A project report on

DESIGN OF A 30 MLD SEWAGE

TREATMENT PLANT
SUBMITTED BY:
RATNESH KUSHWAHA(1503300075)
SHIVAM SHARMA(1503300092)
VAIBHAV SINGH(1503300115)
SURAJ MISHRA(1503300107)
GAURAV KUMAR(1503300037)
Under the guidance of
Mr. Mohit Singla (Assistant Professor)

Department of Civil Engineering

RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

5th km stone, Ghaziabad
December 2018
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B.Tech. Project
undertaken during B.Tech. Final Year. We owe special debate of gratitude of Mr.
Mohit Singla, our supervisor and Associate Professor of Civil Department in
college, R.K.G.I.T. Ghaziabad for his constant support and guidance throughout
the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a
constant source of inspiration for us. It only his cognizant efforts that our endeavor
have seen light of the day.
We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Er. S.K. Garg,
Head of Department of Civil Engineering, R.K.G.I.T. Ghaziabad for his support
and guidance during the development of the project.
We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all
faculty members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during
the development of our project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends
for their contribution in the completion of the project.

Signature:
Ratnesh Kushwaha (1503300075)

Signature:
Shivam Sharma (1503300092)

Signature:
Vaibhav Singh (1503300115)

Signature:
Suraj Mishra (1503300107)

Signature:
Gaurav Kumar(1503300037)

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project report entitled "Design of a 30

MLD Sewage Treatment Plant" which is submitted by Ratnesh
Kushwaha, Shivam Sharma, Vaibhav Singh, Suraj Mishra,
Gaurav Kumar in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of degree Bachelor of Technology in Department of Civil
Engineering of AKTU, is a record of the candidate own work
carried out by them under my supervision. The matter embodied
in this report is original and has not been submitted for the
award of any other degree.

Date:
Mr. Mohit Singla
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering
Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology
Ghaziabad (201003)

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the
best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously
published or written by another person nor material which to a
substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or
diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning except
where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Date:

Signature:
Ratnesh Kushwaha (1503300075)

Signature:
Shivam Sharma (1503300092)

Signature:
Vaibhav Singh (1503300115)

Signature:
Suraj Mishra (1503300107)

Signature:
Gaurav Kumar(1503300037)

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 ABSTRACT

A sewage treatment plant is quite necessary to receive the domestic and

commercial waste and removes the materials which pose harm for general public.
Its objective is to produce an environmentally-safe fluid waste stream (or treated
effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually
as farm fertilizer).A study on domestic waste water characterization has been
performed followed by the design of sewage treatment plant. The present study
involves the analysis of pH value, total solids, total suspended solids, hardness,
acidity, oils fats & greases, chloride, BOD and DO etc. The samplings of the
domestic waste have been done in different times of the day to have an average
data of the measured parameters. Depending upon the values of these parameters,
calculations are done for designing the different units of a 30 MLD Sewage
Treatment Plant and a preliminary layout is prepared for the same.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION & SYMBOLS

PST Primary settlement tank

FST Final settlement tank

TDS Total dissolved solid

SS Suspended solid

DS Dissolved solid

DO Dissolve oxygen

BOD Biological oxygen demand

COD Chemical oxygen demand

STP Sewage treatment plant

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

ETP Effluent Treatment Plants

SOR Surface overflow rate

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 INDEX

S.No CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. 9
INTRODUCTION
2. 10
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Characteristics of wastewater -
a. Physical characteristics 11-16
b. Chemical Characteristics
c. Biological Characteristics

4. Methodology
a) Methodology for determination of pH value
b) Methodology for determination of total solid 16-21
c) Methodology for determination of chloride content
d) Methodology for determination of nitrogen content
e) Methodology for determination of presence of oil & grease
f) Methodology for determination of BOD
5. OBSERVATIONS 22

Process involved in Sewage Treatment

1) Preliminary treatment
a) Screening
b) Grit chamber
6. c) Skimming tank
2) Primary treatment 22-30
a) Primary sedimentation tank
3) Secondary (or Biological ) treatment
a) Aeration tank
4) Sludge digestion &disposal

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8. Design of sewage treatment plant
I. Design of screening
II. Design of grit chamber
III. Design of skimming tank
IV. Design of primary sedimentation tank
V. Design of aeration tank
a) Aerator sizing 32-44
VI. Design of secondary clarifier
VII. a) Design of sludge digestion tank
b) Estimation of gas produced from digester tank
c) Disposal of sludge

9. LAYOUT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 45

10. RESULTS & DISCUSSION 46
11. SCOPE FOR FUTURE 47
12. REFFRENCES 47

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 INTRODUCTION

Pollution in its broadest sense includes all changes that curtail natural utility and
exert deleterious effect on life. The crisis triggered by the rapidly growing
population and industrialization with the resultant degradation of the environment
causes a grave threat to the quality of life. Degradation of water quality is the
unfavorable alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of water
that prevents domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational and other
beneficial uses of water. Sewage and sewage effluents are the major sources of
water pollution. Sewage is mainly composed of human fecal material, domestic
wastes including wash-water and industrial wastes. The growing environmental
pollution needs for decontaminating wastewater result in the study of
characterization of waste water, especially domestic sewage. Sewage Treatment
Plant is a facility designed to receive the waste from domestic, commercial and
industrial sources and to remove materials that damage water quality and
compromise public health and safety when discharged into water receiving
systems. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove various
contaminants depending on its constituents. Using advanced technology it is now
possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water.

The present study comprises the study on quality of domestic waste water and
industrial waste water(mixed sewage) .The study includes characterization tests for
pH value, acidity, alkalinity, chloride, turbidity & BOD etc. Depending upon the
values of these parameters, calculations are done for designing the different units
of a 30 MLD Sewage Treatment Plant and a preliminary layout is prepared for the
same.

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 Objectives of the study:

The objective of municipal and industrial waste water treatment is to extract

pollutants, remove toxicants, neutralize coarse particles, kill pathogens so that
quality of discharged water is improved to reach the permissible level of water to
be discharged into water bodies or for agricultural land.

Treatment of water thus aims at reduction of BOD, COD, total solids, nitrogen
content etc. of receiving water bodies and prevention of bio-magnification of toxic
substances in food chain. The effluents to be disposed of without danger to human
health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment.

The objective of this project can be summarized as-

➢ Physical, chemical and biological characterization of waste water.

➢ Comparison with the prescribed standard
➢ Design of the sewage treatment plant.

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 Literature Review

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater,

primarily from household sewage. It includes physical, chemical, and biological
processes to remove these contaminants and produce environmentally safe treated
wastewater (or treated effluent).A by-product of sewage treatment is usually a
semi- solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge, that has to undergo further
treatment before being suitable for disposal or land application. The objective of
sewage treatment is to reduce the polluting substances to the Central Pollution
Control Boards (CPCB) Norms

Effluent discharged standards for Sewage Treatment Plant:

Table:-1

Parameter
Existing general effluent Standards for new STPs
Standards (CPCB) (CPCB)

BOD, mg/L 30 Not more than 10

Total Suspended Solid, 100 Not more than 20

mg/L

COD, mg/L 250 Not more than 50

pH 5.5-9 6.5-9.0

Total nitrogen mg/L 100 Not more than 10

FaecalColiforms Not Specified Less than 100

MPN/100mL

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 Characteristics of waste water:-
Physical characteristics-
Odour:-
It depends on the substances which arouse human receptor cells on coming in
contact with them. Pure water doesn’t produce odour or taste sensations. Thus
waste water which contains toxic substances has pungent smell which makes it
easy to distinguish. Odour is recognized as a quality factor affecting acceptability
of drinking water. The organic and inorganic substance contributes to taste or
odour. The ultimate odour tasting device is the human nose. The odour intensity is
done by threshold odour test.
Colour:
Colour in water results from the presence of natural metallic ions such as Fe or
Mg, humus and peat materials, planktons and weeds. It is removed to make water
suitable for general and industrial applications.
After turbidity is removed the apparent colour and that due to suspended matter is
found out. Tristimulus, Spectroscopic and Platinum cobalt method is used.

Floatables:
One important criterion for evaluating the possible effect of waste disposal into
surface water is the amount of floatable material in the waste. Two general types of
floating matters are found-
(i) Particulate matters like 'grease balls'
(ii) Liquid component capable of spreading as thin visible film over large areas.
It is important because it accumulates on the surface and may contain pathogenic
bacteria and viruses.

Temperature:
The normal temperature of sewage is generally slightly higher than the temperature
of water. The average temperature of sewage in India is 20°C.
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The temperature has an effect on the biological activity of bacteria present in
sewage. Biological activities in sewage are higher at greater temperature.
Temperature also affects the solubility of gases in sewage. In addition, temperature
also affects the viscosity of sewage, which in turn affects the sedimentation process
in its treatment.

Chemical Characteristics:-
The sewage has the following chemical characteristics:-
1) Total Solids:-
The sewage normally contains very small amount of solids in relation to the huge
quantity of water. It only contains about 0.05 to 0.1 % of total solid matters.
The solid matters present the sewage may be in any of the four forms:
• Suspended solids,
• Dissolved solids,
• Colloidal solids,
• Settleable solids,

It has been estimated that about 1000 kg of sewage contains about 0.45 kg of total
solids, out of which 0.225 kg is in solution, 0.112 kg is in suspension, and 0.112 kg
is settleable. Colloidal solids remain either in solution or in suspension.

Further, the solids in sewage comprise of both organic as well as inorganic

solids. The organic matter is about 45% of the total solids and the remaining about
55% is the inorganic matter.
The total amount of solids present in a given sewage can be determined by
evaporating a known volume of sewage sample and weighing the dry residue left.
The quantity of suspended solids can be determined by passing a known volume of
sewage sample through a glass-fiber filter apparatus and weighing the dry residue
left.

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 2) pH Value:-
The pH value is defined as the logarithm of reciprocal of hydrogen ion
concentration present in water. It is used to designate the acidity and alkalinity of
water.
Thus, pH value = -log [H+]
Nature of fresh sewage and treated sewage is alkaline and the septic sewage is
acidic in nature. The pH value of fresh and treated sewage is generally more than 7
& the pH value of septic sewage is less than 7. The pH value can measured quickly
and automatically with the help of a potentiometer.

3) Chloride Content:-
Chlorides are derived from the kitchen wastes, human excreta and industrial
discharge.The normal chloride content of domestic sewage is 120 mg/lit. High
chloride content of sewage indicates the presence of industrial sewage or
infiltration of sea water.
The chloride content can measured by titrating the waste water with standard silver
nitrate solution, using potassium chromate as indicator.

4) Nitrogen Content:-
The presence of nitrogen in sewage indicates the presence of organic matter. It
may occur in one or more of the following forms:
a) Free ammonia
b) Albuminoid nitrogen
c) Nitrites
d)Nitrates
Presence of free ammonia indicates the very first stage of decomposition of
organic matter. Albuminoid nitrogen indicates quantity of nitrogen present in
sewage before the decomposition of organic matter is started.
The nitrites indicate the presence of partly decomposed organic matter. Nitrates
indicate the presence of fully oxidized organic matter.
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The amount of free ammonia present in sewage can be easily measured by simply
boiling and measuring the ammonia gas.
The amount of albuminoid nitrogen can be measured by adding strong alkaline
solution of potassium permanganate to the already boiled sewage sample and again
boiling the same. The amount of nitrites or nitrates present in sewage sample can
be measured by color matching methods.

5) Presence of fats, greases and oils:-

These are derived in sewage from the discharges of animals, kitchens of hotels,
industries etc. In order to determine the amount of fats, greases etc, a sample of
sewage is first evaporated.
The residual solids left are then mixed with ether and the solution is then
evaporated, leaving behind the fat, grease as a residue.

Biological Characteristics:-

The sewage contains the following bacteria and microorganisms-

1)Bacteria:
Bacteria are microscopic unicellular organisms .They may be following types:-
a) Pathogenic bacteria- These are responsible for all water borne diseases.
b) Non-pathogenic bacteria- These are harmless.
c) Aerobic bacteria- It helps the decomposition of sewage in oxidation ponds,
lagoons etc.
d) Anaerobic bacteria- It helps the decomposition of sewage in septic tank,
cesspool etc.
e) Facultative bacteria- It has no function in sewage treatment.

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2)Microorganisms:
The microorganism like algae, fungi and protozoa help the process of
decomposition of sewage by photosynthesis or by breaking the organic
compounds.

3)Biochemical Oxygen Demand:

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, also called Biological Oxygen Demand) is
the amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological
organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at
certain temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly
expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of
incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic
pollution of water.
BOD can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants. It
is listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S. Clean Water Act.
BOD is similar in function to chemical oxygen demand (COD), in that both
measure the amount of organic compounds in water. However, COD is less
specific, since it measures everything that can be chemically oxidized, rather than
just levels of biodegradable organic matter

METHODOLOGY

MEASUREMENT OF pH VALUE:-
The negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen ion gives the pH of a sample.
pH varies from 6-8 in waste water sample, due to hydrolysis of salts of bases and
acids. Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide and Ammonia which are dissolved
affect pH value of water. pH value may be more than 9 in alkaline springs and the

pH may be 4 or even less than 4 for acidic ones. Industrial wastes do affect the pH
as it depends on buffer capacity of water. pH value of water sample in lab changes
because of losses absorption of gases, reactions with sediments, chemical reaction

16
taking place within the sample bottle. Therefore pH value should preferably be
determined at the time of collection of sample.

pH is measured using pH meter. The pH meter is an electrical device that

determines the acidity or basicity of aqueous solutions, one of the most commonly
monitored parameters.
To use a pH meter, the pH electrode is first calibrated with standard buffer
solutions with known pH values. To make a pH measurement, the electrode is
immersed into the sample solution until a steady reading is reached. The electrode
is then rinsed after each sample and stored in a storage solution after all the
measurements have been completed.

Calculations-
Sample pH-(Raw)
Sample 1 7.1
Sample 2 7.3
Sample 3 7.1
Sample 4 7.0
RESULT- 7.125

The resultant pH of the Raw sewage is -7.125

METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS:

PRINCIPLE:
The sample is evaporated in a weighed dish on a steam-bath and is dried to a
constant mass in an oven either at 103-105°C or 179-181°C. Total residue is
calculated from increase in mass.In general, by evaporating and drying water
samples at 179-181°C values are obtained which conform more closely to those
obtained by summation of individually determined mineral salts.
The apparatus used are:
• Evaporating Dish
• Drying Oven
• Desiccator

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 • Analytical Balance
The total amount of solids present in a given sewage can be determined by
evaporating a known volume of sewage sample and weighing the dry residue left.
The quantity of suspended solids can be determined by passing a known volume of
sewage sample through a glass-fiber filter apparatus and weighing the dry residue
left.The difference between the total solids and the suspend solids
representsdissolved solids plus colloidal.
Sample Raw (mg)
TS SS DS
Sample 1 934 272 662
Sample 2 470 132 338
Sample 3 2096 1270 826
Sample 4 569 38 531
RESULT 1017 428 590

The resultant -
RAW (mg)
TS SS DS
1017 428 590

METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT

Chlorides are derived from the kitchen wastes, human excreta and industrial
discharge.The normal chloride content of domestic sewage is 120 mg/lit. High
chloride content of sewage indicates the presence of industrial sewage or
infiltration of sea water. The chloride content can measured by titrating the waste
water with standard silver nitrate solution, using potassium chromate as indicator.
SAMPLE RAW(mg/l)
Sample 1 114
Sample 2 96
Sample 3 93
Sample 4 89
RESULT 98
Chloride content of raw sewage is- 98mg/l

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METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN CONTENT
The presence of nitrogen in sewage indicates the presence of organic matter. It
may occur in one or more of the following forms:
a)Freeammonia
b)Albuminoid nitrogen
c)Nitrites
d)Nitrates
Presence of free ammonia indicates the very first stage of decomposition of
organic matter. Albuminoid nitrogen indicates quantity of nitrogen present in
sewage before the decomposition of organic matter is started.
The nitrites indicate the presence of partly decomposed organic matter. Nitrates
indicate the presence of fully oxidized organic matter.
The amount of free ammonia present in sewage can be easily measured by simply
boiling and measuring the ammonia gas.
The amount of albuminoid nitrogen can be measured by adding strong alkaline
solution of potassium permanganate to the already boiled sewage sample and again
boiling the same. The amount of nitrites or nitrates present in sewage sample can
be measured by color matching methods.

SAMPLE RAW(mg/l)
Sample 1 60
Sample 2 20
Sample 3 45
Sample 4 20
RESULT 36.25

Free ammonia present in the sample is – 36.25mg/L

METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF PRESENCE OF FATS OILS & GREASES

These are derived in sewage from the discharges of animals, kitchens of hotels,
industries etc.In order to determine the amount of fats, greases etc, a sample
of sewage is first evaporated. The residual solids left are then mixed with ether
and the solution is then evaporated, leaving behind the fat, grease as a residue.

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 SAMPLE RAW(mg/l)
Sample 1.1 24.8
Sample 2.1 8.4
Sample 3.1 46.8
Sample 4.1 7.6
RESULT 21.9

The resultant oil & greases in the sample – 21.9mg/l

METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF BOD:

PRINCIPLE:
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test is based mainly on the
classification of biological activity of a substance. A procedure measures
the dissolved oxygen consumed by micro-organisms while capable of
taking and oxidizing the organic matter under aerobic conditions. The standard test
condition lets in incubating the sample in an air tight bottle, in dark at a required
temperature for specific time.

The apparatus used are:

i) Incubation Bottles: The bottle has capacity of 300 ml. It has narrow neck with
even mouth and has ground glass stoppers. New bottles are cleaned with 5 N
hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid and rinsed with distilled water. In normal use,
bottles once used for Winkler’s procedure should only be rinsed with tap water
followed by distilled water. During incubation water is added to the flared mouth
of the bottle time to time, to ensure proper sealing.

ii) Air Incubator: Air incubation with thermostatically controlled 27°C

+- 1°C. Light is avoided to prevent possibility of photosynthetic
production of oxygen.

PROCEDURE:

After taking water in incubation bottles, 4 gm of NaOH is kept at the neck

of the bottle. A magnetic stirrer is retained inside the bottle. The magnetic

20
stirrer continuously revolves inside the bottle. Special caps attached with
an electronic meter keep the bottle air tight. The instrument directly
records BOD reading at every 24 hour. After that the bottles are preserved
in the incubators for days as per need of study. The same procedure
follows for BOD 3 days and BOD 5 days.

SAMPLE RAW(mg/l)
Sample 1 144
Sample 2 226
Sample 3 186
Sample 4 200
RESULT 189

The resultant BOD of the sample is – 189mg/L

S.No. PARAMETER CALCULATED PERMISSIBLE

VALUE LIMITS

1. pH 7.125 7-8.5

2. TDS 1017mg/l 100 mg/l

3. SS 428mg/l N/A

4. DS 590mg/l N/A

5. FREE 36.25mg/l 50 mg/l

AMMONIA

6. CLORIDE 98mg/l 600 mg/l

7. OIL & GREASE 21.9mg/l 10 mg/l

8. BOD 189mg/l 30 mg/l

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Observations-

As the results of raw sewage i.e. TDS (SS & DS), OIL & GREASE, BOD are
exceeding from their permissible values.
Hence, further treatment of raw sewage is required before its disposal into surface
streams.

Process involved in Sewage Treatment:-

Sewage can be treated in different ways .Treatment process are often classified as:-
(i) Preliminary treatment
(ii) Primary treatment
(iii) Secondary (or Biological ) treatment
(iv) Final treatment

Preliminary Treatment
Preliminary treatment consists solely in separating the floating materials (like dead
animals, tree branches, papers, pieces of rags, wood, etc.), and also the heavy
settleable inorganic solids. It also helps in removing the oils and greases, etc. from
the sewage. This treatment reduces the BOD of the wastewater, by about 15 to
30%. The process used are screening for removing floating papers, rags, clothes,
etc., Grit chambers or Detritus tanks for removing grit and sand., and skimming
tanks for removing oils and greases.

SCREENING
Screening is the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
Screening removes objects such as rags, paper, plastics, and metals to prevent
damage and clogging of downstream equipment, piping, and appurtenances. Some
modern wastewater treatment plants use both coarse screens and fine screens.
Types of Screens:-
Screens can be broadly classified depending upon the opening size provided as
coarse screen (bar screens) and fine screens. Based on the cleaning operation they
22
are classified as manually cleaned screens or mechanically cleaned screens. Due to
need of more and more compact treatment facilities many advancement in the
screen design are coming up.

BAR SCREEN
Fine Screen:-
Fine screens are mechanically cleaned screens using perforated plates, woven wire
cloths, or very closely spaced bars with clear openings of less than 20 mm, less
than 6 mm typical. Commonly these are available in the opening size ranging from
0.035 to 6 mm. Fine screens are used for pretreatment of industrial wastewaters
and are not suitable for sewage due to clogging problems, but can be used after
coarse screening. Fine screens are also used to remove solids from primary effluent
to reduce clogging problem of trickling filters.

Coarse Screen:-
It is used primarily as protective device and hence used as first treatment unit.
Common type of these screens are bar racks (or bar screen), coarse woven-wire
screens, and comminutors. Bar screens are used ahead of the pumps and grit
removal facility. This screen can be manually cleaned or mechanically cleaned.
Manually cleaned screens are used in small treatment plants. Clear spacing
between the bars in these screens may be in the range of 15 mm to 40 mm.

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 GRIT CHAMBERS
Grit chamber is the second unit operation used in primary treatment of wastewater
and it is intended to remove suspended inorganic particles such as sandy and gritty
matter from the wastewater. This is usually limited to municipal wastewater and
generally not required for industrial effluent treatment plant, except some industrial
wastewaters which may have grit. The grit chamber is used to remove grit,
consisting of sand, gravel, cinder, or other heavy solids materials that have specific
gravity much higher than those of the organic solids in wastewater. Grit chambers
are provided to protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and abnormal
wear; avoid deposition in pipelines, channels, and conduits; and to reduce
frequency of digester cleaning. Separate removal of suspended inorganic solids in
grit chamber and suspended organic solids in primary sedimentation tank is
necessary due to different nature and mode of disposal of these solids. Grit can be
disposed off after washing ,to remove higher size organic matter settled along with
grit particles; whereas, the suspended solids settled in primary sedimentation tank,
being organic matter, requires further treatment before disposal.
Principle of Working of Grit Chamber
Grit chambers are nothing but like sedimentation tanks, designed to separate the
intended heavier inorganic materials (specific gravity about 2.65) and to pass
forward the lighter organic materials. Hence, the flow velocity should neither be
too low as to cause the settling of lighter organic matter, nor should it be too high
as not to cause the settlement of the silt and grit present in the sewage. This
velocity is called "differential sedimentation and differential scouring velocity".
The scouring velocity determines the optimum flow through velocity.

HORIZONTAL FLOW GRIT CHAMBER

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 SKIMMING TANKS

A skimming tank is a chamber so arranged that the floating matter like oil, fat,
grease etc., rise and remain on the surface of the waste water (Sewage) until
removed, while the liquid flows out continuously under partitions or baffles.
It is necessary to remove the floating matter from sewage otherwise it may appear
in the form of unsightly scum on the surface of the settling tanks or interfere with
the activated sludge process of sewage treatment. It is mostly present in the
industrial sewage. In ordinary sanitary sewage, its amount is usually too small.
The chamber is a long trough shaped structure divided up into two or three lateral
compartments by vertical baffle walls having slots for a short distance below the
sewage surface and permitting oil and grease to escape into stilling compartments.
The rise of floating matter is brought about the blowing air into the sewage from
diffusers placed in the bottom. Sewage enters the tank from one end, flows
longitudinally and leaves out through a narrow inclined duct. A theoretical
detention period of 3 minutes is enough. The floating matter can be either hand or
mechanically removed.
Grease traps are in reality small skimming tanks designed with submerged inlet
and bottom outlet .The traps must have sufficient capacity to permit the sewage to
cool and grease to separate. Frequent cleaning through removable covers is
essential for satisfactory operation. Grease traps are commonly employed in case
of industries, garages, hotels and hospitals.

25
 Primary Treatment

Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended organic solids. This is

usually accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins. The liquid effluent from
primary treatment, often contains a large amount of suspended organic material,
and has a high BOD(about 60% of original). Sometimes, the preliminary as well as
primary treatments are classified together, under primary treatment.
The organic solids, which are separated out in the sedimentation tanks (in primary
treatment), are often stabilized by anaerobic decomposition in a digestion tank or
are incinerated. The residue is used for landfills or soil conditioners.
The Primary Settlement or sedimentation tanks are designed to reduce the velocity
of the wastewater flow, allowing heavier organic solids (called raw sludge) to
settle. They are the first stage of treatment after the removal of rags and grit in the
inlet works. Scrapers present in the tank move continuously along the floor of the
tank to deposit the raw sludge in hoppers for removal. The scum which floats to
the surface is directed by water jets or scum boards to the sludge sump. The raw,
settled sludge is removed by pump or gravity feed to a sludge treatment process,
either on site or via tanker to a larger processing centre. Approximately 60% of
suspended solids and 35% of BOD removal efficiency can be achieved at this
stage.

PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

26
 Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment involves further treatment of the effluent, coming from the
primary sedimentation tank. This is generally accomplished through biological
decomposition of organic matter, which can be carried out either under aerobic or
anaerobic conditions. In these biological units, bacteria will decompose the fine
organic matter, to produce clearer effluent.
The treatment reactors, in which the organic matter is decomposed (oxidized) by
aerobic bacteria are known as aerobic biological units; and may consist of Filters
(intermittent sand filters as well as trickling filters), Aeration tanks, with the feed
of recycled activated sludge (i.e. the sludge, which is settled in secondary
sedimentation tank, receiving effluents from the aeration tank). Oxidation ponds
and Aerated lagoons. Since all these aerobic units, generally make use of primary
settled sewage, they are easily classified as secondary units.

Activated sludge process

The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment process for treating
sewage. The general arrangement of an activated sludge process for removing
carbonaceous pollution includes the following items: An aeration tank where air
(or oxygen) is injected in the mixed liquor. This is followed by a settling tank
(usually referred to as "final clarifier" or "secondary settling tank") to allow the
biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to settle, thus separating the biological sludge
from the clear treated water.
The general arrangement of an activated sludge process for removing
carbonaceous pollution includes the following items:
• Aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected in the mixed liquor.
• Settling tank (usually referred to as "final clarifier" or "secondary settling
tank") to allow the biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to settle, thus
separating the biological sludge from the clear treated water.
Treatment of nitrogenous matter or phosphate involves additional steps where the
mixed liquor is left in anoxic condition (meaning that there is no residual dissolved
oxygen).

27
 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

Sludge production

Activated sludge is also the name given to the active biological material produced
by activated sludge plants. Excess sludge is called "surplus activated sludge" or
"waste activated sludge" and is removed from the treatment process to keep the
ratio of biomass to food supplied in the wastewater in balance. This sewage
sludge is usually mixed with primary sludge from the primary clarifiers and
undergoes further sludge treatment for example by anaerobic digestion, followed
by thickening, dewatering, composting and land application.
The amount of sewage sludge produced from the activated sludge process is
directly proportional to the amount of wastewater treated. The total sludge
production consists of the sum of primary sludge from the primary sedimentation
tanks as well as waste activated sludge from the bioreactors. The activated sludge
process produces about 70–100 kg/ML of waste activated sludge (that is kg of dry
solids produced per ML of wastewater treated; one mega litre (ML) is 10 3 m3). A
value of 80 kg/ML is regarded as being typical. In addition, about 110–170 kg/ML
of primary sludge is produced in the primary sedimentation tanks which most - but
not all - of the activated sludge process configurations use.]

28
A variant of the activated sludge process is the Nereda process where aerobic
granular sludge is developed by applying specific process conditions that favour
slow growing organisms.
Process control
The general process control method is to monitor sludge blanket level, SVI (Sludge
Volume Index), MCRT (Mean Cell Residence Time), F/M (Food to
Microorganism), as well as the biota of the activated sludge and the major nutrients
DO (Dissolved oxygen), nitrogen, phosphate, BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand),
and COD (Chemical oxygen demand). In the reactor/aerator and clarifier system,
the sludge blanket is measured from the bottom of the clarifier to the level of
settled solids in the clarifier's water column; this, in large plants, can be done up to
three times a day.
The SVI is the volume of settled sludge in milliliters occupied by 1 gram of dry
sludge solids after 30 minutes of settling in a 1000 milliliter graduated
cylinder. The MCRT is the total mass (lbs) of mixed liquor suspended solids in the
aerator and clarifier divided by the mass flow rate (lbs/day) of mixed liquor
suspended solids leaving as WAS and final effluent. The F/M is the ratio of food
fed to the microorganisms each day to the mass of microorganisms held under
aeration. Specifically, it is the amount of BOD fed to the aerator (lbs/day) divided
by the amount (lbs) of Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (MLVSS) under
aeration. Note: Some references use MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids) for
expedience, but MLVSS is considered more accurate for the measure of
microorganisms. Again, due to expedience, COD is generally used, in lieu of BOD,
as BOD takes five days for results.
Based on these control methods, the amount of settled solids in the mixed liquor
can be varied by wasting activated sludge (WAS) or returning activated sludge
(RAS)

SLUDGE DIGESTION PROCESS

The residue that accumulates in sewage treatment plants is called sludge (or bio
solids). Sewage sludge is the solid, semisolid, or slurry residual material that is
produced as a by-product of wastewater treatment processes. This residue is
commonly classified as primary and secondary sludge. Primary sludge is generated

29
from chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and other primary processes, whereas
secondary sludge is the activated waste biomass resulting from biological
treatments. Some sewage plants also receive sewage or septic tank solids from
household on-site wastewater treatment systems. Quite often the sludge is
combined together for further treatment and disposal.
Treatment and disposal of sewage sludge are major factors in the design and
operation of all wastewater treatment plants. Two basic goals of treating sludge
before final disposal are to reduce its volume and to stabilize the organic materials.
Stabilized sludge does not have an offensive odour and can be handled without
causing a nuisance or health hazard. Smaller sludge volume reduces the costs of
pumping and storage.
Sludge digestion may also take place aerobically—that is, in the presence of
oxygen. The sludge is vigorously aerated in an open tank for about 20 days.
Although aerobic systems are easier to operate than anaerobic systems, they
usually cost more to operate because of the power needed for aeration. Aerobic
digestion is often combined with small extended aeration or contact stabilization
systems.
Aerobic and conventional anaerobic digestion convert about half of the organic
sludge solids to liquids and gases. Thermal hydrolysis followed by anaerobic
digestion can convert some 60 to 70 percent of the solid matter to liquids and
gases. Not only is the volume of solids produced smaller than in conventional
digestion, but the greater production of biogas can make some wastewater
treatment plants self-sufficient in energy.

The Final or Advanced Treatment

This treatment is sometimes called tertiary treatment, and consists in removing the
organic load left after the secondary treatment, and particularly to kill the
pathogenic bacteria. This treatment, which is normally carried out by chlorination,
is generally not carried out for disposal of sewage in water, but is carried out,
while using the river stream for collecting water for re-use or for water supplies. It
may, however, sometimes be adopted, when the outfall of sewage is very near to
the water intake of some nearby to

30
31
DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT:-

Design of screening:-

Maximum Flow = 30 MLD

= 0.347 m3/sec
Shape of bars = M.S Bars
Size =10x50mm2 (10mm facing flow)
Clear spacing = 30mm (6-40mm for medium screens)
Velocity of flow = 0.8m/s (0.6-0.9m/s)
Hence, net submerged area of screen openings=0.347/0.8
=0.44m2
Gross vertical area required = 0.44sin60
=0.38m2
Providing a depth of 0.3m
0.38
Width of channel =
0.3
=1.30m
0.347
The velocity of flow in screen chamber =
0.3×1.3
=0.89m/s
which is greater than 0.42m/s (self cleansing velocity)
with spacing of 30mm
1.3
No. of bars required =
0.03+0.01
= 33bars
Actual width of screens = 33x0.4
=1.32m
Actual depth of sewage flow = 0.38/1.32
= 0.3m
Providing a free board of 0.5m
Total depth of screen = 0.3+0.5
=0.8m
Hence, size of screen = 1.32m x 0.8m

32
 Design of grit chamber

To prevent scouring of already deposited particles the magnitude of ‘v’ should not
exceed critical horizontal velocity VC, and the above equation becomes
𝐿 𝑉𝑐
=
𝐻 𝑉𝑜
The critical velocity, VC, can be given by the following equation (Rao and Dutta,
2007):-

8𝑔
Vc = √ 𝛽 (𝐺s − 1)d
𝑓

Where,
𝛽 = constant
= 0.04 for unigranular sand
= 0.06 for non-uniform sticky material
f = Darcy –Weisbach friction factor = 0.03 for gritty matter
g = Gravitational acceleration,
Gs = Specific gravity of the particle to be removed (2.65 for sand), and
d = Diameter of the particle, m

8×9.81×0.06(2.65−1)×0.2
Vc = √
0.03×1000

=0.228m/s (0.17-0.26m/s)

The grit chambers are designed to remove the smallest particle of size 0.2 mm with
specific gravity around 2.65. For these particles, using above expression the critical
velocity comes out to be Vc = 0.228 m/sec.
Keeping horizontal velocity 0.2m/s (<0.228m/s) to prevent scouring and detention
time 60 sec (vary from 40-60s)
To lower the velocity, hydraulic structures like Sutro weir and Parshal flume
should be provided.

Length of grit chamber = velocity of flow x detention time

33
 =0.2x60
=12m
Volume of grit chamber = discharge x detention time
=0.347 x 60
=20.82m3
volume
Cross-section are of flow =
length

20.82
=
12

=1.735m2
Providing width of grit chamber = 3m
Depth of of grit chamber = 1.735/3
=0.58m
Now assuming grit generation = 0.05m3 per 1000m3 of sewage
Even through grit is continuously raked, still 8hrs grit storage is provided for avg.
flow
Storage volume required =30,000x8x0.05/(24x1000)
=0.5m3
Thus grit storage depth = 0.5/1.735
= 0.3m
Also providing free board = 0.5m
Total depth of grit chamber = 0.5+0.3+0.58
= 1.38m
~1.5m

Hence, Size of grit chamber = 12mx3mx1.5m

34
 Design of skimming tank

Detention time = 3 to 5 minutes

Compressed air required = 300 to 6000m3 per million litres

Surface area required =

𝑞
A = 0.00622
Vr
where,
q=Rate of flow of sewage in m/day
Vr = Minimum rising velocity of greasy material to be removed in m/minute
=0.25 m/minute in most cases.

0.00622𝑥30,000
A=
0.25
= 746.4m2
Providing a square tank
Side of tank = 27m
Hence provide a skimming tank of size =27x27m2
Actual area of tank = 27x 27
=729m2

Primary sedimentation tank

Continuous flow tank is to be provided

Detention time = 2hrs (1-2hrs)
Quantity of sewage treated in 2hrs
V = 30,000x2/24
= 2500m3
Now, assuming that the low velocity through the tank is 0.3m/minute .
The length of the tank required = Velocity of low x Detention period
= 0.3 x (2 x 60) m.
= 36m

35
 Capacity of the tank
Cross-sectional area of the tank required =
Length of the tank
= 2500/36
= 70m2
Assuming the water depth in the tank (ie. effective depth of tank) = 5.5m
Area of cross−section
The width of the tank required =
Depth
= 70/5.5
= 13m
Since the tank is provided with mechanical cleaning arrangement, no space at
bottom is required for sludge zone.
Now, assuming free-board of 0.5 m
The overall depth of the tank = 5+0.5 = 6 m.
Hence, a rectangular sedimentation tank with an overall size of
36x13x6 m3 can be used.

Design of aeration tank

Providing conventional aeration process:-

The total BOD entering STP = 189 mg / L (known)

Assuming that negligible BOD is removed in screening and grit (since it mainly
removes inorganic solids), the BOD of sewage aeration tank = 189 mg/L
BOD left in the effluent = Y0 = 25 mg/L
BOD removed in activated plant = 189-25 = 164 mg/L
Minimum efficiency required in the activated plant = 164/189
= 86.77% (85-92%)
since the adopted conventional aeration process can remove BOD up to 85-92 %
Volume of the Aeration Tank can be designed by assuming a suitable value of
MLSS and, θc (or F/M ratio).
Let us assume MLSS =2500 mg/L; (between 1500-3000 mg/L)
F/M ratio = 0.3 (between 0.3 to 0.4)
𝐹 𝑄 Yo
Now, using equation = = x
𝑀 𝑉 𝑋𝑇
30,000𝑥189
= 0.3 =
(𝑉𝑋2500)
36
 V = 7500m3

Aeration tank design

Let us adopt an aeration tank of liquid depth = 5m

Width of tank = 20m
𝑉
The length of tank =
𝐵.𝐷

7500
=
20𝑋5
= 75m
Provide two aeration tanks, each of length 37m.
𝑄×𝑌𝑜
Check for volumetric loading =
𝑉

30,000×189
=
7500

= 0.7 (0.4-0.7)

𝑄𝑟 𝑋𝑇
Check for return sludge ratio = = 106
𝑄 − 𝑋𝑇
𝑆𝑉𝐼

Assuming SVI = 100ml/gm (50-150ml/gm)

2500
=
10000−2500

= 0.33 (0.25-0.5)

Check for sludge retention time (𝜃𝑐 ) =

𝑎𝑦 (𝑌𝑜 − 𝑌𝐸 )Q𝜃𝑐
V. 𝑋𝑇 =
1+𝐾𝑒𝜃𝑐

Where,

𝑎𝑦 = 1 (which is constant for municipal sewage w.r.t MLSS)

37
𝐾𝑒 = 0.06/day for municipal sewage

𝑌𝑜 = 189mg/l

𝑌𝐸 = 25 mg/l

𝑋𝑇 = 2500 mg/l

V = 7500m3
Q = 30,000 m3/day
1×164×30000×𝜃𝑐
7500×2500 =
1+0.06𝜃𝑐

𝜃𝑐 = 5days (5 to 8 days)

As all the parameters of design are coming in range,

Hence design is okay.

By providing a freeboard of 0.5m

Thus aeration tank dimensions = 37m×20m×5.5m

Aerator sizing

BOD applied to tank = 189 mg/l

Average flow in tank =30,000 m3/day

189×30000×1000
BOD to be removed in tank =
1000000
= 5670 kg/day
= 236.25 kg/hr
Oxygen requirement = 1kg/kg BOD applied
Peak oxygen demand = 125 %
Oxygen transfer capacity of the aerator in standard conditions = 1.9 kg/kWh
= 1.41 kg/HP/hr
Oxygen transfer capacity of aerators at field conditions = 0.7* 1.41 0.98 kg/HP/hr
Oxygen to be applied in tank = 1×236.25×1.25
38
 = 295.32kg
HP of aerator required = 295.32/0.98
= 300 HP
Thus, provide 10 generators of 30 HP each, with 1 generator at standby

Design of secondary clarifier

No. of secondary clarifier = 1 No.

Average flow = 30,000m3/day
Recirculated flow , assuming 50 % = 15000 m3/day
Total inflow = 45000 m3/day
Provide hydraulic retention time = 2 hrs.

Volume of tank = 45000x2/24

= 3750 m3
Assume liquid depth = 5m

The Area is calculated as :-

➢ Area = volume /depth

= 3750/5
= 750m2

➢ Surface loading rate of average flow = 30m3/m2/hr (25-35m3/m2/hr)

Surface area to be provided = 30000/30

= 1000m2

Taking area whichever is higher = 1000m2

𝜋
Dia of Circular tank (d) = d2 = 1000
4
d = 35m

Check for Weir Loading =

Average flow = 30000 m3/day
39
Recirculated flow = 15000 m3/day
MLSS in tank = 2500 mg/L
45000×2500×1000
Thus, total solid in inflow =
1000000
= 112500 kg/day
Solid loading = 112500/1000
= 112.5 kg/day/m2
Providing freeboard of 0.5m
Size of secondary clarifier = diameter of 35m with an overall depth of
5.5m

Design of Sludge Digestion Tank:-

Avg. flow = 30 MLD

Total suspended solids = 428 mg/L
Mass of suspended solids in 30 MLD of sewage flowing per day = 30×106×428/106
= 12840 kg/day
Assuming, that 65% (60-65%) solids are removed in primary settling tank
= 65x12840/100
= 8346 kg/day
Assuming that the fresh sludge has moisture content of 95 % (95-98%)
means 5 kg of solids will make =100 kg of wet sludge
= 8346 will make = 100x8346/5
= 166920 kg/day of wet sludge
Assuming the sp. gravity of wet sludge as = 1.015
V1 = 166920/1015
= 164.45 m3/day
The volume of digested sludge produced per day at 75% moisture content is given
by formula =
V2 = V1(100-P1)/(100-P)

= 164.45(100-95)/(100-75)

40
 164.45
V2=
5
=32.89 m3/day
Now, assuming the digestion period as 30 days,
Capacity of digestion tank required = V1t – 0.67(V1-V2)t
= 164.45×30 – 0.67(164.45 – 32.89)x30
=2302.3 m3
Now, providing 6.0 m depth of the cylindrical digestion tank
Cross-sectional area of the tank = 2302.3/6 = 383.72 m2
𝜋
Dia of tank = × d2 =383.72
4
= 22m
Hence, provide a cylindrical sludge digestion tank 6 m deep and 22 m
diameter, with an additional hoppered bottom of 1:1 slope for collection of
digested sludge.

Estimation of gas produced from Digester Tank:-

Total suspended solids in sewage = 428 mg/L

Assuming that 60% of suspended solids are removed in the primary sedimentation
tank, we have

The suspended solids removed as sludge = 60% of 428

=256.8 mg/L

Now , assuming that the volatile solids present are 70% of the suspended solids,
we have

Volatile solids removed = 70% of 256.8

= 180 mg/L

Further, assuming that the volatile matter is reduced by 65% sludge digestion,
Volatile matter reduced = 65 % of 180
41
 = 116.84mg/L
116.84×30000×1000
Hence, volatile matter reduced in 30,000 cu m of sewage =
100000

= 3505.3 cu.m

Now, assuming that 0.9 cu. m of gas is produced per kg of volatile matter reduced,
Total quantity of gas produced = 0.9x 3505.3

= 3154.79 cu m.

Assuming that the produced gas contains 65% methane and 30% CO2,

Methane Produced = 0.65 x 3154.79

= 2050.6 cu m.

Carbon dioxide produced = 0.30 x 3154.79

= 1104.18 cu m

Now, assuming that the methane in the sludge gas has a fuel value of 36000 kJ/m3

The fuel value = 36,000 x 2050.6

=73.82 MkJ

Now, assuming a boiler efficiency of 80 %, the amount of heat that can be

furnished by the boiler = 80% of 73.82

= 59.06 Million kJ

59.06
=
4.12

= 14.335 Million kilo Calories.

The gas collected may be utilized for operating engines, and for heating sludge to
promote quick digestion.

42
 FINAL DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE
All the sewage sludge produced at a treatment plant must be disposed of
ultimately. Treatment processes such as have been described may reduce its
volume or so change its character as to facilitate its disposal, but still leave a
residue which in most cases must be removed from the plant site.
Like the liquid effluent from the treatment plant, there are two broad methods for
the disposal of sludge –

(1) Disposal in water

(2) Disposal on land

This applies regardless of whether or not the sludge is treated to facilitate or

permit the selected method of disposal.

Disposal in Water:-
This is an economical but not common method because it is contingent on the
availability of bodies of water adequate to permit it. At some seacoast cities, sludge
either raw or digested is pumped to barges and carried to sea to be dumped in deep
water far enough off shore to provide huge dilution factors and prevent any ill
effects along shore.

Disposal on land:-
Use of sludge for fill is confined almost entirely to digested sludge which can be
exposed to the atmosphere without creating serious or widespread odor nuisances.
The sludge should be well digested without any appreciable amount of raw or
undigested mixed with it. It is applicable, however, only where low waste areas are
available on the plant site or within reasonable piping distance. They are frequently
used to supplement inadequate drying bed facilities.

MISCELLANEOUS TECHNIQUES OF DISPOSING DIGESTED SLUDGE:-

Disposal of MSW (Refuse) by Shredding and Pulverisation:-

The size and volume reduction of municipal solid waste MSW) is the physical
processes of actions of cutting and tearing, whereas, pulverisation refers to the
action of crushing & grinding.They help in reducing overall volume of the original

43
MSW, by as much 40 %. The shredding and pulverising not only helps in reducing
the volume of MSW but also changing the physical character of the waste, which
becomes odourless and unattractive to the insects.The pulverised refuse, though
contains fertilizing elements like potash, phosphorus, and nitrogenous materials,
yet cannot be suitably used as manure. It has, therefore, to be further disposed of
either by filling in trenches, or is digested in open windrows or closed digesters.

Disposal of MSW (Refuse) by Composting:-.

Composting of refuse is a biological method of decomposing solid wastes. This
decomposition can be either under aerobic conditions, or under anaerobic
conditions, or under both. The final end product, is a manure, called the compost or
humus, which is in great demand in European countries as fertilizer for farms.
Basically composting is considered to be an aerobic process, because it involves
piling up of refuse and its regular training, either manually or by mechanical
devices, so as to ensure supply of oxygen during its decomposition by bacteria,
fungi and other microorganisms.

Disposal of MSW (Refuse) by Incineration and Pyrolysis:-

Burning of refuse at high temperatures in incinerators, is quite a sanitary method of
refuse disposal where the collected refuse calorific value, and is, hence quite
suitable to burning Normally, however, only the combustible matter, such as
garbage and dead animals are burnt, and the incombustible matter like broken
glass, chinaware, metals, etc are either left unburnt or are separated out for
recycling and reuse, before burning the solid wastes.The left out ashes and clinkers
from the incinerators along with the non recycled incombustible materials may,
however, measure as much as 10 to 25% of the original waste, which in any case,
shall have to be disposed of either by sanitary land filling, or in some other
productive manner.

44
RESULTS & DISCUSSION -

After following the designing procedure, the size of different

treatment units required are as follows-
➢ SIZE OF SCREEN – 1.32m x 0.8m
➢ SIZE OF GRIT CHAMBER – 12m x 3m x 1.50m
➢ SIZE OF SKIMMING TANK – 27m x 27m
➢ SIZE OF PST – 36m x 13m x 6m
➢ SIZE OF AERATION TANK – 37m x 20m x 5.5m
➢ SIZE OF AERATOR – 11 GENERATORS OF 30 HP
➢ SIZE OF SECONDARY CLARIFIER – DIA 35m with 5.5m DEPTH
➢ SIZE OF SLUDGE DIGESTION TANK – DIA 22m with 6m
DEPTH
➢ GAS PRODUCED FROM DIGESTION TANK – 3154.79 cu. m

AS THESE PARAMETERS ARE COMING WITHIN SPECIFIED RANGE

HENCE, THE DESIGN IS OKAY.

45
LAYOUT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
46
SCOPE FOR FUTURE :-

As per future perspective of this project, the characteristics of different units

designed in this project can be compared with alternate treatments units and their
treatment efficiencies are calculated for designing the STP.
For example – We choose activated sludge process in secondary treatment, but any
other treatment processes like trickling filters, aerated lagoons, RBCs can also be
taken as secondary treatment unit and are designed. The design values & other
parameters related to it are compared and the graphs are plotted accordingly. The
best alternative should be selected as the final one.

REFERENCES:-
1) Manual on water supply and treatment, C.P.H.E.E.O., Ministry of Urban
Devlopment; Government of India, New Delhi.

2) Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, C.P.H.E.E.O., Ministry of Urban

Devlopment; Government of India,New Delhi.

3) Jayshree Dhote, Sangita Ingole (2012); Review on Wastewater Treatment

Technologies Published in International Journal of Engineering Research and
Technology. pp. 2-5.

4) SciTech Encyclopaedia (2007) http://www.answer.com/topic/sewagetreatment

5) A.K. Jain; Environmental Enginnering, Khanna Publishing House.

6) S.K. Garg; Water supply and Sewage Disposal Engineering Vol 1&2, Khanna
Publications

47