ETP & STP Training 1.2

ETP & STP Training and Knowledge
Sharing 1.1
Engr. Fahim Shahriar Sakib

B.Sc. In Chemical Engineering
BUET
Email:fssakib98@gmail.com
Hi!! We are Tom and Lia. You are so kind hearted
seems to us. Can we introduce with you all please!
ENGR. FAHIM SHAHRIAR SAKIB 2

Contents
1. Basic Idea on Capacity and Design Load 8. Unit Operation: Secondary Treatment.
Calculation.
9. Design Calculation: Secondary
2. Basic Idea on Wastewater Parameters. Treatment.
3. Process Description. 10. Unit Operation: Tertiary Treatment.
4. Unit Operation: Preliminary Treatment. 11. Design Calculation: Tertiary Treatment.
5. Design Calculation: Preliminary 12. Unit Operation: Sludge Treatment.
Treatment.
13. Design Calculation: Sludge Treatment.
6. Unit Operation: Primary Treatment.
14. Operation and Maintenance.
7. Design Calculation: Primary Treatment.

What is ETP and STP
ETP – (Effluent Treatment Plant) STP – (Sewage Treatment Plant)
ETP deals with the treatment of industrial STP deals with the treatment of
wastewater, medical wastewater. municipal wastewater, residential or
commercial wastewater.

Necessity of ETP and STP
Department of Environment (DoE) will not approve any industry without any ETP and
STP. For environment clearance, the DoE divided industrial projects into four categories.
◦ Green.
◦ Orange – A.
◦ Orange – B.
◦ Red.
ETP is must for Orange – A, Orange – B and Red categories.
They help to keep the environment clean and safe.
STP is needed for municipal, residential, commercial area because large amount of
sewage can not be treated in septic tank efficiently in terms of cost and process.

Capacity and Design Load
Capacity needs to be determined before designing an ETP or a STP.
Quantity of effluent is approximately fixed and depends on the process in a industrial
project. Therefore, there is no need to calculate capacity for an ETP.
Quantity of sewage is the function of population, climate and population growth.
Therefore, capacity is need to be calculated before designing a STP.
Sewage calculation process is mainly two types.
◦ Fixed Population Process.
◦ Variable Population Process.
Variable Population Process consists future prediction based on growth rate.

Fixed Population Capacity Calculation
1. Daily water consumption rate is taken from water consumption table according to
the population of determined project. We can use BNBC 2020 for this.
2. The total water consumption is divided into two parts.
• Black Water
• Grey Water
3. Around 70% amount is black water, which is called sewage.
4. Around 30% amount is grey water, which is generated from shower, ablution,
washing.
5. Peak factor is taken as 2.0-3.0 to design the STP for peak usage demand.

Fixed Population Capacity Calculation
Suppose your office has total of 45 staffs. Calculate the design load of the STP for your
office. Office hour is 8 hours in a day.
Total water consumption – (45x30) = 1350 liter/day or 1.35 m3/d

[For office and restricted facilities, water consumption per capita is 30 lpcd]
Black water – (1.35x0.7) = 0.95 m3/d
Peak demand – (0.95x2.0) = 1.9 m3/d
The design load of the STP is 1.9 KLD (Kilo Liter Per Day) or 1.9 m3/d.

Variable Population Capacity Calculation
1. Daily water consumption rate is taken from water consumption table according to
the population of determined project. We can use BNBC 2020 for this.
2. Future population is calculated from statistical equation.
◦ P’ = Pe^(0.05 x N)
◦ Q = P’ x C
◦ Q’ = Q x Peak factor
◦ P’ = Future population, P = Present population, C = Consumption rate, N = Number of
years, Q = Sewage amount, Q’ = Peak capacity
3. Around 70% amount is black water, which is called sewage.
4. Peak factor is taken as 2.0-3.0 to design the STP for peak usage demand to keep the
STP functional for future years.

Variable Population Capacity Calculation
Suppose your locality has total of 500 person. Calculate the design load of the STP. The
lifetime of the plant is 20 years.
New population – (500 x e^(0.05 x 20)) = 1360

Total water consumption – (1360x180) = 244800 liter/day or 244.8 m3/d
[For officers quarters and full facilities, water consumption per capita is 180 lpcd]
Black water – (244.8x0.7) = 171.4 m3/d
Peak demand – (171.4x2.8) = 480 m3/d
The design load of the STP is 480 KLD (Kilo Liter Per Day) or 480 m3/d.

ETP Capacity Estimation

Wastewater Parameters
Wastewater has three types of components. They are physical, chemical and biological.
Physical
◦ Odor
◦ Color
◦ Solids
Chemical
◦ Dissolved Oxygen
◦ pH
◦ Chemical Oxygen Demand
◦ Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Toxic Materials
Biological
◦ Biological Oxygen Demand
Physical Components
Odor
Wastewater is always odorous. Odor is the cause volatile compounds gas emission like
H2S, ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane etc.
By removing volatile solids from the water, the odor can be removed.
Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) uses different unit operations to control the odor
pollution.
Activated Carbon filter, mask filter is used to control the odor.
DoE set the odor limit for the treated wastewater in the ECR 97.

Physical Components
Odor Limit

Physical Components
Color
Wastewater is always blackish or tarnish color. Color
is the responsible for solids in the wastewater.
The color unit is used as Nephelometric Turbidity
Unit (NTU). The unit is used to measure the
turbidity of the water.
The higher the value, the higher turbidity of the
liquids and seems dirtier.
By removing solids, the color can be removed. Many
garments industry uses activated carbon filter to
remove dye color from effluent.

Physical Components
Solids
There are two types of solids in the wastewater.
◦ Suspended Solids
◦ Dissolved Solids
Suspended solids consists of fixed suspended solids
and volatile suspended solids. Particles which does
not dissolve and creates suspension called
suspended solids.
Dissolved solids also consists of fixed and variable
dissolved solids.
TSS is measured by weighing filtered sample and
TDS is measured by TDS meter.

Chemical Components
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen is the value of the amount of oxygen in the water.
The more the water is dirty, the less value of dissolved oxygen.
DoE set the limit of DO to 6 mg/L for drinking water.
DoE set the limit around 4.5-8 mg/L for discharge treated effluent.
DO is necessary to design biological reactor and biological unit operations.

Chemical Components
pH
pH is the unit of any substance to measure how
much the substance is acidic or basic.
The lower value of pH indicates acidic and the
higher value of pH is basic.
Different acidic or basic chemicals, solids are
responsible for the pH of the wastewater.
Low pH will damage the biological reaction.
Therefore, the treatment process is done in
neutral pH value.
High pH stabilizes the waste sludge.
Chemical Components
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Toxic Materials
Total nitrogen is the amount of total nitrogen compounds. They are organic nitrogen,
ammonia, NO2, NO3.
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) consists of ammonia and organic nitrogen.
Total phosphorus is the amount of organic and inorganic phosphorus.
Toxic materials consists of different metals ad heavy metals. They are copper, cadmium,
iron, boron, arsenic etc. ETP needs tertiary treatment to remove these toxic substances.
DoE set their discharge limit in ECR 97.

Chemical & Biological Components
BOD, COD
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of the needed oxygen to oxidize the
organic matter by bacteria.
BOD is the difference of dissolved oxygen for 5 days or 21 days.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the amount of the needed oxygen to oxidize the
organic and inorganic nutrients chemically.
COD is determined by measuring excess dichromate ion.
Ink industry, dye industry has high COD due to excess inorganic and organic compounds.

Discharge Limit

Discharge Limit

Discharge Limit

Process Flow Diagram

Process Description
Preliminary Treatment
Bar Screen Chamber

Removes bulky solids like cans, sticks, rags,
plastic packets.
Three types – Coarse, Medium and Fine
Screen.
Comminutors are used in small scale WWTP.
(Discharge <720 m3/h or 5 MGD)

Process Description
Grit Chamber with Oil & Grease Trap

Removes sand, gravel, heavy solid materials, oil &
grease.
Detention time – (15 – 30 Minutes).
Two types – Rectangular Horizontal Flow and
Aerated Grit Chambers.
Protect moving mechanical equipment from
abrasion.
Reduce formation of heavy deposits in pipeline.

Process Description
Flow Equalization Tank

Overcomes the operational problems and flow
variations.
Prevents flowrate, temperatures and contaminant
concentrations from varying widely.
Equalization tank is placed after screen and grit
chamber.

Design Calculation
Bar Screen Chamber
Type of Screen Opening Angle of Inclination
Coarse 50 mm or more 45 Degree
Medium 6 – 40 mm 30 – 60 Degree
Fine 1.5 – 3 mm 30 – 60 Degree
Coarse screen produces around 6 liter solids per 1 MLD

(Million Liter Per Day).
Medium screen produces around 30 - 90 liter solids per
1 MLD.
Fine screen produces around 20% TSS from sewage. Fine
screen clogs more often.
Design Calculation
Bar Screen Chamber
Velocities of 0.6 to 1.2 m/s through the open area for the peak flows have been used
satisfactorily. The velocity at low flows in the approach channel should not be less than
0.3 m/s to avoid deposition of solids.
The lower the velocity through the screen, the greater is the amount of screenings that
would be removed from sewage.
The head loss through clean flat bar screens is calculated from the following equation:
ℎ = 0.0729( − )
Here,
h = Head loss; V = Velocity through the screen in m/s; v = Velocity above the screen in m/s

Design Calculation
Bar Screen Chamber
The head loss through bar screens can be calculated from the Kirschmer’s equation:
⁄
ℎ= ×( ) × × sin
V = Velocity through the screen in m/s
= Bar shape factor (2.42 for sharp edge rectangular bar, 1.83 for rectangular bar with semicircle
upstream, 1.79 for circular bar and 1.67 for rectangular bar with both stream semicircle)
w = width of bar in m
o = clear spacing in m
= Angle of inclination

Design Calculation
Bar Screen Chamber
Cross section area of the channel, AC = [Q = Flowrate in m3/s]
Gross area of the channel, AG = × (1 + ) [o = Opening of the screen]
Velocity above the screen, v = ×
Width of the channel, WC = [H = Submergence depth]
Number of bars, N =

Design Calculation
Bar Screen Chamber
Design a coarse bar screen chamber for 73.9 MLD.
Flowrate, Q = 73.9 MLD =0.86 m3/s

Velocity into screen, v = 0.6 m/s
.
Cross-section area of channel, AC = = = 1.43 m2
.
Gross area of channel, AG = × 1+ = 1.43 × (1 + ) = 1.72 m2
Velocity above screen, V = v × = 0.6 × = 0.5 m/s

( )

Design Calculation
Bar Screen Chamber
Design a coarse bar screen chamber for 73.9 MLD.
Bar Shape Factor, B = 2.42 [MS Flat Sheet Bar]

⁄ .
⁄
Head loss, h = β × × × sin = 2.42 × ( ) × ×
× .
sin 45 = 0.35 m
Assuming submergence depth, H = 1 m
.
Width of the channel, WC = = = 1.72 m = 1720 mm
Number of bars, NB = = 28.5 ~ 29 Nos.

( )

Design Calculation
Grit Chamber
Design a grit chamber for 36.95 MLD.
Plant operating time, TO = 24 hours in a day.

Assuming detention time, T = 180 seconds.
Assuming surface loading rate, L = 750 m3/m2.day
Surface area, A = = = 49.24 m2
× .
Diameter, D = = =8m

Design Calculation
Grit Chamber
Design a grit chamber for 36.95 MLD.
× ×
Volume, V = = = 77 m3
× ×
Side wall height, H = = = 1.56 ~ 1.6 m

.
Bottom slope factor, SF = 0.083 [SF = 0.083 – 0.33]

Bottom slope, SL = × = 1.6 × 0.083 = 0.13 m
Centre height, HC = + = 1.6 + 0.13 = 1.73 ~ 1.8 m

Design Calculation
Horizontal Flow Grit Chamber

Design Calculation
Aerated Grit Chamber

Design Calculation
Vortex Grit Chamber

Design Calculation
Equalization Tank
Design a equalization tank for 73.9 MLD or
3079.16 m3/h.
Assuming detention time, T = 2 hours

Volume, V = × = 3079.16 × 2 = 6145.7 m3
Assuming depth, H = 5 m (excluding 0.5 m free board)
and width, W = 30 m
.
Length, L = = = 41 m
× ×

Design Calculation
Equalization Tank
Design a equalization tank for 73.9 MLD.
Air requirement for mixing, QA = × = 6145.7 × 1.1

= 6760.3 m3/h ~ 6761 m3/h
(Mixing factor, a = 1.1 m3/m3)
Assuming minimum air flux of diffuser,
FA = 12 m3/hour [8 – 12 depends on diffuser]
Number of diffusers, ND = = = 563.4 ~ 564 Nos.

Process Description
Primary Treatment
Coagulation
Coagulation is a chemical process which is used to
coagulate negatively charged particles by
neutralizing them.
Normally detention time in a coagulator is 5 – 30
seconds.
Coagulating agents – Aluminum Sulphate, Aluminum
Chloride, Ferric Sulphate, Ferric Chloride.

Process Description
Primary Treatment
Flocculation
Flocculation is used to create flocs (larger particles)
to settle down easily after coagulation.
Normally detention time in a flocculator is 30 – 60
minutes.
Flocculating agents – Polyelectrolyte, Polyamide.

Process Description
Primary Treatment
Primary Clarifier
Removes floatable and settle able solids
through sedimentation.
Sometimes Coagulation and Flocculation is
done before sedimentation.
Floatable is called ‘Scum’ and settled is called
‘Sludge’. Detention time is 2 – 2.5 hours.
Removes TSS around 50-70% and BOD, COD
around 25-30%
Process Description
Primary Treatment
Primary Clarifier
Typical performance data for the removal of BOD and TSS in primary sedimentation
tank as a function of detention time and concentration.
The relationship in the figure can be modeled as follows:
R=
R = Expected removal efficiency
t = Nominal detention time
a,b = Experimental constants

Process Description
a b
BOD 0.018 0.02
TSS 0.0075 0.014

Design Calculation
Optimum Coagulant & Flocculent Dosing
There is no theoretical equation for optimum
coagulant and flocculent dosing.
The value is determined by jar test which depends on
temperature, pH, solids parameters.
However, there is an empirical equation for aluminum
sulphate dosing developed by a Serbian Researcher.
= 2.511 − 0.162 + 0.003
Y = Turbidity, NTU [Minimum Y = Optimum dosing]
X = Coagulant dosing, mg/L

Design Calculation
Primary Clarifier
Design a primary clarifier for 24.62 MLD.
Assuming overflow rate, OA = 40 m3/m2.day for average flow.

Detention time, T = 2.5 hours.
× .
Diameter, D = = = 28 m
× × .
Volume, V = = = 2564.5 m3

Design Calculation
Primary Clarifier
.
Side wall height, H = = = 4.17 ~ 4.2 m
.
Bottom slope factor, SF = 0.083 [SF = 0.083 – 0.33]
Bottom slope, SL = × = 4.2 × 0.083 = 0.35 m
Centre height, HC = + = 4.2 + 0.35 = 4.55 m
Weir loading, WL = 250 m3/m2.day
Baffle diameter = 10% - 20% of the clarifier diameter
Baffle depth = 40% of the side wall height

Design Calculation
Primary Clarifier
Scum baffle depth = ≥ 30 cm

Sludge sump storage time = < 5 hours.
× . × . × . × × ⁄
Scour Velocity, VH = ( )=( ) = 0.063 ms-1
.
Cohesion Constant, k = 0.05; Specific Gravity, s = 1.25

Diameter of Particles, d = 100 µm; Darcy Weisbach Friction Factor, f = 0.025

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
• Anaerobic, Anoxic and Aerobic • Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR)
• Activated Sludge • Trickling Filter (TF)
• Closed Basin High Purity • Biological Aerated Filter (BAF)
Oxygen (HPO) • Rotating Biological Contactor
• Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) (RBC)
• Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
• Oxidation Ditch
• Lagoon
Suspended Attached
Growth Process Growth Process

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
Anaerobic, Anoxic and Aerobic Process

Anoxic refers to the environmental condition
where there is no molecular oxygen.
Anaerobic means total absence of free oxygen
or bound oxygen.
Aerobic means the presence of molecular
oxygen.
This process is used to remove excess nutrients.

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
Anaerobic, Anoxic and Aerobic Process

Anaerobic bacteria help to degrade organic
matter with the absence of oxygen. In this
tank, Phosphorus get released.
Anoxic tank causes denitrification and
turns Nitrate, Nitrite into Ammonia.
Aerobic tank causes nitrification by
nitrifying bacteria decomposes Ammonia
and turn it into nitrate ion.

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
Activated Sludge
It includes an aeration tank where the
wastewater is mixed with air to activate micro-
organisms, collide with each other, create flocs.
A second clarifier where the micro-organisms
are settled with their adsorbed organic
material.
Low installation cost, easy handling, good
quality effluent.

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
High Purity Oxygen (HPO)

High purity oxygen is used where the organic
loading is extremely high. Therefore, excessive
oxygen demand is need to meet up with pure
oxygen.
Plants treating food processing wastes often
use this system.

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR)

MBR is a combination process of membrane filtration
process with a biological wastewater treatment
process.
Micro filter or Ultra filter is used. Need less space than
Activated Sludge/MBBR. Used for secondary and
tertiary treatment. Used in Dye, Ink industry.
Two types: Submerged MBR and Side stream MBR.

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR)

SBR is a batch process of activated sludge
system. Used in both municipal and industrial.
There are five stages.
◦ Fill
◦ React
◦ Settle
◦ Decant
◦ Idle

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
Oxidation Ditch
An oxidation ditch is a modified activated sludge
biological treatment process that utilizes long solids
retention times.
Oxidation ditches are applicable in plants that require
nitrification because the basins can be sized to
achieve nitrification.
This technology is very effective in small installations,
small communities. Requires more land.

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
Lagoon
Lagoons are designed to treat wastewater by the
interaction of sunlight, algae and bacteria.
Three types: Anaerobic lagoon, Aerobic lagoon
and Facultative lagoon.
In aerobic process, 45% of BOD turned into
aerobic sludge. In anaerobic process, 5% of BOD
turned into anaerobic sludge.
Algae is the main supplier of oxygen in the lagoon.
Process Description
Secondary Treatment
Moving Bed Bio Reactor (MBBR)/Integrated Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)

Aerobic and attached growth process which involves the oxidation of carbonaceous
biological matter for reduction of the organic pollutants.
It includes an aeration tank with media beds where the microorganisms are attached
and air is mixed to activate micro-organisms, collide with each other, create flocs and a
second clarifier where the micro-organisms are settled with their adsorbed organic
material. Carriers are made of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE).
Effective energy cost. Reduces large load of TSS.

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
MBBR IFAS

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
Trickling Filter
It consists of a fixed bed of rocks, coke,
gravel, slag, peat moss, ceramic or plastic
media.
A typical trickling filter is circular and
between 10 meters and 20 meters across
and between 2 meters to 3 meters deep.
Uses two types of process. Nitrification
and Denitrification.

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
Biological Aerated Filter (BAF)

BAF has a 2 – 3 meters deep bed of relatively
small size filter media, to provide a high
surface area, on which to grow a biomass.
The filter bed is submerged and a settled
wastewater is pumped either upwards or
downwards through the filter.
The obstructions are cleared from time-to-
time by air-scouring or back-washing with
treated effluent.

Process Description
Secondary Treatment
Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)

Rotating disk rotates at 2 – 5 rpm. Commonly
made of Polyethylene, PVC and Polystyrene.
The discs consist of plastic sheets ranging from
2 to 4 m in diameter and are up to 10 mm
thick.
The discs are submerged in waste water to
about 40% of their diameter. Uses two types
of process. Nitrification and Denitrification.

Design Calculation
Aeration Tank
Design an aeration tank for 36.95 MLD. Inlet BOD is 350 mg/L.
Assuming outlet BOD, YO = 35 mg/l

[The underflow is neglected to get the better performance]
Efficiency, η = = = 90%
Assuming, F/M = 0.12 and MLSS = 3500 mg/l

F/M = (Inlet BOD/MLVSS) [MLVSS/MLSS = 0.75]
× ×
Volume, V = ⁄ ×
= = 30791.67 m3
. ×

Design Calculation
Aeration Tank
Assuming Width, W = 70 m and Depth, H = 5.5 m [Excluding 0.5 m free-board]

.
Length, L = = = 80 m
× × .
. ×
Aeration Period, TA = = 20 hours.
× ( )×
Solids Retention Time, SRT → × = [α = 1.0 and K = 0.06]
×
× ×( )×
30791.67 × 3500 =
. ×
SRT = 20.83 ~ 21 days

Design Calculation
Aeration Tank
BOD load/day, YD = × 1000 × = (36950 × 1000) × = 12932.5 kg/day

.
BOD load/hour, YH = = = 646.63 kg/hour
Air requirement for BOD, AB = × 115 = 646.63 × 115 = 74362.5 ~ 74363 m3/h
[1 BOD load/hour needs 115 m3/h air to meet the oxygen demand]

Design Calculation
Aeration Tank
Air requirement for mixing, AM = × 1.1 = 30791.67 × 1.1 = 33870.84 m3 ~ 33871 m3/day
[Air requirement factor for mixing = 1.0 – 1.2]
As air requirement for BOD is greater than for mixing, higher value will be used for further
calculation
Minimum air flux of diffuser, AF = 12 m3/hour
Number of diffusers, ND = = = 6197 Nos.

Design Calculation
Secondary Clarifier
Design a secondary clarifier for 24.62 MLD. The process is activated sludge.
Assuming overflow rate, OA = 24 m3/m2.day for average flow.

Recycle ratio, R = = = 0.28
Total inflow, QT = × (1 + ) = 24.62 × (1 + 0.28) = 31.51 MLD
Detention time, T = 2 hours
× .
Diameter, D = = = 40.9 ~ 41 m

Design Calculation
Secondary Clarifier
Design a secondary clarifier for 24.62 MLD. The process is activated sludge.
× ×
Volume, V = = = 2625.83 m3
.
Side wall height, H = = =2m
.
Bottom slope factor, SF = 0.083

Bottom slope, SL = × = 2 × 0.083 = 0.17 ~ 0.2 m
Centre height, HC = + = 2 + 0.2 = 2.2 m
Weir loading, WL = 250 m3/m2.day

Process Description
Tertiary Treatment
Disinfection
Provides disinfection of the treated water from
secondary treatment.
Three types of disinfection process:
 Chlorine Disinfection
 UV Ray
 Ozonation
Chlorine dosage is cost effective and is used in most
of the STP.
Process Description
Tertiary Treatment

Design Calculation
Chlorination Chamber
Design a chlorination chamber for 73.9 MLD.
Assuming, Chlorine contacts time, T = 0.5 hours (Maximum contact time) [0.5 – 1.0 hour]
× × .
Volume, V = = = 1539.6 m3
Assuming height, H = 3 m and width, W = 20 m.

.
Length, L = = = 25.6 ~ 26 m
× ×
Assuming maximum required chlorine dosage, CCl,p = 20 mg/L

× , ×
Chlorinator capacity, MP = = = 1478 kg/day

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Thickener
Thickens sludge by increasing the solids concentration of the sludge and minimizes the
unit load of digester or dewater.
Commonly used: Gravity Thickening, Dissolved Air Flotation, Centrifugation, Rotary
Drum Thickening.
Thickener selection depends on types of sludge, inlet concentration, outlet quality,
organic matters content. Less than 4 MLD quantity, separate sludge thickening is seldom
practiced.

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Gravity Thickener
Gravity thickening increases the solids
concentration by allowing the particles to
settle to the base of a vessel.
A gravity sludge thickener has the same
design features as a primary sedimentation
tank.
Gravity thickeners generally retain 80−90% of
the solids in the thickened product stream.

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Thickener

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) provides
thickening of sludge by encouraging the
solids to float to the surface.
DAF is applied to increase the sludge
solids concentration when these solids
are neutrally buoyant.

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Centrifugal Thickener
Centrifugal thickening increases the sludge
concentration by encouraging the particles to
migrate to the walls of a rapidly rotating
cylindrical vessel under the influence of a
centrifugal force.
They consist of a horizontal cylindrical−conical
bowl, rota ng at 1000−3500 rpm.

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Gravity Belt Thickener

Gravity belt thickening increases the sludge
solids concentration by allowing the water to
drain from the sludge under gravity through a
permeable medium (a moving belt) on which
the sludge sits.
The sludge solids concentration is increased
along the length of a porous belt as water
drains through it.

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Rotary Drum Thickener

Rotary drum thickening increases the sludge
solids concentration by agitating the solids in
a slowly-rotating vessel with porous walls
though which the water drains.
The porous wall may be fabricated from a
range of materials, including polymers, steel
and ceramics. A spray system is used to clean
the drum and prevent the pores blocking.

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Digester
A biological process in which organic solids are decomposed into stable substances.
Reduces total mass of solids, destroys pathogens and makes easier to dewater or dry
the sludge.
Three types of process.
 Anaerobic digesting
 Aerobic digesting
 Composting

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Anaerobic Digester
Breaks down a significant amount of organic solids in the
sludge and produces methane gas which is a fuel of boiler.
Micro-organisms reduces solids in the absence of oxygen.
The sludge is heated to 37 degree Celsius in the primary
digester and follows the secondary digester to improve
the efficiency. Detention time is 18 – 25 days.
Reduces the cost of sludge disposal.

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Aerobic Digester
Reduces volume of the sludge and solids content under
the presence of air or oxygen.
Micro-organisms oxidize sludge by converting them to
Carbon Dioxide and Water.
Results approximately 50% reduction in solids content.
Used only for biological sludge from secondary
treatment, in the absence of the sludge from primary
treatment.

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Composter
Widely used method in the treatment of
municipal sludge.
Done at higher temperature (55 degree
Celsius) to accelerate the natural process.
Provides large quantities of nutrients
which is beneficial for agriculture.
Improves the soil agglomeration, soil
texture and plant output.

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Dewatering
Minimizes waste volume to prepare for effective
disposal and reduces transportation cost.
Two types of process:
 Natural dewatering: Dry Bed
 Mechanical dewatering
• Belt Filter Press
• Centrifugal
• Screw Press

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Belt Filter Press

A belt filter press (BFP) provides sludge
dewatering by pressing the sludge to force
the water through a permeable medium.
The process produces a cake having a dry
solids content of 30% or more in the case of
primary sludge.
Performance is dependent on the feed sludge
characteristics and the dosing conditions.

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Centrifugal Dewatering
A sludge dewatering centrifuge uses a fast
rotation of a “cylindrical bowl” to separate
wastewater liquid from solids.
The cake produced by this process is easy to
move to a landfill, or it can be mixed with
green waste and composted.
This method also works for all sludge types,
increases dry solids content.

Process Description
Sludge Treatment
Screw Press Dewatering

A screw press (SP) provides sludge dewatering
by conveying the sludge along the inside of a
permeable cylinder.
It is based on a slowly-rotating screw within a
cylindrical screen.
It is normally inclined by ~20° to the horizontal
to assist with the draining of water into the
sump.

Design Calculation
Gravity Thickener
Design a gravity thickener for 8496 KLD mixed (PS+WAS) sludge flow. The solids load of
the mixed sludge is 73570 kg/d.
Assuming solids loading rate, SLR = 60 kg TS/m2.day

[SLR for mixed sludge = 25 – 80 kg/m2.day]
Removal efficiency = 90%
Area, A = = = 1226.2 m2
Hydraulic loading rate, HLR = = 6.93 m3/m2.day

.

Design Calculation
Gravity Thickener
20-30 m3/m2. d HLR is recommended for gravity thickener.

Assuming, HLR = 20 m3/m2.day
So, dilution water needed, QW = × − = 20 × 1226.2 − 8496 = 16028 m3
Total flow = 8496 + 16028 = 24524 m3
This flow increment does not affect the thickener performance.
× .
Diameter, D = = = 39.5 ~ 40 m

Design Calculation
Gravity Thickener
× . ×
New area for the diameter, An = = = 1256.64 m2
Minimum side wall depth 3 m and maximum hydraulic retention time 24 hours are needed to
avoid septic condition.
Assuming side wall height, H = 3 m
Bottom slope, SL = × = 3 × 0.083 = 0.25 m

Design Calculation
Gravity Thickener
Centre height, HC = + = 3 + 0.25 = 3.25 m

Volume, V = × = 1256.64 × 3 = 3769.92 m3
Hydraulic retention time (HRT) without dilution,
.
T= = 0.44 day = 10.6 hours
.
Hydraulic retention time (HRT) with dilution, TD = = 0.15 day = 3.6 hours.

Design Calculation
Anaerobic Digester
Design a anaerobic digester for 1550 KLD sludge flow. The solid load of the sludge is
66710 kg TSS/d. The ratio of TSS and VSS is 0.65
Volatile solids load, SVSS = × = 66710 × 0.65 = 43361.5 kg VSS/day

Assuming volatile solids loading rate, SLRVSS = 1.4 kg VSS/m3.day.
[Volumetric organic load = 0.8 – 1.6 kg VSS/m3.day]
.
Volume, V = = = 30972.5 m3
.
15% extra volume should be reserved for bio-gas accumulation.

Headspace volume for gas, VG = × 0.15 = 30792.5 × 0.15 = 4618.9 m3
Design Calculation
Anaerobic Digester
Total volume, VT = + = 30972.5 + 4618.9 = 35618.4 m3

.
Hydraulic detention time, T = = = 20 days.
Assuming number of single-stage high-rate digesters, N = 2 Nos.
Flow rate for each digester, Q = = = 775 m3/d

Assuming height, H = 15 m

Design Calculation
Anaerobic Digester
. ⁄
× .
Diameter, D = = = 38.88 m ~ 39 m
Diameter to height ratio = = 2.6

Bottom slope, SL = × = 15 × 0.083 = 1.25 m
Centre height, HC = + = 15 + 1.25 = 16.25 m.
Design Calculation
Belt Press Filter
Design a belt press filter for 1550 KLD sludge flow. The solids content is 2.09%.
Assuming,
Solid capture, η = 95%,
Specific gravity of sludge, SGS = 1.03,
Cake solids content, SGC = 22%
Nominal belt capacity, CB = 320 kg TSS/m.hour
Operation hour, TH = 12 hours/day
Operation day, TD = 7 days/week.
Design Calculation
Belt Press Filter
Design a belt press filter for 1550 KLD sludge flow. The solids content is 2.09%.
Wet solids load, SW = × × × 1000 = 387.5 × 7 × 1030 = 2793.88 ton/week

Dry solids load, SD = × = 2793.88 × 0.0209 = 58.39 ton/week
Hourly solids rate, SDH = = = 695.12 kg/hour.

× ×
.
Belt width, W = = = 2.17 m ~ 2.2 m.

Operation and Maintenance
Odor Management
Normally gases like Hydrogen Sulfide, Indole, Skatole, Mercaptans, Methyl Amine etc.
emits typical sewage odors.
Odor is produced from different points of the STP. EX: Equalization Tank, Thickener,
Aeration Tank, Clarifier etc.
The odor control or air treatment is done by passing the polluted air through the bed of
specially designed Activated carbon.
The corrosive nature of H2S requires appropriate selection of materials of construction
for the treatment equipment that are in direct contact. Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP)
vessels and ducts are also common in use. Few equipment suppliers use FRP coated.

Activated Carbon Filter

Process Control
Automated control is the advanced technology
and is used for better quality of the treatment.
Different types of controller is used for controlling
the process. EX: Open Loop Control, Feedback
Control, Feed Forward Control, On Off Control.
SCADA is used for controlling the equipment
automatically.
Disturbances are minimized.
Easy handling and maintaining.

Conclusion
Demand of the WWTP/STP is increasing day
by day.
Government is more concerning about
protecting the environment.
STP has many advantages which is necessary
for every municipal area, industrial area,
industry.
We need to save our children, our people,
our environment.


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ETP & STP Training and Knowledge

Engr. Fahim Shahriar Sakib

ENGR. FAHIM SHAHRIAR SAKIB 2

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Total water consumption – (45x30) = 1350 liter/day or 1.35 m3/d

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New population – (500 x e^(0.05 x 20)) = 1360

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Bar Screen Chamber

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Grit Chamber with Oil & Grease Trap

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Flow Equalization Tank

ENGR. FAHIM SHAHRIAR SAKIB 28

Coarse screen produces around 6 liter solids per 1 MLD

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Gross area of the channel, AG = × (1 + ) [o = Opening of the screen]

Velocity above the screen, v = ×

Width of the channel, WC = [H = Submergence depth]

ENGR. FAHIM SHAHRIAR SAKIB 32

Flowrate, Q = 73.9 MLD =0.86 m3/s

Gross area of channel, AG = × 1+ = 1.43 × (1 + ) = 1.72 m2

Velocity above screen, V = v × = 0.6 × = 0.5 m/s

ENGR. FAHIM SHAHRIAR SAKIB 33

Bar Shape Factor, B = 2.42 [MS Flat Sheet Bar]

Number of bars, NB = = 28.5 ~ 29 Nos.

ENGR. FAHIM SHAHRIAR SAKIB 34

Plant operating time, TO = 24 hours in a day.

Surface area, A = = = 49.24 m2

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Side wall height, H = = = 1.56 ~ 1.6 m

Bottom slope factor, SF = 0.083 [SF = 0.083 – 0.33]

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Assuming detention time, T = 2 hours

ENGR. FAHIM SHAHRIAR SAKIB 40

Air requirement for mixing, QA = × = 6145.7 × 1.1

Number of diffusers, ND = = = 563.4 ~ 564 Nos.

ENGR. FAHIM SHAHRIAR SAKIB 41