Definite Integrals

Lecture Notes

Integral
Calculus

Definite Integral

Engr. Gilfred Allen M. Madrigal

Instructor
Definite Integrals

Definite integrals
𝑏
The quantity ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is called the ‘indefinite integral of the function 𝑓(𝑥)’. However, ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
is called the ‘definite integral of the function 𝑓(𝑥)’ and is evaluated using the result that:

𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏𝑎 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

where 𝐹(𝑥) is an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥).

𝑏
The definite integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 can be found only if the integrand, 𝑓(𝑥), exists for all values of x
in the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]; that is, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏.

Steps to evaluate an definite integral:

𝑏
1) Find the indefinite integral. (No need to put a constant C.) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥)|𝑏𝑎
2) Substitute the limits. 𝐹(𝑥)|𝑏𝑎 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

4 3
Example 1: ∫−3 cos(𝑥 ) − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5

Sol’n:

In this case, the integrand must be continuous at the interval we are integrating for a
definite integral (that is, the integrated function we are integrating) [−3, 4].

We can clearly see that the second term has a zero division at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 0 is at the
interval we integrate, so this function is not continuous at the point we integrate.

Therefore, the integral does not exist.

4 3
Example 2. ∫1 cos(𝑥 ) − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5

Sol’n:

4 3 3 4 3 3
∫1 cos(𝑥) − 𝑥5
𝑑𝑥 = (sin 𝑥 +
4𝑥 4
)| = (sin(4) +
4(44 )
) − (sin(1) + 4))
4(1
1

3 3
= (sin(4) + ) − (sin(1) + )
1024 4
4
3 765
∫ cos(𝑥) − 𝑑𝑥 = sin 4 − sin 1 −
1 𝑥5 1024
Definite Integrals

9 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 √𝑥 − 1
Example 3. ∫1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

Sol’n:

9 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 √𝑥 − 1 9
∫1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 (2 + 𝑥 1⁄2 − 𝑥 −2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

9
𝑥 3⁄2 𝑥 −1 2 19
= 2𝑥 + − | = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 3⁄2 + |
3⁄2 −1 1 3 𝑥1

2 1 2 1 1 2
= [2(9) + (9)3⁄2 + ] − [2(1) + (1)3⁄2 + ] = 18 + 18 + − 2 − − 1
3 9 3 1 9 3

9
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 √𝑥 − 1 4
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 32
1 𝑥 9

Definite Integrals and Substitution

When using substitution to evaluate definite integrals there is no need to return to an expression
in terms of x providing the terminals are expressed in terms of u. In fact it is mathematically incorrect
to show the integral in terms of u but with terminals in terms of x. Therefore when using a substitution,
u = f(x), the terminals should also be adjusted in terms of u.

3 𝑥
Example 4: ∫2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 −1

Sol’n:

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 1 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 or 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥

Adjust the terminals by finding u when x = 2 and x = 3.

when x = 2, 𝑢 = 22 − 1 = 3

when x = 3, 𝑢 = 32 − 1 = 8

Rewrite the integral.

3 8 8
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1 1 8 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
2 𝑥2 −1 3 𝑢 2𝑥 3 2𝑢 2 3 𝑢

8
1 1
= 𝑙𝑛(𝑢)| = [𝑙𝑛(8) − 𝑙𝑛(3)]
2 3 2

3
𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [3𝑙𝑛(2) − 𝑙𝑛(3)]
2 𝑥2 −1 2
Definite Integrals

1 2+3
Example 5: ∫0 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Sol’n:

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 + 3 𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑥𝑑𝑥 or 𝑑𝑥 = 8𝑥

when x = 0, 𝑢 = 3

x = 1, 𝑢 = 7

1 2 +3 1 7 1 7 𝑒 7 −𝑒 3
∫0 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
8 3
= 8
𝑒𝑢| = 8
3

𝜋⁄2
Example 6: ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

Sol’n:

1 + cos 2𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 =
2

𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2

1 + cos 2𝜃 1 1 1 𝜋⁄2 1 𝜋⁄2
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ( + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 0

1
Let 𝑢 = 2𝜃 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝜃 or
2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝜃

when 𝜃 = 0, 𝑢 = 0

𝜃 = 𝜋 ⁄2 , 𝑢 = 𝜋

Thus,

1 𝜋⁄2 1 𝜋⁄2 1 𝜋⁄2 1 1 𝜋

∫ 𝑑𝜃
2 0
+ 2 ∫0 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2 0
+ 2 (2) ∫0 cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝜃 𝜃=𝜋⁄2 1 𝑢=0
𝜋
= | + sin 𝑢| = ( − 0) + (0 − 0)
2 𝜃=0 4 𝑢=0 4

Therefore:

𝜋⁄2
𝜋
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 =
0 4
Definite Integrals

Properties of the Definite Integral

𝑏
1) Integral of a constant: ∫𝑎 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 (𝑏 − 𝑎)
2) Linearity:
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
a) ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
b) ∫𝑎 𝑐 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
3) Interval Additivity
𝑐 𝑏 𝑏
a) ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
b) ∫𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
c) ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
4) Comparison:
𝑏
a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑏 𝑏
b) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥 ) ⇒ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ≥ ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑏
c) 𝑚 ≤ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ≤ 𝑀 ⇒ 𝑚(𝑏 − 𝑎) ≤ ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝑀 (𝑏 − 𝑎)

1
Example 7: ∫0 (5 − 3√1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

Sol’n:

1 1 1 1 1
∫0 (5 − 3√1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 5𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 3√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 5𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫0 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 5𝑑𝑥 = 5(1 − 0) = 5
0

1
For ∫0 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
By trigonometric substituion: 𝑥 = sin 𝑢

𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2
1
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 1 𝜋⁄2
∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢𝑑𝑢
0 0 0 2 2 0

1 𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2
1 𝜋⁄2 𝜋 1
= (∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢𝑑𝑢 ) (∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 𝑑𝑣)
2 0 0 2 0 0 2
1 1
= [(𝑢|𝜋0 ⁄2 ) + ( ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣|𝜋0 ⁄2 )]
2 2
1 𝜋 𝜋
= [ + 0] =
2 2 4
1
3𝜋
3 ∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
0 4

Therefore,

1
3𝜋
∫ (5 − 3√1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 5 −
0 4
Definite Integrals

0
Example 8: ∫𝜋 (sin 𝑥 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥

Sol’n:

0 𝜋
∫𝜋 (sin 𝑥 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= −[∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 4𝑑𝑥 ]
1
= − [2 𝜋 − 4(2) + 4(𝜋 − 0)]

0 9
∫𝜋 (sin 𝑥 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = 8 − 2 𝜋

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is appropriately named because it establishes

a connection between the two branches of calculus: differential calculus and integral calculus.

1) If 𝑓 is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏], then the function 𝑔 defined by

𝑥
𝑔(𝑥 ) = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏

is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] and differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏), and 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ).

𝑑 𝑥
∫ 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎

2) If 𝐹 is an antiderivative of 𝑓, i.e. 𝐹 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥), then

𝑏
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

Applying the Fundamental Theorem:

𝑑 𝑥 1
Example 9: 𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡 2

Sol’n:

1
𝑓 (𝑡) = 1+𝑡 2

d x 1 1
∫ dt =
dx 0 1+t2 1+x2
Definite Integrals

6 𝑑𝑥
Example 10: Evaluate ∫3 .
𝑥
Sol’n:
6 𝑑𝑥 61 6
∫3 = ∫3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 )|63 = 𝑙𝑛 6 − 𝑙𝑛 3 = 𝑙𝑛 3
𝑥
6
𝑑𝑥
∫ = 𝑙𝑛 2
3 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 5
Example 11: Find 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = ∫𝑥 3𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.

Sol’n:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 5 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑥 3𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥 (− ∫5 3𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡) = − 𝑑𝑥 ∫5 3𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 5
∫ 3𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= −3𝑥 sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
Example 12:Find 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = ∫1 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.

Sol’n:
The upper limit of integration is 𝑥 2 which makes y a composite of the two
functions,
𝑢
𝑦 = ∫1 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑢 = 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑑𝑢 ∫1 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡) ∙ 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
= cos 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑥

= cos(𝑥 2 ) ∙ 2𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

√𝑥 4
Example 13: Find 𝐹′(𝑥) if 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫1 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Sol’n: 𝑢 = √𝑥

𝑑 √𝑥 4 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
[∫1 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡] = [∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑢) ∙ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Definite Integrals

4 𝑑(√𝑥)
𝐹′(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 (√𝑥) ∙
𝑑𝑥
1
1 4
𝑑(𝑥 2 ) 1
4 𝑑(√𝑥) 1 1
(√𝑥) = (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
2 = = 𝑥 −2 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
2𝑥 2

2
2 1 𝑒𝑥
𝐹′(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 1 =
2𝑥 2 2√𝑥