DIGITAL MULTIMETER KIT

MODEL M-1008K

Assembly and Instruction Manual

ELENCO ®

Copyright © 2012 by ELENCO® All rights reserved. 753014

No part of this book shall be reproduced by any means; electronic, photocopying, or otherwise without written permission from the publisher.
PARTS LIST
If you are a student, and any parts are missing or damaged, please see instructor or bookstore. If you purchased this meter
kit from a distributor, catalog, etc., please contact ELENCO® (address/phone/e-mail is at the back of this manual) for
additional assistance, if needed.
RESISTORS (Parts mounted on card)
Qty. Symbol Value Color Code Part #
r 1 R7 0.99Ω 0.5% 1/4W black-white-white silver-green 109950
r 1 R8 9Ω 0.5% 1/4W white-black-black-silver-green 119050
r 1 R19 10Ω 1% 1/4W brown-black-black-gold-brown 121030
r 1 R18 100Ω 1% 1/4W brown-black-black-black-brown 131030
r 1 R1 100Ω 0.5% 1/4W brown-black-black-black-green 131050
r 1 R23 470Ω 1% 1/4W yellow-violet-black-black-brown 134730
r 1 R12 900Ω 1% 1/4W white-black-black-black-brown 139030
r 1 R2 900Ω 0.5% 1/4W white-black-black-black-green 139050
r 1 R9 1.5kΩ PTC Resistor 141569
r 3 R22,26,27 47kΩ 1% 1/4W yellow-violet-black-red-brown 144730
r 1 R10 9kΩ 1% 1/4W white-black-black-brown-brown 149030
r 1 R3 9kΩ 0.5% 1/4W white-black-black-brown-green 149050
r 1 R11 20.5kΩ 1% 1/4W red-black-green-red-brown 152130
r 1 R4 90kΩ 0.5% 1/4W white-black-black-red-green 159050
r 2 R14,17 100kΩ 1% 1/4W brown-black-black-orange-brown 160030
r 6 R16,20,21,25,28,29 220kΩ 1% 1/4W red-red-black-orange-brown 162230
r 1 R5 352kΩ 0.5% 1/4W orange-green-red-orange-green 163550
r 1 R6 548kΩ 0.5% 1/4W green-yellow-gray-orange-green 165450
r 1 R15,24,30,31,32 1MΩ 1% 1/4W brown-black-black-yellow-brown 171030
Resistors tolerance may be lower than listed
These parts are not mounted on card:
r 1 R13 0.01Ω Shunt wire 100165
r 1 VR1 200Ω (201) Potentiometer 191300
CAPACITORS
Qty. Symbol Value Description Part #
r 1 C6 100pF (101) Disc 221017
r 1 C7 220pF (221) Disc 222210
r 3 C3, C4, C5 0.1μF (104) Mylar (small) 251017S
r 1 C2 0.22μF (224) Mylar (large) 251017L
r 1 C1 2.2μF 50V Electrolytic 262247

SEMICONDUCTORS
Qty. Symbol Value Description Part #
r 1 D1,D2,D3 1N4007 Diode (mounted on resistor card) 314007
r 1 Q1 2SA9013 Transistor 329013
r 1 Q2 2SA9015 Transistor 329015

MISCELLANEOUS
Qty. Description Part # Qty. Description Part #
r 1 Liquid crystal display (LCD) 351117 r 2 Fuse holder clips 663100
r 1 Zebra 7.5 x 40mm 500008 r 1 Transistor socket 664007
r 1 PC board, ICs installed 516110 r 3 Input socket 664105
r 1 Fuse 200mA, 250V 5 x 20mm 530020 r 2 Ball bearing 666400
r 1 Battery 9V 590009 r 6 Slide contact 680013
r 1 Battery snap 590098 r 2 Spring 2.7 x 4mm (selector knob) 680014
r 1 Buzzer with wires 595208 r 1 Spring 3.2 x11mm 680015
r 1 Selector knob 622107 r 1 Label shield 750010
r 1 Case top 623080 r 1 Label meter 724010
r 1 Case bottom 623080 r 1 Grease 790004
r 1 Zebra frame 629018 r 1 Lead-free solder 9LF99
r 5 Screw 2.0mm x 6mm (PC Board) 643439 r 1 Test lead set 9TL1008
r 2 Screw 2.0mm x 10mm (Case) 643447
-1-
PARTS IDENTIFICATION
RESISTORS MISCELLANEOUS

Shunt wire

Battery snap
Carbon film Potentiometer Zebra

CAPACITORS Liquid crystal display (LCD)

C2 Buzzer with wires

Fuse holder
Mylar Disc Electrolytic clip

SEMICONDUCTORS Zebra frame

2.0mm x 2.0mm x
6mm 10mm
Screws PC board
Input socket
Diode with ICs installed

Transistor Transistor Ball

Selector knob socket Slide contact Springs bearing Fuse

IDENTIFYING RESISTOR VALUES

Use the following information as a guide in properly identifying the value of resistors. 4 Bands
1 2 Multiplier
Tolerance

5 Bands
1 2 3 Multiplier
Tolerance

IDENTIFYING CAPACITOR VALUES

Capacitors will be identified by their capacitance value in pF (picofarads), nF (nanofarads), or μF (microfarads). Most
capacitors will have their actual value printed on them. Some capacitors may have their value printed in the following
manner. The maximum operating voltage may also be printed on the capacitor.

For the No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 9

Second digit Multiplier Multiplier
Multiply By 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k .01 0.1
First digit
103K Tolerance* Electrolytic capacitors have a positive and a negative
100V
electrode. The negative lead is indicated on the
Maximum working voltage packaging by a stripe with minus signs and possibly
arrowheads.
The value is 10 x 1,000 = 10,000pF or .01μF 100V
Warning:
If the capacitor is connected
Note: The letter “R” may be used at times to
10μF 16V

with incorrect polarity, it may

signify a decimal point; as in 3R3 = 3.3 heat up and either leak, or cause Polarity
the capacitor to explode. marking
* The letter M indicates a tolerance of +20%
The letter K indicates a tolerance of +10% (–)
The letter J indicates a tolerance of +5%
(+)

-2-
CONSTRUCTION
Introduction • Tips should be cleaned frequently to remove oxidation before it becomes
The most important factor in assembling your M-1008K Digital Multimeter Kit is impossible to remove. Use Dry Tip Cleaner (Elenco® #SH-1025) or Tip
good soldering techniques. Using the proper soldering iron is of prime Cleaner (Elenco® #TTC1).
importance. A small pencil type soldering iron of 25 - 40 watts is recommended. • DO NOT use a sponge, this worsens tip life because the temperature
The tip of the iron must be kept clean at all times and well tinned. shocks accelerate corroding of the tip. If you insist on using a sponge,
use distilled water (tap water has impurities that accelerate corroding).
Solder
For many years leaded solder was the most common type of solder used Safety Procedures

'
by the electronics industry, but it is now being replaced by lead-free solder
for health reasons. This kit contains lead-free solder, which contains • Always wear safety glasses or safety goggles to protect
99.3% tin, 0.7% copper, and has a rosin-flux core. your eyes when working with tools or soldering iron,
and during all phases of testing.
Lead-free solder is different from lead solder: It has a higher melting point
(about 440OF, compared to about 360OF for lead solder), so you need • Be sure there is adequate ventilation when soldering.
higher temperature for the solder to flow properly. Recommended tip
temperature is 700OF-800OF; higher temperatures improve solder flow but • Locate soldering iron in an area where you do not have to go around
accelerate tip decay. An increase in soldering time may be required to it or reach over it. Keep it in a safe area away from the reach of
achieve good results. Soldering iron tips wear out faster since lead-free children.
solders are more corrosive and the higher soldering temperatures • Do not hold solder in your mouth. Solder is a toxic substance. Wash
accelerate corrosion, so proper tip care is important. The solder joint finish hands thoroughly after handling solder.
will look slightly duller with lead-free solders.
Use these procedures to increase the life of your soldering iron tip when Assemble Components
using lead-free solder: In all of the following assembly steps, the components must be installed
on the top side of the PC board unless otherwise indicated. The top legend
• Keep the iron tinned at all times.
shows where each component goes. The leads pass through the
• Use the largest tip possible for best heat transfer. corresponding holes in the board and are soldered on the foil side.
Use only rosin core solder.
• Turn off iron when not in use or reduce temperature setting when
using a soldering station. DO NOT USE ACID CORE SOLDER!

What Good Soldering Looks Like Types of Poor Soldering Connections

A good solder connection should be bright, shiny, smooth, and uniformly
flowed over all surfaces.

Soldering Iron Rosin

Component Lead
1. Solder all components from the 1. Insufficient heat - the solder will
copper foil side only. Push the Foil not flow onto the lead as shown.
soldering iron tip against both the
lead and the circuit board foil.

Soldering iron positioned

Circuit Board
incorrectly.

Soldering Iron Solder

2. Apply a small amount of solder to 2. Insufficient solder - let the
the iron tip. This allows the heat to Solder solder flow over the connection
leave the iron and onto the foil. until it is covered.
Immediately apply solder to the Use just enough solder to cover
Foil
opposite side of the connection, the connection. Gap
away from the iron. Allow the Component Lead
heated component and the circuit
foil to melt the solder.
Solder
3. Excessive solder - could make
connections that you did not
Soldering Iron intend to between adjacent foil
Solder areas or terminals.
3. Allow the solder to flow around
the connection. Then, remove
the solder and the iron and let the Foil
connection cool. The solder
should have flowed smoothly and Soldering Iron
not lump around the wire lead. 4. Solder bridges - occur when
solder runs between circuit paths
and creates a short circuit. This is
usually caused by using too much
4. Here is what a good solder solder.
connection looks like. To correct this, simply drag your
soldering iron across the solder
bridge as shown. Foil Drag

-3-
ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS
Identify and install the following parts as shown. After soldering each part, mark a check þ in the box provided.
Be sure that solder has not bridged to an adjacent pad.

NOTE: The 7106 IC1 is already installed

C6 - 100pF (101) Discap
on the PC board. This type of installation
is called C.O.B. (chip on board). The
R17 - 100kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor
R14 - 100kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor LM358 U2 IC is also mounted and uses
a surface mount package. (brown-black-black-orange-brown)
(brown-black-black-orange-brown)
(see Figure A)
(see Figure A)
R23 - 470Ω 1% 1/4W Resistor
C2 - 0.22μF (224) Mylar cap.
(yellow-violet-black-black-brown)
C3 - 0.1μF (104) Mylar cap. (see Figure A)

R32 - 1MΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor R28 - 220kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor

R30 - 1MΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor (red-red-black-orange-brown)
R31 - 1MΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor (see Figure A)
R15 - 1MΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor
Q2 - 2SA9015 Transistor
(brown-black-black-yellow-brown)
(see Figure C)
(see Figure A)
C7 - 220pF (221) Discap
R16 - 220kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor
(red-red-black-orange-brown) R29 - 220kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor
(see Figure A) (red-red-black-orange-brown)
(see Figure A)
R18 - 100Ω 1% 1/4W Resistor
(brown-black-black-black-brown) R24 - 1MΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor
(see Figure A) (brown-black-black-yellow-brown)
(see Figure A)
VR1 - 200Ω (201) Potentiometer
(see Figure B) R22 - 47kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor
(yellow-violet-black-red-brown)
R11 - 20.5kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor
(see Figure A)
(red-black-green-red-brown)
(see Figure A) C1 - 2.2μF 50V Electrolytic cap.
(see Figure D)
R10 - 9kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor
(white-black-black-brown-brown) R19 - 10Ω 1% 1/4W Resistor
(see Figure A) (brown-black-black-gold-brown)
(see Figure A)
C4 - 0.1μF (104) Mylar cap.
C5 - 0.1μF (104) Mylar cap.
Figure D

Figure A Figure B Figure C

Flat
Polarity
mark (–) (+)

Top legend marking Be sure that the negative (short) lead is

on PC board
in the correct hole on the PC board.
Stand resistor on Mount the transistor with Warning:
end as shown. Mount the potentio- the flat side in the same If the capacitor is connected with incorrect
Solder and cut off meter to the PC board direction as the marking on polarity, it may heat up and either leak, or
the excess leads. as shown. the PC board as shown. cause the capacitor to explode.

-4-
ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS
Identify and install the following parts as shown. After soldering each part, mark a check þ in the box provided.
Be sure that solder has not bridged to an adjacent pad.

Figure E R26 - 47kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor

Stand diode on end. Mount with band as shown R27 - 47kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor
on the top legend.
D2 (yellow-violet-black-red-brown)
(see Figure A)
Band D3
R25 - 220kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor
Top legend marking on PC board
(red-red-black-orange-brown)
(see Figure A)
D3 - 1N4007 Diode
D2 - 1N4007 Diode R1 - 100Ω 0.5% 1/4W Resistor
(see Figure E) (brown-black-black-black-green)
(see Figure A)
R12 - 900Ω 1% 1/4W Resistor
(white-black-black-black-brown) R2 - 900Ω 0.5% 1/4W Resistor
(see Figure A) (white-black-black-black-green)
(see Figure A)
R8 - 9Ω 0.5% 1/4W Resistor
(white-black-black-silver-green) R3 - 9kΩ 0.5% 1/4W Resistor
(see Figure A) (white-black-black-brown-green)
(see Figure A)
R7 - 0.99Ω 0.5% 1/4W Resistor
(black-white-white-silver-green) R4 - 90kΩ 0.5% 1/4W Resistor
(see Figure A) (white-black-black-red-green)
(see Figure A)
Q1 - 2SA9013 Transistor
(see Figure C) R5 - 352kΩ 0.5% 1/4W Resistor
(orange-green-red-orange-green)
R9 - 1.5kΩ PTC Resistor (see Figure A)
R6 - 548kΩ 0.5% 1/4W Resistor D1 - 1N4007 Diode
(green-yellow-gray-orange-green) (see Figure E) D1
(see Figure A)
R21 - 220kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor R20 - 220kΩ 1% 1/4W Resistor
(red-red-black-orange-brown) (red-red-black-orange-brown)
(see Figure A) (see Figure A)

Install the following parts. Then, mark a check þ in the box provided.

r Insert the narrow end of the three input sockets r Insert the 8-pin transistor socket into the PC board
into the PC board from the top legend, as shown holes from the solder side as shown in Figure F.
in Figure F. Solder the sockets to the PC board on Be sure that the tab lines up with the hole as
the top legend only. The solder should extend shown in the figure. Solder the socket to the PC
completely around the socket (see Figure F). board on the component side of the PC board as
shown in the figure and cut off excess leads.
r Insert the shunt wire (R13) into the PC board
holes from the component side as shown in r Insert the two fuse clips into the PC board holes
Figure F. Solder the wire to the PC board on the on the component side as shown in Figure F.
component side only. Solder the clips to the PC board.
r Solder the 11mm spring to the solder pad on the
top legend side of the PC board as shown in
Figure G.

-5-
r Feed the battery snap wires up through the holes r Insert the LCD into the frame (the tab on the LCD
in the PC board from the solder side as shown in must be in the same direction shown in Figure J).
Figure F. Insert the red wire into the hole marked r Insert the zebra frame as shown in Figure K.
(+) and black wire into hole marked (–) as shown.
Solder the wires to the PC board. r Place the zebra onto the grooved surface of the
LCD as shown in Figure K.
r Peel the backing off the foam tape on the buzzer
and attach it to the PC board as shown in Figure H. r Cut open the plastic envelope containing the
grease and put a small amount of grease in each
r Solder the red wire to the BZ+ pad and black wire spring hole of the selector knob as shown in
to the BZ– pad as shown in Figure H. Figure L. Then, insert a 4mm spring into each hole
r Remove the clear protective film from the front of as shown in the figure.
the LCD as shown in Figure I.
(Note: DO NOT remove the white backing on the
other side of the LCD).
Input sockets Clear protective film
11mm Spring

Tab Fuse clips Solder pad

on PC board

Tab
Shunt wire
Figure G Figure I

Black wire (BZ–)

Solder

Input socket Red wire

Black wire

Battery snap

Buzzer

Red wire (BZ+)

Figure F Transistor socket Figure H

Zebra
LCD

4mm Springs

Tab Zebra frame

Spring holes
Mounting tab
Mounting
tabs
LCD

Figure J Figure K Mounting tabs Figure L

-6-
r Put the ball bearings into two opposite indents in r Place the PC board over the selector knob. Be
the case top as shown in Figure M. sure that the 8-pin socket slides into its hole. Then
r Place the six slide contacts on the selector knobs fasten the PC board with five 6mm screws as
as shown. shown.
r Place the selector knob into the case top so that r Insert the 200mA, 250V fuse into the fuse clips.
the springs fit over the ball bearings as shown. r Peel the backing off of the front label and place it
on the case top.
r Connect a 9V battery to the battery snap.

6mm Screws

PC board

Selector knob

Rib
Slide
contacts
Close-up view

Case top

Ball bearings

Battery compartment
Figure M

-7-
TESTING, CALIBRATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING
TESTING OF LCD
With no test leads connected to the meter, move the selector switch around the dial. You should obtain the following
readings. A (–) sign may also be present or blinking.
1) ACV Range: 600 HV 0 0 0 3) Ohms, Diode and hFE Ranges: B indicates blank.
200 0 0.0 hFE 000
Diode “ ”“ ” 1BBB
2) DCA,10A Ranges: 200μ 0 0.0 200 1 B B.B
2,000μ 000
20m 0.0 0 200 1 B B.B
200m 0 0.0 2,000 1BBB
10A 0.0 0 20k 1 B.B B
200k 1 B B.B
2,000k 1BBB
4) DCV Range: 200m 0 0.0
2,000m 000
20 0.0 0
200 0 0.0
600 HV 0 0 0

If any of these tests fail:

a) Check that the battery is good.
b) Check the values of resistors R14 - R17, R30 - R32.
c) Check the values of capacitors C1 - C6.
d) Check the PC board for solder bridges and bad solder connections.
e) Check that the slide contacts are seated correctly.
f ) Check that the LCD and zebras are seated correctly.

CALIBRATION wire so that there is less wire between the 10A DC

Refer to the METER OPERATION section for test and COM sockets.
lead connections and measurement procedure. If the meter reads low, resolder the shunt wire so that
there is more wire between the sockets.
A/D CONVERTER CALIBRATION
Turn the range selector switch to the 20V position Power Supply
and connect the test leads to the VΩmA and COM 123 +
5VDC –
sockets. Using another meter of known accuracy,
measure a DC voltage of less than 20 volts (such as
5Ω
a 9V battery). Calibrate the kit meter by measuring
5 Watts
the same voltage and adjusting VR1 until the kit
meter reads the same as the accurate meter (do not 10A DC
use the kit meter to measure its own battery). When VΩmA
the two meters agree, the kit meter is calibrated. Turn
the knob to the OFF position and remove the voltage COM

source.
Figure N
SHUNT WIRE CALIBRATION
To calibrate the shunt wire, you will need a 1A current If the calibration fails:
source such as a 5V power supply and a 5Ω, 5W a) Check the PC board for solder bridges and bad
resistor. If no supply is available, it is not important to solder connections.
do this test. Set the range switch to the 10A position b) Check the value of resistors R10 - R12 and VR1.
and connect the test leads as shown in Figure N. If
the meter reads higher than 1A, resolder the shunt
Attach the bottom case without screws.

-8-
DC VOLTS TEST
123
1) If you have a variable power supply, set the supply to about the
midpoint of each of the DCV ranges and compare the kit meter
reading to a meter known accuracy.
10A DC
2) If you do not have a variable power supply, make the following two VΩmA
tests: 1kΩ COM
9V

a) Set the range switch to 2V and measure the voltage across 100Ω
the 100Ω resistor of Figure O. You should get about 820mV.
Compare the reading to a meter of known accuracy. Figure O
b) Set the range switch to 200mV and measure the voltage
across the 100Ω resistor of Figure P. You should get about 123
90mV. Compare the reading to a meter of known accuracy.

If any of these tests fail: 10A DC

a) Recheck the meter calibration. VΩmA

10kΩ COM
9V
b) Check the value and the soldering of resistors R1 - R6, R10 - R12,
100Ω
R14 - R17, VR1, and capacitor C4.

Figure P
AC VOLTS TEST
To test the ACV ranges, we will need a source of AC 2) Set the range to 600VAC and measure the AC
voltage. The AC power line is the most convenient. power line. The voltage should be about 120VAC.
Compare the reading to a meter of known
CAUTION: Be very careful when working with
accuracy.
120VAC. Be sure that the range switch is in the 200
or 600VAC position before connecting the test leads If either if the above tests fail:
to 120VAC.
a) Check the values and the soldering of resistors
1) Set the range to 200VAC and measure the AC D1,R1-6 and R19.
power line. The voltage should be about 120VAC.
b) Check that diode D1 is mounted as shown in the
Compare the reading to a meter of known
assembly instructions.
accuracy.

DC AMPS TEST
1) Set the range switch to 200μA and connect the 2) Set the range switch and RA as in the following
meter as in Figure Q. With RA equal to 100kΩ the table. Read the currents shown and compare to a
current should be about 90μA. Compare the known accurate meter.
reading to a known accurate meter.
Range Switch RA Current (approx.)
2mA 10kΩ 900μA
20mA 1kΩ 9mA
123 9V 200mA 470Ω 19mA
RA

If any of the above tests fail:

10A DC
a) Check the fuse.
VΩmA
Accurate b) Check the value and soldering of resistors R7,
COM
Meter R8,R13,D2 and D3.

Figure Q
-9-
RESISTANCE / DIODE TEST 2) Read the hFE of the transistor. The hFE of
1) Measure a resistor of about half of the full scale transistors varies over a wide range, but you will
value of each resistance range. Compare the kit probably get a reading between 100 and 300.
meter readings to those from a meter of known
accuracy. If this check fails:
2) Measure the voltage drop of a good silicon diode. a) Check the value and soldering of resistors
You should read about 700mV. Power diodes and R19-21.
the base to emitter junction of power transistors
may read less. CONTINUITY TEST
1) Set the range switch to the “ ” position.
If any of these tests fail:
2) Touch the tips together and all zeros displays as
a) Check the values and the soldering of
the buzzer sounds.
resistors PTC, R1-6, R9, and R16.
If this check fails:
hFE TEST
1) Set the range switch to hFE and insert a small a) Check the value and soldering of resistors
transistor into the appropriate NPN or PNP holes R22-29, Q2, C7, and buzzer.
in the transistor socket.

FINAL ASSEMBLY
r Peel the backing off of the shield label and stick it onto the case bottom in the location shown in Figure Ra.
r Snap the case bottom onto the case top and fasten with the two 10mm screws as shown in Figure R.

Case bottom 10mm Screws

Shield label

Case
Figure Ra bottom

Battery

Case top

Figure R

-10-
THEORY OF OPERATION
A block diagram of the M-1008K is shown in Figure 1. switches to produce an output DC voltage with a
Operation centers around a custom LSI chip. This magnitude between 0 and 199mV. If the input signal
chip contains a dual slope A/D (analog to digital) is 100VDC, it is reduced to 100mVDC by selecting a
converter, display latches, seven segment decoder 1000:1 divider. Should the input be 100VAC, it is first
and display drivers. A block diagram of the IC rectified and then divided down to 100mVDC. If
functions is shown in Figure 1. The input voltage or current is to be read, it is converted to a DC voltage
current signals are conditioned by the selector by internal shunt resistors.
DC
V Analog A/D
Data Converter
Voltage V
& Display
AC V Divider
Driver
Converter
Input Selector Selector
Switches Ohms Ω Switches
Converter
Decimal

Current I Point Display

Shunt
Figure 1

For resistance measurements, an internal voltage Any given measurement cycle performed by the A/D
source drives the test resistor in series with a known converter can be divided into three consecutive time
resistor. The ratio of the test resistor voltage to the periods, autozero (AZ), integrate (INTEG) and read.
known resistor voltage is used to determine the value A counter determines the length of the time periods.
of the test resistor. The integrate period is fixed at 1,000 clock pulses.
The read period is a variable time that is proportional
The input of the 7106 IC is fed to an A/D converter. to the unknown input voltage. It can vary from zero
Here the DC voltage is changed to a digital format. counts for zero input voltage to 2,000 counts for a full
The resulting signals are processed in the decoders scale input voltage. The autozero period varies from
to light the appropriate LCD segments. 1,000 to 3,000 counts. For an input voltage less than
full scale autozero gets the unused portion of the
Timing for the overall operation of the A/D converter
read period. The value of the voltage is determined
is derived from an external oscillator whose
by counting the number of clock pulses that occur
frequency is selected to be 25kHz. In the IC, this
during the read period.
frequency is divided by four before it clocks the
decade counters. It is then further divided to form the During autozero a ground reference is applied as an
three convert-cycles phases. The final readout is input to the A/D converter. Under ideal conditions,
clocked at about two readings per second. the output of the comparator would also go to zero.
However, input-offset-voltage errors accumulate in
The digitized measurements are presented to the
the amplifier loop and appear at the comparator
display as four decoded digits (seven segments) plus
output as an error voltage. This error is impressed
polarity. The decimal point position on the display is
across the AZ capacitor where it is stored for the
determined by the selector switch setting.
remainder of the measurement cycle. The stored
A/D CONVERTER level is used to provide offset voltage correction
A simplified circuit diagram of the analog portion of during the integrate and read periods.
the A/D converter is shown in Figure 3. Each of the
switches shown represent analog gates which are
operated by the digital section of the A/D converter.
The basic timing for switch operation is keyed by the
external oscillator. The conversion process is
continuously repeated. A complete cycle is shown in
Figure 3.

-11-
The integrate period begins at the end of the to be opposite that of the unknown input voltage,
autozero period. As the period begins, the AZ switch thus causing the INTEG capacitor to discharge at a
opens and the INTEG switch closes. This applies the fixed rate (slope). This rate is determined by the
unknown input voltage to the input of the A/D known reference voltage. When the charge is equal
converter. The voltage is buffered and passed on to to the initial starting point (autozero level), the read
the integrator to determine the charge rate (slope) on period is ended. Since the discharge slope is fixed
the INTEG capacitor. At the end of the fixed integrate during the read period, the time required for
period, the capacitor is charged to a level discharge is proportional to the unknown input
proportional to the unknown input voltage. During voltage. Specifically, the digital reading displayed is
the read period, this voltage is translated to a digital 1000 (VIN / VREF).
indication by discharging the capacitor at a fixed rate
and counting the number of clock pulses that occur The autozero period and thus a new measurement
before it returns to the original autozero level. cycle begins at the end of the read period. At the
same time the counter is released for operation by
As the read period begins, the INTEG switch opens transferring its contents (the previous measurement
and the read switch closes. This applies a known value) to a series of latches. This stored data is then
reference voltage to the input to the A/D converter. decoded and buffered before being used to drive the
The polarity of this voltage is automatically selected LCD display.

-12-
 a
a f b
g
b e c
d

BACKPLANE
28

LCD PHASE DRIVER

TYPICAL SEGMENT OUTPUT 7 Segment 7 Segment 7 Segment

200
Decode Decode Decode
V+

0.5mA

Segment
LATCH
Output
2mA
Thousand Hundreds Tens Units
Internal Digital Ground

To Switch Drivers
From Comparator Output
V+
CLOCK

–4 LOGIC CONTROL 6.2V

*
3
TEST
Internal Digital Ground 1V 500Ω

* Three inverters.
One inverter shown for clarity. 8
V
7 6 4

OSC 1 OSC 2 OSC 3

DIGITAL SECTION

CREF CAZ
RINT CINT
AUTO
CREF+ REF HI REF LO CREF BUFFER V+ INT
ZERO
42 44 43 41 36 1 37 INTEGRATOR 35
V+ ZERO
A-Z & A-Z & CROSSING
+ + +
Z1 Z1 6.2V DETECTOR
2.8V TO
10μA A-Z COMPARATOR DIGITAL
INT Z1 SECTION
39 POLARITY
IN HI FLIP/FLOP
DE (–) DE (+)

A-Z +

40
DE (+) DE (–) ANALOG SECTION of 7106
COMMON
A-Z & DE(+)
Figure 2 IN LO
38
INT & Z1
34

7106 IC Functions V

Read AZ To
Digital
+ REF
Control
(Flying
Logic
Capacitor)

Integ.
Integ.
Unknown
Input
Voltage +

AZ

AZ Integ. Read AZ
+.20

.15

.10
.05
0

0 1000
Counter Output 160ms
0 500 1000 1500 2000

Figure 3 DUAL SLOPE A/D CONVERTER

-13-
DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT 200mV
Figure 4 shows a simplified diagram of the DC voltage Volts 900kΩ
measurement function. The input voltage divider resistors 2V Low Pass
Filter
add up to 1 megaohm. Each step down divides the voltage 90kΩ
20V
by a factor of ten. The divider output must be within the
9kΩ 7106
range –0.199 to +0.199 volts or the overload indicator will 200V
100mV
REF
function. The overload indication consists of a 1 in the most 900Ω
significant digit and blanks in the remaining digits. 600V

100Ω

Common

Figure 4 Simplified DC Voltage Measurement Diagram

AC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
Figure 5 shows a simplified diagram of the AC voltage Rectifier
Volts
measurement function. The AC voltage is first rectified and Low Pass
passed through a low pass filter to smooth out the Low Pass Filter
Filter - Scaler
waveform. A scaler reduces the voltage to the DC value
required to give the correct RMS reading. 200V 100mV
7106

REF
900Ω
600V

100Ω

Common

Figure 5 Simplified AC Voltage Measurement Diagram

CURRENT MEASUREMENT
Figure 6 shows a simplified diagram of the current 200μA

measurement function. Internal shunt resistors convert the 2mA

900Ω
Low Pass
current to between –0.199 to +0.199 volts which is then 100Ω
Filter
200μA
processed in the 7106 IC to light the appropriate LCD A
20mA
2mA
7106
segments. When current in the range of 10A is to be read, 200mA
9Ω
20mA
200mA
100mV
10A REF
it is fed to the 10A input and does not pass through the .99Ω
10A
selector switch. 10A

.01Ω

Common

Figure 6 Simplified DC Amps Measurement Diagram

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Figure 7 shows a simplified diagram of the resistance measurement
function. A simple series circuit is formed by the voltage source, a Fuse Low Pass
Ω
reference resistor from the voltage divider (selected by the selector Filter
100Ω
switches), and the test (unknown) resistor. The ratio of the two resistors Reference
7106
900Ω
is equal to the ratio of their respective voltage drops. Therefore, since Test
Resistor 2MΩ/Dio 200Ω
Voltage

the value of one resistor is known, the value of the second can be 9kΩ 20kΩ

determined by using the voltage drop across the known resistor as a Common
90kΩ 200kΩ
2mΩ

reference. This determination is made directly by the A/D converter. 900kΩ

Voltage
Source

Overall operation of the A/D converter during a resistance

measurement is basically as described earlier with one exception. The Figure 7
Simplified Resistance Measurement Diagram
reference voltage present during a voltage measurement is replaced by
the voltage drop across the reference resistor. This allows the voltage
across the unknown resistor to be read during the read period.
-14-
CONTINUITY MEASUREMENT
Figure 8 shows a diagram of the continuity
measurement function. The circuit uses two op-
amps and a piezoelectric buzzer. When the
leads are connected across a circuit and the
resistance less than 20Ω the circuit oscillates
and the buzzer sounds.

Figure 8

hFE MEASUREMENT V+
Figure 9 shows a simplified diagram of the hFE
PNP NPN
measurement function. Internal circuits in the E C
Low Pass
7106 IC maintain the COMMON line at 2.8 volts Filter
R2
below V+. When a PNP transistor is plugged into B B
the transistor socket, base to emitter current R1 100mV
7106
flows through resistor R1. The voltage drop in C E
Ref.
resistor R1 due to the collector current is fed to
the 7106 and indicates the hFE of the transistor. R3
For an NPN transistor, the emitter current
through R2 indicates the hFE of the transistor. Common
Figure 9

SPECIFICATIONS
GENERAL DC CURRENT
DISPLAY 3 1/2 digit LCD, with polarity RANGE RESOLUTION ACCURACY
OVERRANGE INDICATION 3 least significant digits blanked. 200μA 0.1μA +1.8% rdg + 2d
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE BETWEEN 2000μA 1μA +1.8% rdg + 2d
TERMINALS AND EARTH GROUND CAT II 600V 20mA 10μA +1.8% rdg + 2d
STORAGE ENVIRONMENT –10OC to 50OC. 200mA 100μA +2.5% rdg + 2d
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT (0OC to 18OC and 28OC to 50OC) 10A 10mA +3% rdg + 3d
less than 0.1 x applicable accuracy
specification per OC. OVERLOAD PROTECTION 200mA/250V fuse (μA,mA input only).
POWER 9V alkaline or carbon zinc battery. 10A not fused (15 seconds only)
FUSE 200mA/250V
DIMENSIONS 126 x 70 x 24mm. AC VOLTAGE
RANGE RESOLUTION ACCURACY
DC VOLTAGE 200V 100mV +2% rdg + 10d
RANGE RESOLUTION ACCURACY 600V 1V +2% rdg + 10d
200mV 0.1mV +0.5% rdg + 2d
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INPUT 600VDC or rms AC.
2000mV 1mV +0.5% rdg + 2d
FREQUENCY 45 - 450Hz.
20V 10mV +0.5% rdg + 2d
200V 100mV +0.5% rdg + 2d
RESISTANCE
600V 1V +0.5% rdg + 2d
RANGE RESOLUTION ACCURACY
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INPUT 250V rms for 200mV, 600VDC 200Ω 0.1Ω +1% rdg + 10d
or rms AC for other ranges. 2000Ω 1Ω +1% rdg + 10d
INPUT IMPEDANCE 1MΩ. 20kΩ 10Ω +1% rdg + 10d
200kΩ 100Ω +1% rdg + 10d
2000kΩ 1kΩ +1% rdg + 4d
MAXIMUM OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE 3.2V.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INPUT 250V rms AC

DIODE CHECK
RANGE RESOLUTION MAX TEST CURRENT MAX OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE
DIODE 1mV 1.4mA 2.8V

TRANSISTOR hFE TEST

RANGE TEST RANGE TEST CURRENT TEST VOLTAGE
NPN/PNP 0 - 1000 Ib = 10μA Vce 3V

CONTINUITY TEST
Audible Indication: Less than 20Ω approx.

-15-
METER OPERATION
PRECAUTIONS AND PREPARATIONS FOR MEASUREMENT
1) Be sure the battery is connected to the battery 5) Operate the instrument only in temperatures
snap and correctly placed in the battery between 0 and 50°C and in less than 80% RH.
compartment. 6) Pay careful attention to the maximum rated
2) Before connecting the test leads to the circuit, be voltage of each range and terminal.
sure the range switch is set to the correct 7) When finished making measurements, set the
position. switch to OFF. Remove the battery when the
3) Be sure that the test leads are connected to the instrument will not be used for a long period of
correct meter terminals before connecting them time.
to the circuit. 8) Do not use or store the instrument in direct
4) Before changing the range switch, remove one of sunlight or at high temperature or humidity.
the test leads from the circuit.

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
1) Connect the black test lead to the “COM” 4) Connect the leads across the points to be
terminal. measured and read the display. If the range
2) Connect the red test lead to the “VΩmA” terminal. switch is too high, reduce it until a satisfactory
reading is obtained.
3) Set the range switch to the desired “DCV” or
“ACV” position. If the magnitude of the voltage is
not known, set the switch to the highest range.

DCA MEASUREMENTS
HIGH CURRENTS (200mA to 10A) LOW CURRENTS (less than 200mA)
1) Connect the black test lead to the “COM” 7) Connect the black test lead to the “COM”
terminal. terminal.
2) Connect the red test lead to the “10ADC” 8) Connect the red test lead to the VΩmA terminal.
terminal. 9) Set the range switch to the desired DCA position.
3) Set the range switch to the 10A position. If the magnitude of the current is not known, set
4) Open the circuit to be measured and connect the the switch to the highest position.
leads in series with the load to be measured. 10) Open the circuit to be measured and connect
5) Read the display. If the display read less than the leads in series with the load to be measured.
200mA, follow the low current procedure below. 11) Read the display. If the range switch is too high,
6) Turn off all of the power to the circuit being tested reduce it until a satisfactory reading is obtained.
and discharge all of the capacitors before 12) Turn off all power to the circuit being tested and
disconnecting the test leads. discharge all capacitors before disconnecting
the test leads.

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
1) Connect the black test lead to the “COM” 5) Connect the leads across the resistor to be
terminal. measured and read the display. When measuring
2) Connect the red test lead to the “VΩmA” terminal. high resistance, be sure not to contact adjacent
points even if insulated. Some insulators have
3) Set the range switch to the desired “Ω” position. relatively low resistance and will cause the
4) If the resistance being measured is connected to measured resistance to be lower than the actual
a circuit, turn off the power to the circuit being resistance.
tested and discharge all of the capacitors.

-16-
DIODE CHECK hFE MEASUREMENTS
1) Connect the black test lead to the “COM” 1) Set the range switch to hFE and
terminal. insert the test transistor into the
2) Connect the red test lead to the “VΩmA” terminal. appropriate NPN or PNP holes in
the transistor socket.
3) If the diode being measured is connected to a
circuit, turn off all power to the circuit and 2) Read the hFE of the transistor.
discharge all capacitors.
4) Set the range switch to “ ”.
CONTINUITY CHECK
Forward Voltage Check
1) Set the range switch to the “ ” position.
5) Connect the red lead to the anode and the black
2) Touch the tips across two points and if the
lead to the cathode of the diode. Normally the
resistance is less than 20Ω the buzzer will sound.
forward voltage drop of a good silicon diode
reads between 450 and 900mV.
BATTERY & FUSE REPLACEMENT
Reverse Voltage Check If “ + ” appears on the display, it indicates that the
6) Reverse the leads to the diode. If the diode is battery should be replaced.
good, an overrange indication is given (a 1 in the To replace battery and fuse (200mA/250V), remove
most significant digit and blanks in the remaining the 2 screws in the bottom of the case. Simply
digits). If the diode is bad, “000” or some other remove the old fuse/battery and replace with a new
value is displayed. fuse/battery. Fuse 200mA # 530020.

QUIZ
1. The function of the A/D converter is to . . . 6. Resistance measurements are made by . . .
r A) convert digital to analog. r A) comparing voltage drops in the unknown
r B) divide the analog signal by 2. resistor and a reference resistor.
r C) convert analog to digital. r B) measuring the current in the unknown resistor.
r D) convert AC to DC. r C) measuring the current in the reference resistor.
2. The divider used for DC voltage measurements is a . . . r D) equalizing the voltage drops in the unknown
and the reference resistors.
r A) divide by 20.
r B) capacitance divider. 7. The measurement cycle performed by the A/D con-
r C) divide by 5. verter can be divided into time periods known as . . .
r D) resistor divider. r A) long and short.
3. When the AC voltage is measured, it is first . . . r B) autozero, integrate and read.
r A) divided by 2. r C) zero, read and interphase.
r B) rectified. r D) convert, integrate and display.
r C) divided by 100. 8. A resistor with the band colors green-black-green-
r D) sent to a high pass filter. brown-green is . . .
4. When measuring current, the shunt resistors convert r A) 50.5kΩ +5%.
the current to . . . r B) 5.15kΩ +10%.
r A) –0.199 to +0.199 volts. r C) 5.05kΩ +.5%.
r B) –1.199 to +1.199 volts. r D) 5.05kΩ +1%.
r C) –0.099 to +0.099 volts. 9. The M-1008K has . . .
r D) –199 to +199 volts. r A) a 3 digit display.
5. The DC voltage divider resistors add up to . . . r B) a 3½ digit display.
r A) 100Ω. r C) a 4½ digit display.
r B) 1000Ω. r D) none of the above.
r C) 100kΩ. 10. When measuring 450mA, the meter leads should be
r D) 1MΩ. connected to . . .
r A) COM and VΩmA.
r B) COM and 10A.
r C) 10A and VΩmA.
r D) COM and Building GND.
-17-
 -18-
Answers to Quiz: 1. C, 2. D, 3. B,
4. A, 5. D, 6. A, 7. B, 8. C, 9. B, 10. B
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
 ELENCO®
150 Carpenter Avenue
Wheeling, IL 60090
(847) 541-3800
Website: www.elenco.com
e-mail: elenco@elenco.com

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