Chapter 9 Intro to Learning & Behavior

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1. 1. In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder, D 7. 7. An increase in social behavior resulting from A

compulsions are characterized by _____. punishment is most likely to be due to:
a. persistent thoughts a. the activation of an innate tendency in humans to
b. images become more sociable.
c. impulses b. the disruption of an ongoing state of agitation.
d. stereotyped actions c. the suppression of dangerous behavior along with
sociable behavior.
2. 2. Which of the following is most likely to precede a B
d. Both a and c are correct.
continuous tendency to continually wash one's hands?
a. Repressed memo 8. 8. In a shuttle avoidance procedure involving the stimuli C
b. A stressful divorce of a tone and a shock, the _____ serves as the SD for the
c. A puppy accidentally defecating on one's hands _____ response.
d. A sudden fright a. shock; avoidance
b. tone; escape
3. 3. The term _____ refers to a decrement in learning D
c. tone; avoidance
ability that results from repeated exposure to
d. avoidance response; escape
uncontrollable aversive events.
a. experimental neurosis 9. 9. Experimental avoidance typically requires at least a B
b. learned optimism few pairings of the _____ and the US before avoidance
c. posttraumatic stress disorder has been reliably established.
d. learned helplessness a. NS
b. CS
4. 4. Which type of consequence serves to motivate C
c. CR
escape behavior and avoidance behavior?
d. UR
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Positive punishment 10. 10. On a cognitive level, people with OCD generally B
c. Negative reinforcement fail to realize that:
d. Negative punishment a. intrusive thoughts are uncommon and abnormal.
b. some thoughts are essentially respondents that are
5. 5. Nicole is taking a class that makes her very B
automatically elicited by certain stimuli.
frustrated. She and her classmates say that they cannot
c. obsessive thoughts are operants that require forceful
get good grades no matter what they study or how
elicitation by stimuli.
they study. They argue that they are unable to answer
d. they constantly avoid responsibility for their
questions in a way that satisfies their instructor. They
behavior.
feel like they have tried everything within their power
to increase their grades but are getting nowhere. This 11. 11. Which of the following treatment procedures is A
situation best illustrates the concept of _____ and will effective in the treatment of OCD?
likely urge the students to _____. a. Exposure and response prevention
a. experimental neurosis; work harder during class b. Latent inhibition
b. learned helplessness; stop trying to improve their c. A DRO or DRI procedure
grades d. A DRL procedure
c. escape learning; stop going to class
12. 12. The symptoms of experimental neurosis that D
d. shaping; gradually find a solution to the problem
Masserman discovered included:
6. 6. Juan usually gets candy at the store. Juan screams for B a. normally active cats becoming agitated.
more candy in the check-out lane of the grocery store. b. normally quiet cats remaining passive and withdrawn.
In order to put an end to the screaming, his mom c. Both a and b are correct.
decides to not buy him candy when he is screaming. His d. Neither a nor b is correct.
mom is attempting to use a(n) _____ procedure.
13. 13. Based on research conducted on the ways to A
a. positive punishment
overcome learned helplessness, a useful treatment for
b. negative punishment
a student who has difficulty solving math problems
c. negative reinforcement
would most likely be to:
d. extinction
a. clearly inform the student whenever he is successful.
b. flood him with unsolvable math problems.
c. eliminate pressure by telling him that he is in fact
poor at math.
d. provide the student with a stimulant.
14. 14. Behaviorists have traditionally viewed multiple B 20. 20. Vanessa is highly likely to shop and very unlikely B
personalities as distinct patterns of behavior that result to do laundry. According to the Premack principle of
in response to: punishment, which of the following would be a
a. prolonged exposure to distinct yet extremely contingency of punishment for Vanessa?
monotonous tasks. a. Doing laundry —> shopping
b. distinctly different contingencies of reinforcement. b. Shopping —> doing laundry
c. c. Not doing laundry —> no shopping allowed
d. uncontrollable contingencies of reinforcement. d. None of these are correct.
15. 15. After injuring his knee while rollerblading, Jared C 21. 21. Janice has OCD. She is bothered by thoughts that C
spends the rest of his summer playing computer games she has left her apartment door unlocked. This thought
and swimming so that he will not get another injury. pattern is best classified as:
This example fits best with the: a. a negatively reinforced operant.
a. Premack approach. b. a positively reinforced operant.
b. drive theory of punishment. c. a respondent.
c. avoidance theory of punishment. d. adjunctive behavior.
d. conditioned suppression theory of punishment.
22. 22. The second process in Mowrer's two-process D
16. 16. In the context of obsessions and compulsions, hand- A theory of avoidance involves:
washing is to thoughts about germs as _____ is to _____. a. classical conditioning of a fear response.
a. a decrease in anxiety; an increase in anxiety b. classical conditioning of an approach response.
b. an increase in anxiety; a decrease in anxiety c. negative punishment resulting from the reduction of
c. covert conditioning; flooding fear.
d. flooding; desensitization d. negative reinforcement resulting from the reduction
of fear.
17. 17. Research has shown that learned helplessness can A
sometimes be alleviated by providing a strong cue that 23. 24. When Vinita fought with her friends over the toys B
signals the occurrence of a(n) _____ escape response. they were playing with, her mother made her sit in the
a. successful corner for a minute. Following this, the most important
b. unsuccessful thing for Vinita's mother to do is to:
c. attempted a. impose intermittent time-out periods if Vinita
d. vigorous continues to fight.
b. strongly reward Vinita's behavior of playing
18. 18. Primary punishers are also called _____, and A
cooperatively in future..
secondary punishers are also called _____.
c. tell Vinita that she will be further punished if she
a. unconditioned punishers; conditioned punishers
misbehaves again
b. generalized punishers; conditioned punishers
d. gradually increase the level of punishment if she
c. unconditioned punishers; generalized punishers
misbehaves.
d. conditioned punishers; unconditioned punishers
24. 25. According to Masserman, unpredictable shocks A
19. 19. According to the posttraumatic model of A
delivered in a setting in which an animal typically eats
dissociative identity disorder (DID), an abused child can
food are especially likely to induce neurotic
more easily cope with everyday life by usually
symptoms. Based on this information, which of the
forgetting about the abusive incidents and by
following is most likely to result in the development of
pretending that the abuse is happening to someone
symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
else. In behavioral terms, this self-deception can be
a. Being hit by a car while having a barbecue in your
conceptualized as a type of covert:
backyard
a. avoidance response.
b. Being hit by a car in an unfamiliar town
b. form of learned helplessness.
c. Knowing that something bad will happen and that
c. attention-seeking device.
you are responsible for preventing it
d. appetitive response.
d. Knowing that something bad will happen and not
being able to do anything about it
25. 26. The development of OCD may result from the D 31. 32. After being bitten by the neighbors' dog while D
process of: trying to pick apples from their apple tree, Midori
a. US revaluation. became so fearful that she lost interest in the apples.
b. occasion setting. This example fits best with the _____.
c. sensory preconditioning. a. approach-avoidance conflict
d. selective sensitization. b. Premack principle
c. avoidance theory of punishment
26. 27. The famous psychoanalyst, Alfred Adler, was sickly B
d. conditioned suppression theory of punishment
as a small child but worked hard and overcame his
weaknesses. Research on _____ suggests that later in 32. 33. According to the _____ theory of punishment, the D
life, Adler would have been less vulnerable to underlying process in punishment is actually _____.
depression than a child who had never overcome a. avoidance; positive reinforcement
adversity in childhood. b. conditioned suppression; negative reinforcement
a. classical conditioning c. conditioned suppression; the Premack principle
b. learned helplessness d. avoidance; negative reinforcement
c. learned optimism
33. 34. In defense of the two-process theory of avoidance, B
d. experimental neurosis
it has been argued that:
27. 28. According to Mineka, phobias in humans and D a. avoidance responses almost never extinguish.
experimental avoidance in rats differ in that: b. animals that continue to avoid a feared situation also
a. rats avoid the CS. continue to experience at least some fear of the CS.
b. experimental avoidance requires a single, brief c. Both a and b are correct.
conditioning trail to produce avoidance that is strong. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
c. human phobias typically require several conditioning
34. 35. Which of the following is likely to be a task A
trials to produce avoidance that is persistent.
involved in an exposure and response prevention
d. None of these are correct.
treatment for a cleaning compulsion?
28. 29. Being punched in the face is a(n) _____, while getting B a. Going for days without a shower
a fine for speeding is a(n) _____. b. Staying away from garbage cans
a. secondary punisher; intrinsic punisher c. Constant cleaning to the point where it becomes
b. primary punisher; secondary punisher aversive
c. extrinsic punisher; intrinsic punisher d. Both a and b are correct.
d. primary punisher; intrinsic punisher
35. 36. No longer getting a cookie is to _____ as removal of A
29. 30. In a shuttle avoidance procedure involving the B a cookie is to _____.
stimuli of a tone and a shock, the _____ serves as the SD a. extinction; negative punishment
for the _____ response. b. extinction; positive punishment
a. shock; avoidance c. positive punishment; negative punishment
b. shock; escape d. negative punishment; positive punishment
c. tone; escape
36. 37. Ideally, a time-out procedure should be: A
d. escape response; avoidance
a. followed by the reinforcement of appropriate
30. 31. Skinner's experiment utilized a relatively weak form C behavior.
of punishment: a device that slapped a rat on the paw b. fairly long.
when it attempted to press a lever. Subsequent c. combined with a response cost procedure.
research revealed that _____ forms of punishment are d. All of these are correct.
capable of suppressing behavior for _____ periods of
37. 38. Which procedure is especially likely to result in A
time.
strong emotional responses such as crying or other
a. weak; long
displays of distress?
b. time-out; short
a. Positive punishment
c. more intense; much longer
b. Negative punishment
d. less intense; much longer
c. Learned helplessness
d. Experimental neurosis
38. 39. You live on a desert island and there is a hurricane D 44. 45. The symptoms of experimental neurosis that D
coming. After refusing to ride on the hurricane Masserman discovered included:
evacuation boat, being stranded on a desert island is a. normally quiet cats becoming agitated.
most similar to: b. normally active cats becoming passive and
a. negative punishment. withdrawn.
b. response cost. c. counterphobic responses to cues associated with
c. time-out. feeding.
d. Both a and c are correct. d. All of these are correct.
39. 40. The attractive aspect of the _____ is that it does D 45. 46. Prior to Stampfl's experiment, which critical factor in A
away with any reference to an internal state of fear, phobic behavior patterns was absent in most
the existence of which has to be inferred. experimental avoidance procedures?
a. two-process theory of avoidance a. The opportunity to make an early avoidance
b. latent inhibition effect response
c. anxiety conservation hypothesis b. The opportunity to make a late avoidance response
d. one-process theory of avoidance c. Classical conditioning of a fear response
d. Negative reinforcement of an avoidance response
40. 41. Stampfl's procedure focuses on the fact that people A
with phobias typically make the _____ early in the chain 46. 47. In terms of the anxiety conservation hypothesis, C
of events leading up to the feared stimulus. exposure to the aversive stimulus is so minimal that the
a. avoidance response avoidance response is extremely resistant to _____.
b. escape response a. repression
c. appetitive response b. the escape response
d. species-specific defense reaction c. extinction
d. the species-specific defense reaction
41. 42. Punishment is generally more effective when it is: B
a. delivered intermittently rather than consistently. 47. 48. Solitary confinement in prison, to the extent that it B
b. intense enough from the outset to suppress the is effective, is an extreme example of _____.
target behavior. a. response cost
c. combined with negative reinforcement. b. time-out
d. delayed. c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
42. 43. According to the Premack principle of punishment, A
which of the following constitutes a contingency of 48. 49. For a person who truly regards money as the root C
punishment for a person who is likely to watch TV and of all evil, accepting a bribe would likely function as
unlikely to clean the bathroom? a(n) _____ punisher.
a. Watching TV —> cleaning the bathroom a. primary
b. Cleaning the bathroom —> watching TV b. intrinsic
c. Watching TV less than 30 minutes per day c. generalized
d. Cleaning the bathroom once a week d. generalized primary
43. 44. Bob was struck by lightning one day in the park. C 49. 50. Having one's car towed away for parking in a no C
Later, while recuperating in the hospital, he was parking zone is most similar to the concept of _____.
suddenly assaulted by the patient in the next bed (who a. time-out
was having a psychotic reaction to all the drugs he had b. negative reinforcement
been given). After these incidents, Bob had trouble c. response cost
sleeping and often had nightmares. He also began d. None of these are correct.
avoiding both parks and hospitals and displayed an
50. 51. A problem with the use of punishment is that the D
irrational fear of both places. Based on this
punishment is typically:
information, Bob is likely to be suffering from:
a. delayed.
a. learned helplessness.
b. intermittent.
b. multiple personality disorder.
c. intense enough to suppress the target behavior.
c. posttraumatic stress disorder.
d. Both a and b are correct.
d. experimental neurosis.
51. 52. Masserman was able to induce neurotic symptoms D 58. 59. Andrea works in a home for adults with behavioral D
in cats by exposing them to: and mental disorders. There is a "marble system" that is
a. unpredictable, controllable presentations of food. used to reinforce and punish the behavior of the
b. uncontrollable, predictable presentations of food. residents. Green marbles are given for good behavior;
c. controllable presentations of aversive stimuli. red marbles are given for problem behavior and are
d. unpredictable presentations of aversive stimuli. associated with various consequences. The residents
do not like to get red marbles. In this scenario, the red
52. 53. A meteor hurtling out of the sky and destroying B
marbles are examples
your house most closely aligns with the concept of:
a. secondary punishers
a. secondary punishment.
b. extrinsic punishers
b. noncontingent punishment.
c. generalized punishers
c. contingent punishment.
d. All of these are correct.
d. extrinsic punishment.
59. 60. For punishment to be maximally effective, it should C
53. 54. According to Levis (1989), seemingly nonchalant C
be:
animals who continue to avoid the aversive stimulus
a. intermittent.
are:
b. delayed.
a. truly relaxed.
c. accompanied by an explanation.
b. merely suppressing their fear.
d. Both b and c are correct.
c. still experiencing a residual amount of fear.
d. exhibiting an avoidance response that has now 60. 61. Although Hau was bitten only once by a dog many D
become a conditioned reflex. years ago, he nevertheless persistently stays away
from dogs. According to the anxiety conservation
54. 55. Which of the following behaviors is likely to occur D
hypothesis, Hau's fear of dogs does not extinguish
after Sammy is yelled at for throwing his food?
because:
a. He will become more sociable.
a. his escape response does not tell him that his fear of
b. He will be in a better mood than he was prior to the
dogs is merely psychological.
scolding.
b. others are to blame for his displays of anxiety.
c. He will pay attention to those around him.
c. his low self-esteem serves to conserve and heighten
d. All of these can result from Sammy being scolded.
his anxiety.
55. 56. According to the anxiety conservation hypothesis, C d. his avoidance response to dogs occurs so quickly
avoidance responses persist because: that his fear does not have time to extinguish.
a. avoidance occurs too quickly for the shock to be
61. 62. For Janine, who has been diagnosed with obsessive- A
felt.
compulsive disorder, thoughts about possible germs on
b. escape occurs too quickly for the fear to extinguish.
her body produce a(n):
c. avoidance occurs too quickly for the fear to
a. increase in anxiety.
extinguish.
b. reflexive tendency to avoid showers.
d. escape occurs too quickly for the shock to be felt.
c. decrease in anxiety.
56. 57. According to research conducted by Stampfl, a D d. feeling of intense pleasure.
critical factor that helps to maintain people's wasp
62. 63. In the context of OCD, which of the following is D
phobias is that:
incongruent with the two-process theory of
a. they run away whenever a wasp draws close to
avoidance?
them.
a. Patients display late rather than early avoidance.
b. they are intermittently exposed to a wasp.
b. Patients display early rather than later avoidance.
c. they are intermittently stung by a wasp.
c. OCD is usually initiated by a clear instance of
d. they plan events such that they almost never
classical conditioning.
encounter a wasp.
d. Patients usually cannot recall a particular
57. 58. Exposure and response prevention therapy for C conditioning event that led to the obsession.
OCD makes use of:
63. 64. Lack of control seems to be the critical factor C
a. flooding therapy.
involved in _____, while lack of predictability is the
b. systematic desensitization.
critical factor involved in _____.
c. both flooding therapy and systematic
a. conditioned suppression; conditioned avoidance
desensitization.
b. conditioned avoidance; conditioned suppression
d. neither flooding therapy nor systematic
c. learned helplessness; experimental neurosis
desensitization.
d. experimental neurosis; learned helplessness
64. 65. According to the conditioned suppression theory of A 71. 72. For punishment to be maximally effective, it should D
punishment, punishment does not weaken a behavior be:
but instead: a. consistent.
a. produces an emotional response that interferes with b. immediate.
its occurrence. c. intense enough to stop the behavior.
b. produces a strong suppression of emotions. d. All of these are correct.
c. results in strong inhibitory conditioning.
72. 73. The use of punishment can be quite seductive in A
d. weakens other similar behaviors.
that it often results in a(n):
65. 66. For Salima, who has been diagnosed with D a. immediate negative reinforcer.
obsessive-compulsive disorder, checking the apartment b. delayed negative reinforcer.
door to make sure it is locked results in a(n) _____ in c. immediate positive reinforcer.
feelings of _____. d. delayed positive reinforcer.
a. decrease; pleasure
73. 74. Jorge was given an extra homework assignment D
b. increase; competence
after making faces at a teacher one day. He never
c. increase; anxiety
again made faces at the teacher. This scenario is an
d. decrease; anxiety
example of
66. 67. Rita is an elementary school student who is often D a. avoidance conditioning.
cruelly teased by a classmate. The teachers ignore her b. extinction.
pleas for help as do her other classmates. Seligman c. negative punishment.
would predict that, as time passes, Rita is likely to _____ d. positive punishment.
her efforts to stop the teasing. In other words, she will
74. 75. Dan hates doing his taxes. As a result, when the tax B
exhibit _____.
deadline is approaching, Dan seems to do everything
a. increase; experimental neurosis
but his taxes. He cleans his apartment, washes his car,
.b. increase; learned helplessness
takes on extra shifts at work, and even volunteers to
c. decrease; experimental neurosis
organize a block party. With which theory of
d. decrease; learned helplessness
punishment is his behavior most consistent?
67. 68. Rob is fined for driving over the speed limit. This is C a. The Premack principle
an example of _____. b. The avoidance theory of punishment
a. time-out c. The conditioned suppression theory of punishment
b. extinction d. Both a and b are correct.
c. response cost
75. 76. Tom yelled at his parrot when it started squawking C
d. repression
in response to a noise in the hallway. As a result, it
68. 69. OCD was once considered a particularly difficult C stopped squawking. According to the conditioned
disorder to treat. This changed when clinicians began suppression theory of punishment, this is because:
analyzing OCD in terms of _____. a. a high probability behavior has been followed by a
a. phobic conditioning low probability behavior.
b. experimental neurosis b. a low probability behavior has been followed by a
c. avoidance conditioning high probability behavior.
d. anxiety conservation c. the parrot is so emotionally upset that it is no longer
inclined to squawk.
69. 70. The second process in Mowrer's two-process B
d. the connection between the noise in the hallway
theory of avoidance involves _____ in the form of _____.
and squawking has been weakened.
a. negative punishment; fear induction
b. negative reinforcement; fear reduction 76. 77. Eating rotten food is an _____ event; getting a traffic B
c. negative reinforcement; shock removal fine for speeding is an _____ event.
d. negative punishment; shock presentation a. extrinsically punishing; intrinsically punishing
b. intrinsically punishing; extrinsically punishing
70. 71. According to Skinner's conditioned suppression B
c. extrinsically punishing; extrinsically punishing
theory of punishment, punishment will typically have
d. intrinsically punishing; intrinsically punishing
_____ on behavior.
a. permanent effects
b. temporary effects
c. almost no effect
d. unpredictable effects
77. 78. _____ is the removal of a specific reinforcer D 84. 85. When the frequency of a behavior declines C
following the occurrence of a problem behavior. because performing the behavior no longer leads to
a. Positive reinforcement something, the process involved is called
b. Positive punishment a. negative punishment.
c. Time-out b. positive punishment.
d. Response cost c. extinction.
d. negative reinforcement.
78. 79. The _____ of dissociative identity disorder (DID) C
suggests that the disorder arises as a consequence of 85. 86. According to the two-process theory of avoidance, D
avoidance learning, while the _____ of DID suggests that the first step in the development of an avoidance
the disorder arises as a consequence of social response is the creation of a(n):
reinforcement and observational learning. a. intermittently reinforced escape response.
a. sociocognitive model; posttraumatic model b. classically conditioned escape response.
b. punishment model; reinforcement model c. intermittently reinforced fear response.
c. posttraumatic model; sociocognitive model d. classically conditioned fear response.
d. Premack model; Masserman model
86. 87. Both negative punishment and _____ involve the B
79. 80. In the research study on learned helplessness C removal of reinforcers and result in a decrease in the
conducted by Seligman and Maier, dogs in the strength of a behavior.
escapable-shock condition _____ dogs in the a. repression
inescapable-shock condition. b. extinction
a. received fewer shocks than c. conditioned suppression
b. received more shocks than d. experimental neurosis
c. received the same amount of shock as
87. 88. Marla was severely chastised as a result of D
d. received less predictable shocks than
behaving in an aggressive manner toward her
80. 81. Joanne's favorite hat was taken away from her by C classmates. Which of the following is likely to result
her parents because she was being disobedient. As a from this event?
result, she was never again disobedient to her parents. a. Anger
This scenario is an example of b. Improvements in mood
a. positive punishment. c. Improvements in social behavior
b. time-out. d. All of these are correct.
c. response cost.
88. 89. Exposure and response prevention therapy for the A
d. negative reinforcement.
treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder involves
81. 82. Donna has a fear of wasps and refuses to go to the B prolonged exposure to the anxiety-arousing event
park in the summer when wasps are most numerous. while _____ in the _____ behavior pattern that reduces the
Which critical factor in the maintenance of phobic anxiety.
behavior does this scenario illustrate? a. not engaging; compulsive
a. Classical conditioning b. engaging; obsessive
b. Reducing the likelihood of encountering the CS c. not engaging; obsessive
c. Increasing the effort of avoiding the feared event d. engaging; compulsive
d. Intermittent negative reinforcement
89. 90. According to Mineka, experimental avoidance in B
82. 83. One difficulty with the two-process theory of A animals differs from phobic avoidance in humans in
avoidance is that: that:
a. avoidance responses are difficult to extinguish. a. humans avoid the US but not the CS.
b. avoidance responses extinguish very quickly. b. only one conditioning trial is typically required to
c. escape responses are difficult to extinguish. establish a phobia.
d. escape responses extinguish very quickly. c. phobic avoidance is never as consistent as
experimental avoidance.
83. 84. In the context of the _____ theory of punishment, a C
d. All of these are correct.
significant aspect involved in punishment is negative
_____.
a. avoidance; punishment
b. Premack; punishment
c. avoidance; reinforcement
d. Premack; reinforcement
90. 91. When Larry went swimming in the mountain lake, he C 97. 98. Making a child sit in a corner for being too noisy is B
almost froze to death and never again tried it. This is an attempted _____ procedure, while turning off the
an example of _____ punishment. television for being too noisy is an attempted _____
a. secondary procedure.
b. generalized secondary a. response cost; time-out
c. intrinsic b. time-out; response cost
d. extrinsic c. negative punishment; positive punishment
d. positive punishment; negative punishment
91. 92. Tom yells at his parrot whenever it squawks D
because the squawking bothers the neighbors in the 98. 99. One difference between obsessive-compulsive B
next apartment. Why is this procedure less than ideal? disorder and a phobia is that a phobia typically
a. The parrot could become very passive. involves a(n) _____ avoidance response, while
b. The parrot might still squawk when Tom is not home. obsessive-compulsive disorder involves a(n) _____
c. The parrot might become fearful of Tom. avoidance response.
d. All of these are correct. a. active; passive
b. passive; active
92. 93. A
c. overt; covert
The first process in Mowrer's two-process theory of
d. overt
avoidance involves:
a. classical conditioning of a fear response to a CS. 99. 100. Roberto was severely chastised by Ms. Veneka C
b. classical conditioning of an approach response to a for asking inappropriate questions in class. Problems
CS. arising from this include the possibility that Roberto
c. negative punishment resulting from the reduction of may:
fear. a. avoid Ms. Veneka whenever possible.
d. negative reinforcement resulting from the reduction b. refuse to say anything in future classes.
of fear. c. Both of these are correct.
d. Neither of these are correct.
93. 94. In general, obsessions and compulsions have _____ c
effects on anxiety. 100. 101. No longer getting food following a certain B
a. weak behavior is to _____ as withdrawal of food following a
b. similar certain behavior is to _____.
c. opposite a. extinction; positive punishment
d. unpredictable b. extinction; negative punishment
c. negative punishment; positive punishment
94. 95. Research on learned helplessness suggests that a B
d. positive punishment; negative punishment
useful means of treating some forms of _____ would be
to arrange for the person to have repeated 101. 102. The two-process theory of avoidance is to _____ as D
experiences with _____ at something. the one-process theory is to _____.
a. neurotic anxiety; succeeding a. negative reinforcement; negative punishment
b. depression; succeeding b. negative punishment; negative reinforcement
c. neurotic anxiety; failing c. avoidance; escape
d. depression; failing d. less fear; less shock
95. 96. In a shuttle avoidance procedure, an animal first A 102. 103. Obsessions are characterized by _____. B
learns to _____ the aversive stimulus and then learns to a. stereotyped actions
_____ it. b. persistent thoughts
a. escape; avoid c. repetitive actions
b. avoid; escape d. suicidal tendencies
c. escape; attack
103. 104. Constantly worrying about whether you locked C
d. notice; avoid
the door as you left your apartment this morning is an
96. 97. The most important factor in punishing A example of a(n):
inappropriate behavior is to: a. phobia.
a. positively reinforce appropriate behavior. b. compulsion.
b. negatively reinforce appropriate behavior. c. obsession.
c. intermittently punish the inappropriate behavior. d. Both a and b are correct.
d. deliver a delayed rather than an immediate
punishment.
104. 105. Robert has a bug phobia. According to the anxiety C 111. 112. Side effects of punishment can sometimes include: C
conservation hypothesis, his fear of bugs does not a. improvements in mood.
extinguish because any exposure to bugs: b. enhanced social behavior.
a. is negatively reinforced. c. Both a and b are correct.
b. is negatively punished. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
c. is too brief for extinction to take place.
112. 113. According to Stampfl, an important factor that A
d. results in incubation of the fear response.
underlies the development of _____ avoidance
105. 106. Masserman's experimental neurosis procedure is D responses in phobias is _____.
to _____ as Seligman's learned helplessness procedure a. early; effort reduction
is to _____. b. late; effort reduction
a. predictability; unpredictability c. early; effort induction
b. controllability; unpredictability d. late; effort induction
c. uncontrollability; controllability
113. 114. Many symptoms associated with Masserman's B
d. unpredictability; uncontrollability
experimental neurosis are similar to those found in _____
106. 107. Punishment is most effective when it is: D in humans.
a. delayed. a. borderline personality disorder
b. delivered with gradually increasing intensity. b. posttraumatic stress disorder
c. delivered intermittently rather than consistently. c. depression
d. None of these are correct. d. bipolar disorder
107. 108. In general, when we are confronted with an B 114. 115. Which of the following is a problem associated with D
aversive situation, the development of avoidance using punishment?
behavior _____ the development of escape behavior. a. It does not directly strengthen more appropriate
a. precedes behavior.
b. follows b. Strong emotional reactions may interfere with
c. occurs more quickly than learning.
d. is more certain than c. The use of punishment is often strongly reinforced.
d. All of these are correct.
108. 109. A rat has learned that if it presses a lever every D
30 seconds, it can avoid receiving a shock. After many 115. 116. In the Seligman and Maier (1967) experiment, the B
sessions, you notice the rat leisurely wandering about dogs that made no effort to avoid shock were those
the chamber during the time period preceding each that had been exposed to:
lever press. On the surface, this behavior seems to a. extinction.
_____ Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance. b. inescapable shock.
a. provide strong support for c. escapable shock.
b. provide at least moderate support for d. unpredictable shock.
c. be irrelevant to
116. 117. Unlike intermittent reinforcement, punishment has C
d. contradict
the strongest effect on behavior when it is
109. 110. Punishing your dog for chewing the newspaper C a. suppressed.
might only teach the dog: b. delayed.
a. to avoid you. c. delivered continuously.
b. to not chew the paper when you are around. d. delivered intermittently.
c. Both a and b are correct.
117. 118. According to the one-process theory of C
d. Neither a nor b is correct.
avoidance, the act of avoidance is negatively
110. 111. The _____ views punishment as the mirror opposite C reinforced by:
of reinforcement. a. a reduction in fear.
a. avoidance theory of punishment b. an increase in feelings of relief.
b. conditioned suppression theory of punishment c. the lower rate of aversive stimulation with which it is
c. Premack approach to punishment associated.
d. All of these are correct. d. negative punishment followed by the escape
response.
118. 119. In their theoretical account of learned D 123. 124. Levis's answer to the problem that the A
helplessness, Seligman and Maier (1967) proposed that "nonchalant" animal poses for the two-process theory
the dogs became helpless because they had learned of avoidance is that:
that there is a(n) _____ contingency between their a. the animal nevertheless feels a residual amount of
behavior and its outcomes. fear.
a. strong b. the animal's fear will gradually return after further
b. moderate conditioning trials.
c. inconsistent c. fear does not play a role in the maintenance of an
d. lack of avoidance response.
d. the animal actually feels extreme fear even if it
119. 120. Which of the following is a problem associated D
looks relaxed.
with the use of punishment?
a. The recipient may avoid the person who delivers the 124. 125. Which of the following would be the typical C
punishment. sequence of stimuli in a shuttle avoidance procedure?
b. The recipient may become aggressive. a. The presentation of a shock is followed by the
c. The recipient may later use punishment to control sound of a tone.
others. b. The sound of a tone is followed by the offset of a
d. All of these are correct. shock.
c. The sound of a tone is followed by the presentation
120. 121. Evidence that shaping might sometimes be C
of a shock.
involved in the development of dissociative identity
d. The offset of a shock is followed by the sound of a
disorder (DID) includes the fact that as therapy
tone.
progresses:
a. alter personalities become integrated with each 125. 126. According to the Premack approach to A
other punishment, a(n) _____ behavior can be used to punish
b. the number of alter personalities displayed by a(n) _____ behavior.
patients usually decreases a. low probability; high probability
c. patients becomes more adept at switching from one b. high probability; low probability
alter to another c. covert; overt
d. alter personalities become more similar to one d. overt; covert
another
126. 127. Obsessions are to _____ as compulsions are to _____. A
121. 122. Jessica whines for extra helpings when she is given D a. thoughts; actions
dessert at the dinner table. In order to put an end to b. actions; dreams
the whining, her mom decides to stop giving her extra c. dreams; thoughts
dessert when she whines for it. Her mom is attempting d. actions; thoughts
to use a(n) _____ procedure.
127. 128. In general, _____ punishment is preferable to _____ A
a. positive punishment
punishment.
b. time-out
a. negative; positive
c. blocking
b. positive; negative
d. extinction
c. extrinsic; positive
122. 123. Ted lost his job after arguing with his boss. As a C d. extrinsic; intrinsic
result, in his subsequent jobs, he never again argued
128. 129. According to Stampfl, a critical factor in the C
with the boss. This is an example of:
maintenance of phobic behavior is:
a. negative reinforcement.
a. last minute avoidance of the aversive stimulus.
b. extinction.
b. cognitive avoidance of the appetitive stimulus.
c. negative punishment.
c. early avoidance of the aversive stimulus.
d. positive punishment.
d. negative contrast effects between safety and
danger.
129. 130. The improvements in mood resulting from B
punishment is most likely to be due to:
a. the release of innate appeasement gestures.
b. the disruption of an ongoing state of agitation.
c. increased attention to others.
d. Both a and c are correct.
130. 131. Arthur owns a restaurant in a neighborhood D 135. 136. Obsessive-compulsive disorders often arise: C
controlled by organized crime. Local merchants often a. following a traumatic encounter with the relevant
pay "protection" money to gang members in order to event.
avoid risking their businesses. When a gang b. as a direct result of classical conditioning.
representative comes to Arthur's restaurant at the c. during times of stress.
beginning of every month, Arthur hands over an d. Both a and b are correct.
envelope full of cash and has a pleasant conversation
136. Allen, who was bullied as a child, feels anxious B
with the gang member. By Arthur's actions, it would
whenever he sees a gang of teenagers walking toward
appear as if he has no fear and yet continues to pay
him. As a result, he usually crosses the street so that
money to the gang. What would Levis (1989) suggest
he does not have to walk past them. This example best
about Arthur's apparent nonchalance?
illustrate
a. If Arthur truly had no fear, he would not continue to
a. Premack principle
pay money to the gang members.
b. two-process theory of avoidance
b. Arthur is less fearful as a result of experience.
c. latent inhibition effect
c. Arthur truly has no fear of the actions of the gang.
d. species-specific defense reaction theory
d. Both a and b are correct.
131. 132. In the research study on learned helplessness A
conducted by Seligman and Maier, dogs that were first
exposed to the escapable-shock condition later
learned to avoid shocks _____ than dogs that were first
exposed to the inescapable-shock condition.
a. more readily
b. less readily
c. no differently
d. less cognitively
132. 133. Identify a true statement about punishment. D
a. Ideally, it should be intermittent in nature.
b. It is most effective as its intensity gradually
increases.
c. It is the least effective when accompanied by an
explanation.
d. Ideally, it should be immediate rather than delayed.
133. 134. Shazia wishes to stop her five-year-old daughter B
from pulling the cat's tail. To do so most effectively,
she should:
a. start with a very mild reprimand and then gradually
increase its severity.
b. accompany a punishment with an explanation.
c. leave the child alone when she sees her treating the
cat well.
d. wait for several hours before handing out a
punishment.
134. 135. According to the Premack principle of A
punishment, which of the following constitutes a
contingency of punishment for a teenage boy who
likes watching television and dislikes doing chores?
a. Watching television —> doing chores
b. Doing chores —> watching television
c. Too much of television
d. Too little television