-voltage and over-voltage range referenced in paragraph (i) and (ii) may be varied with the
agreement of Western Power and AEMO (provided the magnitude of the range between the upper and
lower bounds remains at 10%).
Where AEMO and Western Power require the generating system to sustain a response duration of two
seconds or less, the reactive current response referenced in paragraphs (i) and (ii), immediately above,
must have a rise time of no greater than 40 milliseconds and a settling time of no greater than 70
milliseconds and must be adequately damped; and where AEMO and Western Power require the

39
generating system to sustain a response duration of greater than two seconds, the reactive current rise
time and settling time must be as soon as practicable and must be adequately damped.

3.9.3 Basis for negotiation

A proposed negotiated performance standard may be accepted if the connection of the plant at the
proposed performance level would not cause other generating plant or loads to trip as a result of an event,
when they would otherwise not have tripped for the same event.

3.9.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The Technical Rules do not specify a requirement to ride through multiple contingency events. The
proposed standards reflect those recently introduced into the NER.

3.10 Disturbance ride through (partial load rejection)

This performance standard specifies the requirement for a generator to ride-through a sudden reduction in
the required amount of active power it is required to generate (ie a partial load rejection). Meeting this
requirement enhances system security as generation is less likely to trip following a partial load reduction.

3.10.1 Ideal performance standard

To meet the ideal standard a generating unit must be capable of continuous uninterrupted operation as
during and following a sudden reduction in required active power generation imposed from the power
system, provided that the reduction is less than 30% of the generating units nameplate rating and the
required active power generation remains above the generating unit's registered minimum active power
generation capability.

3.10.2 Minimum performance standard

To meet the ideal standard a generating unit must be capable of continuous uninterrupted operation during
and following a sudden reduction in required active power generation imposed from the power system,
provided that the reduction is less than 5% of the generating unit’s nameplate rating and the required
active power generation remains above the generating unit's registered minimum active power generation
capability.

3.10.3 Basis for negotiation

There are no additional requirements beyond those specified at the start of section 3 that need to be
considered in negotiating this performance standard.

3.10.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The ideal standard reflects the requirement currently contained in the Technical Rules, while the minimum
standard is based on the minimum requirement specified in the NER.

3.11 Disturbance ride through (quality of supply)

This performance standard specifies the requirement to ride-through voltage fluctuations, harmonic
voltage distortion and voltage unbalance. For this performance standard, the ideal and minimum standards
are identical, which reflects the approach adopted in the NER.

40
The performance standard requires that a generating system including each of its operating generating
units and reactive plant, must not disconnect from the power system as a result of voltage fluctuation,
harmonic voltage distortion and voltage unbalance conditions at the connection point within the levels
specified in clauses 2.2.3, 2.2.4 and 2.2.5 of the Technical Rules.

3.11.1 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

This performance requirement is not reflected in the Technical Rules. Adopting the proposed standards
aligns with the NER and addresses this gap in the Technical Rules.

3.12 Generator protection systems

To maintain system security, it is important that generators have sufficient protection systems that will
reliably and promptly disconnect faulty equipment, disconnect islanded generators and disconnect
generators that are becoming unstable. This performance standard reflects the requirements generator
protection equipment must satisfy to achieve these objectives.
In the NER the generator protection equipment requirements are separated into requirements that impact
system security and requirements than disconnect generators as a result of instability. The two sets of
requirements are combined into a consolidated set of generator protection requirements in the Technical
Rules.
This guideline has adopted an approach consistent with the Technical Rules and defines a single
performance standard for generator protection.

3.12.1 Ideal performance standard

To meet the ideal standard, a generating system must meet the protection requirements as specified in
clause 3.3.3.8, 3.5.2 and 2.9 of the Technical Rules which require faults to be cleared within minimum times
specified in tables 2.10 and 2.11 or where not defined, a critical fault clearance time developed by Western
Power.
This will require installing protection schemes that have the level of redundancy specified in the Technical
Rules and operate to clear faults within the prescribed time.
In addition, transmission connected generating systems must install anti-islanding protection to ensure the
generating unit is prevented from supplying an isolated portion of the network. The details regarding the
performance requirements for anti-islanding systems for transmission connected generators are
documented in the fact sheet produced by Western Power 7, while for distribution connected generators,
the requirements are specified in clause 3.6.10.3 of the Technical Rules.
Generators must provide protection necessary to disconnect the generator during abnormal conditions, as
specified in clause 3.3.3.8 of the Technical Rules, in the power system that would threaten the stability of
the generator or risk damage to the generator. The setting of such protections schemes should be chosen
to deliver the performance specified by the ideal standards for disturbance ride-through.

3.12.2 Minimum performance standard

In most respects the minimum performance standard is the same as the ideal standard with the exception
that:

7 Western Power Fact Sheet, “Anti –islanding protection requirements

41
• Fault clearing times may be relaxed to meet the actual clearing times implemented in the relevant
portion of the transmission network and distribution network, where those times are longer than
those specified in tables 2.10 and 2.11 of the Technical Rules
• Generators must provide protection necessary to disconnect the generator during abnormal
conditions as specified in clause 3.3.3.8 of the Technical Rules, in the power system that would
threaten the stability of the generator or risk damage to the generator. The setting of such
protections schemes should be chosen to deliver the performance specified by the minimum
standards for disturbance ride-through.

3.12.3 Basis for negotiation

There are no additional requirements beyond those specified at the start of section 3 that need to be
considered in negotiating this performance standard.

3.12.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The performance standard reflects the requirements in the Technical Rules.

3.13 Quality of electricity generated

This performance standard specifies the requirement for generators to produce a voltage waveform that is
free of distortion. This is necessary to ensure that the quality of supply requirements specified in the
Technical Rules can be delivered.

3.13.1 Ideal performance standard

To meet the ideal performance standard a generating system when generating and when not generating,
must not produce at any of its connection points for generation:
• voltage fluctuation greater than the limits allocated by Western Power, that are no more onerous
than the lesser of the acceptance levels determined in accordance with either of the stage 1 or the
stage 2 evaluation procedures defined in AS/NZS 61000.3.7:2001;
• harmonic voltage distortion greater than the emission limits specified in AS 1359.101 and IEC 60034-
1 or emission limits allocated by Western Power, that are no more onerous than the lesser of the
acceptance levels determined in accordance with either of the stage 1 or the stage 2 evaluation
procedures defined in AS/NZS 61000.3.6:2001; and
• voltage imbalance greater than the limits determined by Western Power, as necessary to achieve the
negative phase voltage at the connection point as specified in clause 2.2.5 of the Technical Rules.

3.13.2 Minimum performance standard

To meet the minimum access standard a generating system when generating and when not generating
must not produce at any of its connection points for generation:
• voltage fluctuations greater than limits determined by Western Power in consultation with the
generator using the stage 3 evaluation procedure defined in AS/NZS61000.3.7:2001, with the
generator agreeing to fund any works necessary to mitigate adverse effects from accepting this
emission level;
• harmonic voltage distortion greater than the emission limits specified in AS 1359.101 and IEC 60034-
1 or emission limits determined by Western Power in consultation with generator using the Stage 3

42
 evaluation procedure defined in AS/NZS 61000.3.6:2001 with the generator agreeing to fund any
works necessary to mitigate adverse effects from accepting this emission level; and
• voltage imbalance more than limits determined by Western Power as necessary to achieve the
negative phase voltage at the connection point as specified in clause 2.2.5 of the Technical Rules.

3.13.3 Basis for negotiation

A negotiated performance standard must not prevent Western Power meeting the system performance
standards specified in the Technical Rules or contractual obligations to existing Network Users.

3.13.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The level of harmonic performance specified for the ideal standard reflects the current requirements in the
Technical Rules. The inclusion of requirements for voltage unbalance and voltage fluctuations fills a gap
that exists in the Technical Rules.

3.14 Impact on network transfer capability

If the connection of a new generator significantly reduces existing network transfer capability, this can
impact the ability to supply existing customers. In the NER, there is a specific performance standard that
describes the level of adverse reduction in transfer capability that may be allowed.
The approach adopted in the Technical Rules is that a new generator is not permitted to cause a reduction
in power transfer capability (see clause 3.3.1(d)). It is recommended that this requirement in the Technical
Rules be retained. This will mean that the minimum and ideal standard are the same.

3.15 Model provision

Many aspects of power system behaviour require careful study using computer models that collectively
simulate the combined performance of the integrated power system. Generators are required to provide
sufficiently accurate models of generating plant to facilitate these studies.
In 2016, Western Power published generator and load model guidelines8, which specify the requirements
for the computer models generators must supply to enable the study of the dynamic and steady state
performance. Since that time, there has been continued growth in the level of inverter connected
generation and this has created concerns regarding declining system strength in some areas of the SWIS.
At low levels of system strength and during contingency events, inverter connected generators may
adversely interact with each other and may exhibit unstable operation. In order to accurately study this
issue, network service providers and AEMO in the NEM now require generators to provide an
Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) model implemented on an approved software platform such as PSCAD.
Details of the EMT modelling requirements in the NEM are articulated in the power system model
guidelines published by AEMO in July 2018 9.
AEMO also has a need to be able to model the power system and as such has an interest in receiving
generator models at an appropriate stage in the connection process to review the model and assess
whether it is fit-for-purpose.

8 https://westernpower.com.au/connections/planning-your-project/transmission-loads-and-large-generators/
9 http://www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/National-Electricity-Market-NEM/Network-connections/Modelling-requirements

43
3.15.1 Ideal performance standard
To meet the ideal performance standard, a generator must provide a computer simulation model that
meets the requirement specified in the Western Power guidelines and an EMT model meeting the
requirement specified in the AEMO guideline.

3.15.2 Minimum performance standard

To meet the minimum performance standard, a generator must provide a computer simulation model that
meets the requirement specified in the Western Power guidelines and where Western Power advises that a
detailed assessment of system strength is required, an EMT model meeting the requirement specified in
the AEMO guideline.

3.15.3 Basis for negotiation

A negotiated performance standard must not prevent Western Power meeting the system performance
standards specified in the Technical Rules or contractual obligations to existing Network Users.

3.15.4 Comparison with the current Technical Rules

The modelling requirement builds on that in the Technical Rules leveraging the recently revised NEM
system model guideline to specify the requirement for EMT models.

44
4. Definitions
Most of the definitions in the table below have been extracted from the Technical Rules or the NER. These
terms appear in italics throughout the guideline.

45
Word Definition

Active energy A measure of electrical energy flow, being the time integral of the
product of voltage and the in-phase component of current flow
across a connection point, expressed in watthours (Wh).

Active power The rate at which active energy is transferred.

Adequately damped In relation to a control system, when tested with a step change of a
feedback input or corresponding reference, or otherwise observed,
any oscillatory response at a frequency of:

(a) 0.05 Hz or less, has a damping ratio of at least 0.4;

(b) between 0.05 Hz and 0.6 Hz, has a halving time of 5 seconds or
less (equivalent to a damping coefficient –0.14 nepers per second or
less); and

(c) 0.6 Hz or more, has a damping ratio of at least 0.05 in relation to

a minimum access standard and a damping ratio of at least 0.1
otherwise.

System oscillations originating from system electro-mechanical

characteristics, electro-magnetic effect or non-linearity of system
components, and triggered by any small disturbance or large
disturbance in the power system, must remain within the small
disturbance rotor angle stability criteria and the power system must
return to a stable operating state following the disturbance. The
small disturbance rotor angle stability criteria are:

(a) The damping ratio of electromechanical oscillations must be at

least 0.1.

(b) For electro-mechanical oscillations as a result of a small

disturbance, the damping ratio of the oscillation must be at least
0.5.

(c) In addition to the requirements of clauses 2.2.8(a) and 2.2.8(b),

the halving time of any electro-mechanical oscillations must not
exceed 5 seconds.

AEMC The Australian Energy Market Commission, which is established

under section 5 of the Australian Energy Market Commission
Establishment Act 2004 (SA).

AEMO The Australian Energy Market Operator

AEMO advisory matter Advice on the acceptability of the negotiated performance standards
for all areas of technical performance except the quality of
electricity generated, is known as AEMO advisory matters

46
Word Definition

Apparent power The square root of the sum of the squares of the active power and
the reactive power.

Asynchronous generating unit A generating unit that is not a synchronous generating unit.

Connect, Connected, Connection To form a physical link to or through a transmission network

(including to a network connection asset or a dedicated connection
asset that is physically linked to that transmission network) or
distribution network.

Connection point A point on the network where the Network Service Provider’s
primary equipment (excluding metering assets) is connected to
primary equipment owned by a User.

Contingency An event affecting the power system which Western Power expects
would be likely to involve the failure or removal from operational
service of a generating unit or transmission/distribution element.

Continuous uninterrupted In respect of a generating system or operating generating unit

operation operating immediately prior to a power system disturbance:
(a) not disconnecting from the power system except in accordance
with its performance standards,
(b) during the disturbance, contributing active and reactive current
as required by its performance standards;
(c) after clearance of any electrical fault that caused the
disturbance, only substantially varying its active power and reactive
power, as required or permitted by its performance standards; and
(d) not exacerbating or prolonging the disturbance or causing a
subsequent disturbance for other connected plant, except as
required or permitted by its performance standards.
with all essential auxiliary and reactive plant remaining in service
Control system Means of monitoring and controlling the operation of the power
system or equipment, including generating units connected to a
transmission or distribution network.

Customer A person who: engages in the activity of purchasing electricity

supplied through a transmission or distribution system to a
connection point

Dispatch The act of in committing to service all or part of the generation

available from a generating unit.

Distribution Activities pertaining to a distribution system including the

conveyance of electricity through that distribution system.

47
Word Definition

Distribution network A network which is not a transmission network.

Distribution system A distribution network, together with the connection assets

associated with the distribution network, which is connected to
another transmission or distribution system.

Excitation control system In relation to a generating unit, the automatic control system that
provides the field excitation for the generator of the generating unit
(including excitation limiting devices and any power system
stabiliser).

Frequency For alternating current electricity, the number of cycles occurring in

each second.

Generating unit The plant used in the production of electricity and all related
equipment essential to its functioning as a single entity.

Generating system A system comprising one or more generating units and includes
auxiliary or reactive plant that is located on the Generator’s side of
the connection point and is necessary for the generating system to
meet its performance standards.

Generator Any person who owns, controls or operates a generating system

that supplies electricity to, or who otherwise supplies electricity to,
the transmission system or distribution system.

Generation The production of electrical power by converting another form of

energy in a generating unit.

Load A connection point or defined set of connection points at which

electrical power is delivered to a person or to another network or
the amount of electrical power delivered at a defined instant at a
connection point or aggregated over a defined set of connection
points.

Load shedding Reducing or disconnecting load from the power system.

Nameplate rating The maximum continuous output or consumption in MW of an item

of equipment as specified by the manufacturer, or as subsequently
modified.

NEM The National Electricity Market.

NER The National Electricity Rules

48
Word Definition

Network The apparatus, equipment, plant and buildings used to convey, and
control the conveyance of, electricity to customers. When referring
to Western Power, means a network owned, operated or controlled
by Western Power.

Network Service Provider In the SWIS, Western Power is the Network Service Provider. In the
NEM a Network Service Provider is a person who engages in the
activity of owning, controlling or operating a transmission or
distribution system and who is registered by AEMO as a Network
Service Provider under Chapter 2 of the NER.

Network User A Generator, a Transmission network Customer, or a Distribution

Network Customer.

Maximum continuous current Maximum current injected at the connection point when the
generating system is delivering registered maximum apparent power
and the connection point voltage is within the normal range.

Plant In relation to a connection point, includes all equipment involved in

generating, utilising or transmitting electrical energy.

Power factor The ratio of the active power to the apparent power at a metering
point.

Power system The electric power system constituted by the South West
interconnected system Network and its connected generation and
loads, operated as an integrated system.

Power system security The safe scheduling, operation and control of the power system on a
continuous basis in accordance with the principles set out in clause 5
of the Technical Rules and the operating procedures of Western
Power and AEMO.

Power transfer The instantaneous rate at which active energy is transferred

between connection points.

Protection system A system, which includes equipment, used to protect a Registered

Participant’s facilities from damage due to an electrical or
mechanical fault or due to certain conditions of the power system.

49
Word Definition

Reactive power The rate at which reactive energy is transferred. Reactive power is a
necessary component of alternating current electricity that is
separate from active power and is predominantly consumed in the
creation of magnetic fields in motors and transformers and
produced by plant such as:

(a) alternating current generators;

(b) capacitors, including the capacitive effect of parallel

transmission wires; and

(c) synchronous condensers.

Reliability The probability of a system, device, plant or equipment performing

its function adequately for the period of time intended, under the
operating conditions encountered.

Rise time In relation to a control system, the time taken for an output quantity
to rise from 10% to 90% of the maximum change induced in that
quantity by a step change of an input quantity.

Settling time In relation to a control system, the time measured from initiation of
a step change in an input quantity to the time when the magnitude
of error between the output quantity and its final settling value
remains less than 10% of:

(a) if the sustained change in the quantity is less than half of the
maximum change in that output quantity, the maximum change
induced in that output quantity; or

(b) the sustained change induced in that output quantity.

South West interconnected The transmission system and distribution system in south west area
system or SWIS of the state of Western Australia, extending from Geraldton to
Albany areas and across to the Eastern Goldfields region.

Static excitation system An excitation control system in which the power to the rotor of a
synchronous generating unit is transmitted through high power
solid-state electronic devices.

Supply The delivery of electricity.

Synchronous generating unit The alternating current generating units which operate at the
equivalent speed of the frequency of the power system in its normal
operating state.

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Word Definition

Tap-changing transformer A transformer with the capability to allow internal adjustment of

output voltages which can be automatically or manually initiated,
and which is used as a major component in the control of the
voltage of transmission network and distribution network in
conjunction with the operation of reactive plant. The connection
point of a generating unit may have an associated tap-changing
transformer, usually provided by the Generator.

Technical minimum The minimum continuous active power output of a generating unit.

Thermal generating unit A generating unit which uses fuel combustion for electricity
generation

Transformer A plant or device that reduces or increases the voltage of alternating

current.

Transmission Activities pertaining to a transmission system, including the

conveyance of electricity through that transmission system.

Transmission network A network operating at nominal voltages of 66 kV or higher, and

which forms part of the South West interconnected system
Network. The transmission network includes equipment such as
static reactive power compensators, which is operated at voltages
below 66 kV, provided that the primary purpose of this equipment is
to support the transportation of electricity at voltages of 66 kV or
higher.

Transmission system A transmission network, together with the connection assets

associated with the transmission network, which is connected to
another transmission system or distribution system.

Voltage The electronic force or electric potential between two points that
gives rise to the flow of electricity.

WEM Wholesale Electricity Market: The market established under section

122 of the Electricity Industry Act 2004.

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