FIR Filter Design

1. Finite Impulse Response Filter Format

2. Fourier Transform Design

3. Window Method
 FIR Filter Format (1)
 Input-output relationship
𝐾

 𝑦 𝑛 = ෍ 𝑏𝑖 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑖 = 𝑏0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝐾 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝐾
𝑖=0
• 𝑏𝑖: FIR filter coefficients
• 𝐾: degree of FIR filter
• 𝐾 + 1: FIR filter length

 Transfer Function
 𝑌 𝑧 = 𝑏0 𝑋 𝑧 + 𝑏1 𝑧 −1 𝑋 𝑧 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝐾 𝑧 −𝐾 𝑋 𝑧
𝑌 𝑧
 𝐻 𝑧 = = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝑧 −1 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝐾 𝑧 −𝐾
𝑋 𝑧

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 2

 FIR Filter Format (2)

Ex 7.1 Given the following FIR filter:

𝑦 𝑛 = 0.1𝑥 𝑛 + 0.25𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 0.2𝑥 𝑛 − 2 ,
determine the transfer function, filter length,
nonzero coefficients, and impulse response.
Sol)
𝐻 𝑧 = 0.1 + 0.25𝑧 −1 + 0.2𝑧 −2
Filter length: K+1=3
Nonzero coefficients: 𝑏0 = 0.1, 𝑏1 = 0.25, 𝑏2 = 0.2
Impulse response: ℎ 𝑛 = 0.1𝛿 𝑛 + 0.25𝛿 𝑛 − 1 + 0.2𝛿 𝑛 − 2

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 3

 FIR Filter Format (3)
 Properties from FIR filter format
– All the poles are at the origin  STABLE
– Operations include
• Multiplying the filter inputs by the corresponding filter
coefficients
• Accumulating them

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 4

 Fourier Transform Design
Frequency Response of Ideal Lowpass Filter (1)

 Frequency response
1, Ω ≤ Ω𝑐
𝐻 𝑒 𝑗Ω =ቊ
0, Ω𝑐 ≤ Ω ≤ 𝜋

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 5

 Fourier Transform Design
Frequency Response of Ideal Lowpass Filter (2)

 Periodicity of the ideal lowpass frequency

response

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 6

 Fourier Transform Design
Impulse Response (1)

 Inverse Discrete-Time Fourier Transform

∞
1
𝑥𝑛 = න 𝑋 𝑒 𝑗Ω 𝑒 𝑗Ω𝑛 𝑑Ω
2𝜋
−∞

 Impulse response of the ideal lowpass filter

∞ Ω𝑐
1 1
 ℎ𝑛 = 𝑗Ω 𝑗Ω𝑛
න 𝐻 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑Ω = න 𝑒 𝑗Ω𝑛 𝑑Ω
2𝜋 2𝜋
−∞ −Ω𝑐

Ω𝑐
, 𝑛 = 0 sin Ω 𝑛
 ℎ𝑛 = 𝜋 =
𝑐
sin Ω𝑐 𝑛 𝜋𝑛
, 𝑛≠0
𝜋𝑛

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 7

 Fourier Transform Design
Impulse Response (2)
– Plot of the impulse response

– Theoretically ℎ(𝑛) exists for −∞ < 𝑛 < ∞ and is

symmetrical about 𝑛 = 0. (ℎ(𝑛) = ℎ(−𝑛))
– As 𝑛 increases, |ℎ(𝑛)| decreases.

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 8

 Fourier Transform Design
Causal FIR Filter (1)

 Infinite length of filter coefficients

– Truncated for FIR filter
– 𝐻 𝑧 = ℎ 𝑀 𝑧 𝑀 + ⋯ + ℎ 1 𝑧 + ℎ 0 + ℎ 1 𝑧 −1 + ⋯ + ℎ 𝑀 𝑧 −𝑀
→ Noncausal
 Causal FIR Filter
– Delay the truncated impulse response ℎ(𝑛) by 𝑀 samples
– 𝐻 𝑧 = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝑧 −1 + ⋯ + 𝑏2𝑀 𝑧 −2𝑀
– 𝑏𝑛 = ℎ 𝑛 − 𝑀 for 𝑛 = 0,1, ⋯ , 2𝑀

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 9

Fourier Transform Design
Causal FIR Filter (2)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 10

 Fourier Transform Design
Example 7.2 (1)

a. Calculate the filter coefficients for a 3-tap FIR

lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 800 Hz
and a sampling rate of 8,000 Hz using the
Fourier transform method.
b. Determine the transfer function and difference
equation of the designed FIR system
c. Compute and plot the magnitude frequency
response for Ω = 0, 𝜋/4, 𝜋/2, 3𝜋/4, and 𝜋 radians.

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 11

 Fourier Transform Design
Example 7.2 (2)

Sol)
a. Ω𝑐 = 0.2𝜋 radians
0.2, 𝑛=0
ℎ 𝑛 = ቐsin 0.2𝜋𝑛
, 𝑛≠0
𝜋𝑛
ℎ 0 = 0.2, ℎ 1 = ℎ −1 = 0.1871
𝑏0 = 𝑏2 = 0.1871, 𝑏1 = 0.2
b. 𝐻 𝑧 = 0.1871 + 0.2𝑧 −1 + 0.1871𝑧 −2
𝑦 𝑛 = 0.1871𝑥 𝑛 + 0.2𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 0.1871𝑥 𝑛 − 2
c.
𝐻 𝑒 𝑗Ω = 𝑒 −𝑗Ω 0.2 + 0.3742 cos Ω
𝐻 𝑒 𝑗Ω = 0.2 + 0.3742 cos Ω
−Ω if 0.2 + 0.3742 cos Ω > 0
∠𝐻 𝑒 𝑗Ω = ቊ
−Ω + 𝜋 if 0.2 + 0.3742 cos Ω < 0

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 12

Fourier Transform Design
Example 7.2 (3)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 13

Fourier Transform Design
Example 7.2 (4)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 14

Fourier Transform Design
Example 7.2 (5)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 15

 Fourier Transform Design
Observations (1)

 Gibbs effect
– The oscillations exhibited in the passband (main lobe)
and stop band (side lobes) of the magnitude frequency
response
– Originates from the abrupt truncation of the infinite
impulse response
– Window functions will be used to remedy the problem

 A large number of the filter coefficients (Fig. 7.5)

– Sharp roll-off characteristics of the transition band
– Increased time delay and increased computational
complexity for implementing the designed FIR filter.

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 16

 Fourier Transform Design
Observations (2)

 The phase response is linear in the passband

– Symmetrical coefficients (odd number)
– All frequency components of the filter input within the
passband are subject to the same time delay at the filter
output.
– In general, the FIR filter with symmetric coefficients has
a linear phase response (linear function of Ω) as follows:
∠𝐻 𝑒 𝑗Ω = −𝑀Ω+possible phase of 180°

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 17

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 18
 Linear Phase (선형위상)
 주파수 응답의 위상특성이 주파수의 증가에 따라 직선적
으로 감소 또는 증가하는 것.
 선형위상 필터 (𝐻 𝑒 𝑗Ω = 𝐾𝑒 −𝑗𝑛0 Ω , 0 ≤ Ω ≤ Ω𝑐 )
– 𝑌 𝑒 𝑗Ω = 𝐻 𝑒 𝑗Ω 𝑋 𝑒 𝑗Ω
– 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝐾𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑛0
• 필터출력은 입력이 𝑛0 만큼 시간 지연되었을 뿐 파형의 형태에는 전혀 변화
가 없으므로 신호에 담겨있는 정보의 왜곡은 생기지 않는다.

 Phase delay and Group delay

∠𝐻 𝑒 𝑗Ω
– Phase delay (위상지연): 𝜏𝑝 = −
Ω
𝑑∠𝐻 𝑒 𝑗Ω
– Group delay (군지연): 𝜏𝑔 = −
𝑑Ω
– 선형위상조건: 𝜏𝑝 = 𝜏𝑔

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 19

 Fourier Transform Design
Example 7.3 (1)
a. Calculate the filter coefficients for a 5-tap FIR bandpass
filter with a lower cutoff frequency of 2,000 Hz and an
upper cutoff frequency of 2,400 Hz at a sampling rate of
8,000 Hz
b. Determine the transfer function and plot the frequency
responses with MATLAB.
Sol) Calculating the normalized cutoff frequencies lead to
Ω𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿𝑇𝑠 = 2𝜋 × 2000/8000 = 0.5𝜋 radians
Ω𝐻 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐻𝑇𝑠 = 2𝜋 × 2400/8000 = 0.6𝜋 radians
Using Table 7.1,
ℎ(0) = 0.1, ℎ(1) = −0.01558, ℎ(2) = −0.09355
𝑏0 = 𝑏4 = −0.09355, 𝑏1 = 𝑏3 = −0.01558, and 𝑏2 = 0.1

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 20

 Fourier Transform Design
Example 7.3 (2)
%
% MATLAB Program for Example 7.3
% MATLAB program to plot frequency response
%
[hz,w]=freqz([-0.09355 -0.01558 0.1 -0.01558 -0.09355],
[1], 512);
phi=180*unwrap(angle(hz))/pi;
subplot(2,1,1), plot(w,20*log10(abs(hz))),grid;
xlabel('Frequency (radians)');
ylabel('Magnitude Response (dB)')
subplot(2,1,2), plot(w, phi); grid;
xlabel('Frequency (radians)');
ylabel('Phase (degrees)');

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 21

Fourier Transform Design
Example 7.3 (3)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 22

 Fourier Transform Design
freqz()

 Determine the frequency response using a

transfer function
 Syntax
– [h,w] = freqz(B,A,N)
• h = an output vector containing frequency response
• w = an output vector containing normalized frequency
values distributed in the range from 0 to π radians
• B = an input vector for numerator coefficients
• A = an input vector for denominator coefficients
• N = the number of normalized frequency points used for
calculating the frequency response

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 23

 Window Method
Introduction

 Fourier transform design with window functions

– Remedy the undesirable Gibbs oscillations in the
passband and stopband of the designed FIR filter
– Gradually weight the designed FIR coefficients down to
zeros at both ends for the range of −𝑀 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑀.

 FIR filter coefficients

– ℎ𝑤(𝑛) = ℎ(𝑛)𝑤(𝑛)
• 𝑤(𝑛): window function
• ℎ(𝑛): ideal impulse response

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 24

 Window Method
Window function (1)

 Rectangular window
– 𝑤rec(𝑛) = 1, −𝑀 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑀
 Triangular (Bartlett) window
𝑛
– 𝑤tri 𝑛 = 1 − , −𝑀 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑀
𝑀

 Hanning window
𝜋𝑛
– 𝑤han 𝑛 = 0.5 + 0.5 cos , −𝑀 ≤𝑛 ≤𝑀
𝑀

 Hamming window
𝜋𝑛
– 𝑤ham 𝑛 = 0.54 + 0.46 cos , −𝑀 ≤𝑛 ≤𝑀
𝑀

 Blackman window
𝜋𝑛 2𝜋𝑛
– 𝑤black 𝑛 = 0.42 + 0.5 cos + 0.08 cos , −𝑀 ≤𝑛 ≤𝑀
𝑀 𝑀

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 25

 Window Method
Window function (2)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 26

 Window Method
Example 7.4 (1)

Given the calculated filter coefficients

ℎ(0) = 0.25, ℎ(−1) = ℎ(1) = 0.22508, ℎ(−2) = ℎ(2)
= 0.15915, ℎ(−3) = ℎ(3) = 0.007503
a. Apply the Hamming window function to obtain
windowed coefficients ℎ𝑤(𝑛).
b. Plot the impulse response ℎ(𝑛) and windowed impulse
response ℎ𝑤(𝑛).

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 27

 Window Method
Example 7.4 (2)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 28

 Window Method
Design procedure

1. Obtain the FIR filter coefficients ℎ(𝑛) via the

Fourier transform method (Table 7.1)
2. Multiply the generated FIR filter coefficients by
the selected window sequence
ℎ𝑤 𝑛 = ℎ 𝑛 𝑤 𝑛 , 𝑛 = −𝑀, ⋯ , 0,1, ⋯ , 𝑀
where 𝑤(𝑛) is chosen to be one of the window
functions listed in p 21.
3. Delay the windowed impulse sequence ℎ𝑤 (𝑛) by
𝑀 samples to get the windowed FIR filter
coefficients:
𝑏𝑛 = ℎ𝑤 𝑛 − 𝑀 , 𝑛 = 0,1, ⋯ , 2𝑀

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 29

 Window Method
Example 7.5 (1)

a. Design a 3-tap FIR lowpass filter with a cutoff

frequency of 800 Hz and a sampling rate of 8,000
Hz using the Hamming window function.
b. Determine the transfer function and difference
equation of the designed FIR system.
c. Compute and plot the magnitude frequency
response for Ω = 0, 𝜋/4, 𝜋/2, 3𝜋/4, and 𝜋 radians.

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 30

 Window Method
Example 7.5 (2)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 31

Window Method
Example 7.5 (3)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 32

 Window Method
Example 7.6

a. Determine a 5-tap FIR band reject filter with a

lower cutoff frequency of 2,000 Hz, an upper
frequency of 2,400 Hz, and a sampling rate of
8,000 Hz using the Hamming window function.
b. Determine the transfer function.

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 33

 Window Method
MATLAB function fir1 (1)

 b = fir1(N-1, Fc)
– Computes and returns N-point impulse response
coefficients of an FIR filter with a cutoff frequency Fc.
– Returns the N-point coefficients in the vector 𝒃,
arranged in ascending negative powers of 𝑧.
𝑏 𝑧 = 𝑏 0 + 𝑏 1 𝑧 −1 + ⋯ + 𝑏 𝑁 − 1 𝑧 − 𝑁−1

𝒃 = 𝑏 0 𝑏 1 𝑏 2 ⋯𝑏 𝑁 − 1
– The parameter, N-1, in the command specifies the order
of the filter (normally one less than the number of FIR
filter coefficients)
– The cutoff frequency, Fc, is normalized with respect to
the Nyquist frequency and lies between 0 and 1.

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 34

 Window Method
MATLAB function fir1 (2)
– By default, the basic fir1 command applies a Hamming
window and assumes a lowpass filter (or a bandpass
filter if Fc specifies more than one cutoff frequency)

 b = fir1(N-1, Fc, ‘filter-type’)

– ‘high’: (N-1)th order highpass filter
– ‘stop’: (N-1)th order bandstop filter
– Fc = [F1, F2], F1 < F < F2

 b = fir1(N-1,Fc,w)
– w = boxcar(N); w = blackman(N); w = hamming(N)
– w = hanning(N); w = kaiser(N,beta)

 b = fir1(N-1,Fc,’filter-type’,w)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 35

 Window Method
Example 7.7

a. Design a lowpass FIR filter with 25 taps using the

MATLAB program. The cutoff frequency of the
filter is 2,000 Hz, assuming a sampling frequency
of 8,000 Hz. The rectangular window and
Hamming window functions are used for each
design.
b. Plot the frequency responses along with those
obtained using the rectangular window and
Hamming window for comparison.
c. List FIR filter coefficients for each window design
method.

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 36

 Window Method
MATLAB Program for Example 7.7 (1)
% Example 7.7
% MATLAB program to generate FIR coefficients
% using the rectangular and Hamming window functions.
%
N=25; Fc = 0.5; fs=8000;
% Design using the rectangular window
Brec = fir1(N-1,Fc,boxcar(N));
% Design using the Hamming window
Bham= fir1(N-1,Fc);
% Frequency response of filter coefficients
[hrec,f]=freqz(Brec,1,512,fs);
[hham,f]=freqz(Bham,1,512,fs);

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 37

 Window Method
MATLAB Program for Example 7.7 (2)
% Phase response of filter coefficients
prec=180*unwrap(angle(hrec))/pi;
pham=180*unwrap(angle(hham))/pi;
%
% MATLAB program to create Figure 7.12
%
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(f,20*log10(abs(hrec)),‘-.’,f,20*log10(abs(hham)));grid
axis([0 4000 -100 10]);
xlabel (‘Frequency (Hz)’); ylabel(‘Magnitude Response (dB)’);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(f,prec,‘-.’, f,pham); grid
xlabel (‘Frequency (Hz)’); ylabel(‘Phase (degree)’);

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 38

 Window Method
MATLAB Program for Example 7.7 (4)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 39

 Window Method
MATLAB Program for Example 7.7 (5)

Magnitude Response (dB)

0
-20

-40

-60
-80

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hz)

0
Phase (degree)

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hz)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 40

 Window Method
MATLAB Program for Example 7.7 (6)

 Not using unwrap command

Magnitude Response (dB)

0
-20

-40

-60
-80

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hz)

200
Phase (degree)

100

-100

-200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hz)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 41

 Window Method
Comparison of magnitude frequency responses

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 42

 Window Method
How to choose a window? (1)

 Specifications:
– Fig. 7.14
– Table 7.7 FIR filter length estimation
𝑓stop −𝑓pass
 ∆𝑓 = ; normalized transition width
𝑓𝑠
 Filter length for Hamming window: 𝑁 = 3.3/Δ𝑓
 Passband ripple
– 𝛿𝑝 dB = 20 log10 1 + 𝛿𝑝
 Stopband attenuation
– 𝛿𝑠 dB = −20 log10 𝛿𝑠
 Cut-off frequency
– 𝑓𝑐 = (𝑓pass + 𝑓stop)/2

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 43

 Window Method
How to choose a window? (2)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 44

 Window Method
How to choose a window? (3)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 45

 Window Method
Example 7.8 (1)

 A lowpass FIR filter

– Passband = 0 – 1850 Hz
– Stopband = 2150 – 4000 Hz
– Stopband attenuation = 20 dB
– Passband ripple = 1 dB
– Sampling rate = 8000 Hz
a. Determine the FIR filter length and the cutoff frequency
to be used in the design equation.

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 46

 Window Method
Example 7.8 (2)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 47

 Window Method
Example 7.8 (3)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 48

 Window Method
Example 7.9 (1)

a. Design a highpass FIR filter with the following

specifications:
Stopband = 0 – 1500 Hz
Passband = 2500 – 4000 Hz
Stopband attenuation = 40 dB
Passband ripple = 0.1 dB
Sampling rate = 8000 Hz

Sol) Δf = |1500-2500|/8000 = 0.125

Hanning window satisfies the requirements for stopband
attenuation and passband ripple.
N = 3.1/Δf = 24.2  N = 25
Fc = (1500+2500)/2 = 2000 Hz

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 49

 Window Method
Example 7.9 (2)
% MATLAB Program 7.4 for Example 7.9
%
close all; clear all
N=25; Fc = 0.5; fs=8000;
Bhan = fir1(N-1,Fc,’high’,hanning(N)); % Hanning window
freqz(Bhan,1,512,fs);
axis([0 fs/2 -120 10]);

disp('Hit "enter" to perform highpass filtering of speech=>');

pause
figure

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 50

 Window Method
Example 7.9 (3)
%
fs=8000;T=1/fs;
load we.dat
x=we;
y=filter(Bhan,1,x);
N=length(x);
f=[0:N/2]*fs/N;
Axk=2*abs(fft(x))/N;Axk(1)=Axk(1)/2;
subplot(2,1,1); plot(f,Axk(1:N/2+1));grid
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('Amplitude |X(f)| ');
Ayk=2*abs(fft(y))/N;Ayk(1)=Ayk(1)/2;

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 51

 Window Method
Example 7.9 (4)
subplot(2,1,2);plot(f,Ayk(1:N/2+1));
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('Amplitude |Y(f)| ');grid;
figure
subplot(2,1,1);plot(x);grid;
axis([0 length(we) -10000 10000]);
ylabel('Speech');
subplot(2,1,2);plot(y);grid;
axis([0 length(we) -10000 10000]);
ylabel('Highpassed speech');
xlabel('Sample number');

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 52

 Window Method
Example 7.9 (5)

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 53

 Window Method
Example 7.9 (6)

0
Magnitude (dB)

-50

-100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

500
Phase (degrees)

-500

-1000

-1500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hz)

Frequency responses of the designed highpass filter using the Hanning window.

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 54

 Window Method
Example 7.9 (7)
4
x 10
1

Speech 0.5

-0.5

-1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Sample number
4
x 10
1
Highpassed speech

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Sample number

Original speech and processed speech using the highpass filter.

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 55

 Window Method
Example 7.9 (8)

800

Amplitude |X(f)|
600

400

200

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hz)

30
Amplitude |Y(f)|

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Frequency (Hz)

Spectral comparison of the original speech and processed speech using the
highpass filter.

Ch7. Finite Impulse Response Filter Design (1) 56