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    FAULT

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    Joyce De Guzman
    Faults occur in three orientations - vertical, horizontal, or inclined at an angle. The upper block along a fault plane is called the hanging wall, while the lower block is the footwall. Faults are classified by their dip angle and displacement. Normal faults occur due to vertical compression and cause the hanging wall to slide down relative to the footwall, forming structures like rift valleys. Reverse faults result from horizontal compression and cause the hanging wall to move up over the footwall, creating thrust faults and mountain belts. Strike-slip faults release energy through lateral slip along an essentially vertical fault plane.

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    FAULT

    Uploaded by

    Joyce De Guzman
    206 views2 pages
    Faults occur in three orientations - vertical, horizontal, or inclined at an angle. The upper block along a fault plane is called the hanging wall, while the lower block is the footwall. Faults are classified by their dip angle and displacement. Normal faults occur due to vertical compression and cause the hanging wall to slide down relative to the footwall, forming structures like rift valleys. Reverse faults result from horizontal compression and cause the hanging wall to move up over the footwall, creating thrust faults and mountain belts. Strike-slip faults release energy through lateral slip along an essentially vertical fault plane.

    Original Description:

    What is a Fault? CTTO.

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    Faults occur in three orientations - vertical, horizontal, or inclined at an angle. The upper block along a fault plane is called the hanging wall, while the lower block is the footwall. Faults are classified by their dip angle and displacement. Normal faults occur due to vertical compression and cause the hanging wall to slide down relative to the footwall, forming structures like rift valleys. Reverse faults result from horizontal compression and cause the hanging wall to move up over the footwall, creating thrust faults and mountain belts. Strike-slip faults release energy through lateral slip along an essentially vertical fault plane.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    206 views2 pages

    FAULT

    Uploaded by

    Joyce De Guzman
    Faults occur in three orientations - vertical, horizontal, or inclined at an angle. The upper block along a fault plane is called the hanging wall, while the lower block is the footwall. Faults are classified by their dip angle and displacement. Normal faults occur due to vertical compression and cause the hanging wall to slide down relative to the footwall, forming structures like rift valleys. Reverse faults result from horizontal compression and cause the hanging wall to move up over the footwall, creating thrust faults and mountain belts. Strike-slip faults release energy through lateral slip along an essentially vertical fault plane.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
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    WHAT IS FAULTS

    Faults may be vertical, horizontal, or inclined at any angle. Although the angle of inclination of a
    specific fault plane tends to be relatively uniform, it may differ considerably along its length from place
    to place. When rocks slip past each other in faulting, the upper or overlying block along the fault plane is
    called the hanging wall, or headwall; the block below is called the footwall. The fault strike is the
    direction of the line of intersection between the fault plane and Earth’s surface. The dip of a fault plane
    is its angle of inclination measured from the horizontal.

    Faults are classified according to their angle of dip and their relative displacement. Normal dip-slip
    faults are produced by vertical compression as Earth’s crust lengthens. The hanging wall slides down
    relative to the footwall. Normal faults are common; they bound many of the mountain ranges of the
    world and many of the rift valleys found along spreading margins of tectonic plates. Rift valleys are
    formed by the sliding of the hanging walls downward many thousands of metres, where they then
    become the valley floors.

    types of faulting in tectonic earthquakes

    In normal and reverse faulting, rock masses slip vertically past each other. In strike-slip faulting, the
    rocks slip past each other horizontally.

    Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.


    A block that has dropped relatively downward between two normal faults dipping toward each other is
    called a graben. A block that has been relatively uplifted between two normal faults that dip away from
    each other is called a horst. A tilted block that lies between two normal faults dipping in the same
    direction is a tilted fault block.

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    Reverse dip-slip faults result from horizontal compressional forces caused by a shortening, or


    contraction, of Earth’s crust. The hanging wall moves up and over the footwall. Thrust faults are reverse
    faults that dip less than 45°. Thrust faults with a very low angle of dip and a very large total
    displacement are called overthrusts or detachments; these are often found in intensely deformed
    mountain belts. Large thrust faults are characteristic of compressive tectonic plate boundaries, such as
    those that have created the Himalayas and the subduction zones along the west coast of South America.

    Strike-slip (also called transcurrent, wrench, or lateral) faults are similarly caused by horizontal
    compression, but they release their energy by rock displacement in a horizontal direction almost parallel
    to the compressional force. The fault plane is essentially vertical, and the relative slip is lateral along the
    plane. These faults are widespread. Many are found at the boundary between obliquely converging
    oceanic and continental tectonic plates. Well-known terrestrial examples include the San Andreas Fault,
    which, during the San Francisco earthquake of 1906, had a maximum movement of 6 metres (20 feet),
    and the Anatolian Fault, which, during the İzmit earthquake of 1999, moved more than 2.5 metres (8.1
    feet).

    Reference

    https://www.britannica.com/science/fault-geology#ref93069

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