Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
This chapter will include the methodology used by the researchers in conducting the study in
more details. In this part the author outlines the research strategy, the research method. The
Approach in the research, the methods of data collection, the selection of the samples, the
research Process, the type of data analysis, the ethical considerations, and the research
limitations of said project.
3.2 Research method- Qualitative versus Quantitative techniques
To satisfy the objective of the study a Quantitative Research method is to be employed though
a qualitative research seems to be an effective way to learn more on how the employees
handle work life balance, but there have already been several researches in regards to work life
balance and work from home settings, This is also to include researches for work life balances
during the Covid-19 pandemic, we the researchers can use that information to develop our
questionnaires making a Quantitative research a much more effective method.
Additionally, a Quantitative research is much more appropriate due to it not requiring a lot of
judgement and knowledge of the researchers, we are to use several tools and techniques to
compensate for our wanting of own judgement and skills. This is to reduce the risk of having a
wrong conclusion to the study.

For a more in-depth Comparison see table 3.1 below
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

the Aim is complete and Detailed The Aim is to classify features, count
them, and construct statistical models
in an attempt to explain what is
observed.
Resarchers may only know roughly
in advance what he/she is looking Researcher knows clearly advance
for. what he/she is looking for.
Recommended during the earlier Recommended during the later parts
parts of the research project of the research projects
The design emerges as the study All aspects of the study are carefully
unfolds designed before data is collected
Researcher is the data gathering Research uses tools such as
Instrument Questionnaires or equipment for data
analytics.
Data is in the form of words, Data is in the form of numbers and
pictures, or objects. statistical information
Subjective-individuals, Objective: Seeks precise
interpretation of events is important measurements & analysis of target
concepts via surveys, questionnaires
etc.
Qualitative data is more time
consuming but has more Rich Quantitative data is more efficient,
information which is lee likely to be able to test hypotheses, but may miss
used to generalized contextual details
Researcher tends to become
Researcher tends to remain objectively
subjectively immersed in the subject
separated from the subject matter
matter.
Adapted from: Miles & Huberman (1994, p. 40). Qualitative Data Analysis, available at
http://wilderdom.com/research/QualitativeVersusQuantitativeResearch.html
3.3 Respondent of the Study
The respondents of the study will be employees of the SSS in the Philippines , they will be
described by the following demographic profiles such as Gender (Male or Female) , Age,
Department (Available Departments in the SSS), Branch(SSS Branch in the Philippines) and Job
Tenure (J.O or Regular)
3.4 Instruments Used:
The instrument used for this research would be via, Google Forms, Microsoft Forms, and Excel
Data Analytics. The forms used in the Analytics would be for the purpose of gathering data from
the respondents, it is within the budget of the researchers and easy to use. The downside of
this is that not every employee in SSS has proficiency in using these online tools. This may result
to our respondents having a lot more replies from a younger demographic but nonetheless
these tools are easy to use. All the forms developed by Microsoft and Google are user friendly
and would most likely not cause a lot of confusion to the respondents, a little guidance from the
researchers would help any respondent may it be from any age demographic which will be part
of our instrument. Finally, the excel data analytics can be used in conjunction with both the
forms for Data Analysis on the respondent’s reply on the Questionnaires.
3.5 Sampling Design and Techniques Used:
The researchers have decided to use a stratified approach in the conduct of this research, as a
stratified approach would most likely lead to more Objective conclusion. Due to SSS have
several branches around the country. By stratifying the sample based on the branches this
could lead us to a more acceptable response.

3.6 Statistical Treatment:
To interpret the data effectively , the researchers will employ the following statistical
treatment. The percentage Weighted Mean and Z-test are the tools use to interpret the Data.
1.) Percentage
This will employ to determine the frequency counts and percentage distribution of personal
related variables of the respondents
F
Formula: %= x 100
N
Legend:
%= Percentage
F= Frequency
N=number of respondents
100 is constant
2.) Population Mean or Proportion
The researchers are first to develop a point estimate for the population mean or proportion
Formula:
Sample mean = x = Σ( Nh / N ) * xh
where Nh is the number of observations in stratum h of the population, N is the number of
observations in the population, and xh is the mean score from the sample in stratum h.
A proportion is a special case of the mean. Use this formula to estimate the population
proportion:
Formula: Sample proportion = p = Σ( Nh / N ) * ph
where Nh is the number of observations in stratum h of the population, N is the number of
observations in the population, and ph is the sample proportion in stratum h.
“Due to different samples producing different point estimates, estimate from the sample
does not equal the true value of the population parameter exactly. Therefore, to express
the uncertainty inherent in the estimate. The researchers must account for these
possibilities with the different formulas”
3.) Variance Within Strata
The variance is a numerical value used to measure the variability of observations in a group
Formula s2h = Σ ( xih - xh )2 / ( nh - 1 )
where s2h is a sample estimate of population variance in stratum h, xih is the value of the
ith element from stratum h, xh is the sample mean from stratum h, and nh is the number of
sample observations from stratum h.
With a proportion, the variance within each stratum can be estimated from a sample as:
Formula: s2h = [ nh / (nh - 1) ] * ph * (1 - ph)

where s2h is a sample estimate of the variance within stratum h, nh is the number of
observations from stratum h in the sample, and ph is a sample estimate of the proportion is
stratum h.
3.1 Computing Standard Error
The standard error is possibly the most important output from our analysis. It allows us to
compute the margin of error and the confidence interval.
the standard error (SE) of the estimate is:
Formula: SE = (1 / N) * sqrt { Σ [ N2h * ( 1 - nh/Nh ) * s2h / nh ] }
where nh is the number of sample observations from stratum h, Nh is the number of
elements from stratum h in the population, N is the number of elements in the population,
and s2h is a sample estimate of the population variance in stratum h.
3.2) Confidence Level
A confidence level refers to the percentage of all possible samples that produce confidence
intervals that include the true population parameter.
Confidence level is determined by the Researchers, ordinarily 95% Confidence level is to be
assumed by the researchers due to it being the standard norm for confidence Levels.
3.3) Critical Values
The Researchers will use a Z-score in determining the critical values due to the respondents
being N>50
The steps will be followed:
 Step 1: alpha (α): α = 1 - (confidence level / 100)
 Step 2: Critical Probability (p*): p* = 1 - α/2
 Step 3: to express the critical value as a z-score, find the z-score having a cumulative
probability equal to the critical probability (p*).
The researchers will also use Normal Distribution Calculators to find the critical Z-score
3.4) Margin of Error
The margin of error expresses the maximum expected difference between the true
population parameter and a sample estimate of that parameter.
Formula: ME = SE * C
where ME is margin of Error, SE is standard error, and CV is the critical value.
4.) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
This will be helpful in making comparison of two or more means which enables a
researcher to draw various results and predictions about two or more sets of data.
Steps in ANOVA1.
1. First step is to compute the total sum of the squares.2.
2. Second step is to compute the squares between columns.3.
3. The third step is to compute for the sum of squares within the column4.
4. To complete the ANOVA table, calculate the mean of sum of squares.

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Chapter 3: Research Methodology

limitations of said project.

3.2 Research method- Qualitative versus Quantitative techniques

questionnaires making a Quantitative research a much more effective method.

wrong conclusion to the study.

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Tenure (J.O or Regular)

3.4 Instruments Used:

forms for Data Analysis on the respondent’s reply on the Questionnaires.

3.5 Sampling Design and Techniques Used:

could lead us to a more acceptable response.

related variables of the respondents

2.) Population Mean or Proportion

Sample mean = x = Σ( Nh / N ) * xh

Formula: Sample proportion = p = Σ( Nh / N ) * ph

observations in the population, and ph is the sample proportion in stratum h.

possibilities with the different formulas”

3.) Variance Within Strata

Formula s2h = Σ ( xih - xh )2 / ( nh - 1 )

sample observations from stratum h.

Formula: s2h = [ nh / (nh - 1) ] * ph * (1 - ph)

3.1 Computing Standard Error

compute the margin of error and the confidence interval.

the standard error (SE) of the estimate is:

Formula: SE = (1 / N) * sqrt { Σ [ N2h * ( 1 - nh/Nh ) * s2h / nh ] }

where nh is the number of sample observations from stratum h, Nh is the number of

and s2h is a sample estimate of the population variance in stratum h.

3.2) Confidence Level

intervals that include the true population parameter.

Confidence level is determined by the Researchers, ordinarily 95% Confidence level is to be

The steps will be followed:

 Step 1: alpha (α): α = 1 - (confidence level / 100)

 Step 2: Critical Probability (p*): p* = 1 - α/2

probability equal to the critical probability (p*).

3.4) Margin of Error

population parameter and a sample estimate of that parameter.

where ME is margin of Error, SE is standard error, and CV is the critical value.

4.) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

1. First step is to compute the total sum of the squares.2.

2. Second step is to compute the squares between columns.3.

4. To complete the ANOVA table, calculate the mean of sum of squares.

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 Step 2: Critical Probability (p): p = 1 - α/2