TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 AURORA BLVD., CUBAO, QUEZON CITY

COLLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Program and for the course DC and AC Machinery through Design of Experiment entitled:

“Design of Experiment on how Hydroelectric Generator can generate Electric Power

(Reaction Wheel Propeller)”

Submitted by:

Geronimo, Mark Wendell

Nueva, Justine Joseph

De Leon, Joben

Sitson, Rafael

Bitong, Dashiel

Submitted to:

Engr. Alvin T. Dela Cruz

Instructor

OCTOBER 2019
I. BACKGROUND OF THE DESIGN EXPERIMENT
Hydroelectric power plants consist of turbine-generator sets to produce electrical energy from

the potential and kinetic energy of water flow. Water is tapped from rivers and instantly supplied to

turbine-generator sets, or the water is stored in a dam first and then its flow is regulated through the

turbine-generator sets to generate electricity. A Hydropower or hydroelectricity is basically electrical

energy that has been generated using natural forces such as gravity or flowing water. It's usually

produced by dams, because dams can store and direct large volumes of water. Hydroelectric power is

becoming increasingly popular. Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate

electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a

generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.

Nowadays, the cost of energy is continually increasing while environmental concerns are

increasing as well. Many businesses are turning to green technology to save long-term costs and take

advantage of green marketing. Hydroelectric power is the most popular "green" energy source for

several reasons. First, the cost of the fuel needed to generate hydropower is miniscule because the

process doesn't use any of the more common polluting fuels, such as oil, coal, or natural gas. This

means that, unlike other power plants, hydroelectric plants don't produce carbon dioxide. A

hydroelectric plant is also a lot cheaper to operate because it can be fully automated, saving labor

costs, and because its facilities don't need to be repaired frequently. Many hydroelectric plants have

been in use for at least 50 years, and they are still running smoothly. A "pumped-storage" plant usually

consists of a dam combined with a sluice system that allows water to move between a higher-elevation

reservoir behind the dam and a lower-elevation outlet in front of the dam. During times of peak energy

usage, the water is allowed to flow from the higher elevation to the lower elevation. Along the way it

spins a turbine, using the force of gravity to generate electricity. When the demand for electricity falls

during the night, for instance excess power is used to pump water from the lower elevation back up to

the reservoir. The reservoir serves as a sort of massive battery that can be tapped when the demand

for electricity increases again.

1
 II. STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE
The purpose of this design of this experiment is to design an experiment on how hydroelectric

generated power. This paper will describe concept of generating power using hydroelectricity and explain

how hydroelectricity works.

The design of experiment’s aim to measure and obtain the following results: Power Output and

Power Efficiency.

MAIN OBJECTIVE:
 To determine how much Wattage and Percentage Efficiency is made.

FIVE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

 Discuss how to converts the energy of flowing water from mechanical energy to electric energy.
 To be able to build a scale model of hydro-electric generator and to demonstrate how it works.
 Determine how much voltage is produce when the shaft and impeller of dynamo is rotating.
 To know how electricity is generated using a renewable energy source.
 To determine how hydro-electric generators are useful.

III. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

METHODOLOGY
This chapter explains the methodology and Procedure used by the team to conduct the design

of the experiment. Through the scarce resources regarding the creation and the principles regarding

Hydro-electric generators, the team decided to create a scale model to further explain the different parts

and functions on a Hydro-electric generator and to demonstrate how Hydro-electric generator converts

the flow of water from mechanical energy to electricity. The purpose of the design is stated in previous
2
chapter. The electrical power output needed to drive the pump is not into standard because the

generator used by the team is small scale model. Thus, the question is how much power the pump can

generate, and what useful applications exist for the small amount of electricity generated.

The team gathered information on the useful websites, books and different articles that contains

principles about Hydro-electric generators. Sharing of information and several meetings on how to

determine and analyze the said design is the preliminary action and primary key point of the team. Then

the team conducts the experiment to test whether the principles and theories used are right and to

know whether the objectives was achieved by the team.

PROCEDURES

1. Gather the materials upon creating the design.

2. Connect the impeller to the end of the shaft.

3. Install a bearing on the shaft.

4. Connect the larger pulley on the other end of the shaft.

5. Bolt a bracket on the casing of bearing.

6. On the other end of the bracket, bolt in the dynamo.

7. Install the smaller pulley on the shaft of the dynamo.

8. Install the belt on the two pulleys.

9. Conduct a test.

3
 IV. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

ITEM DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION
Dynamo Motor
Dynamos and Generators convert
mechanical rotation into electric power.
Dynamo - a device that makes direct
current electric power using
electromagnetism. It is also known as a
generator; however, the term generator
normally refers to an "alternator" which
creates alternating current power.

Figure 4.1

Plastic Impeller
A plastic impeller hydroelectric generator
generates electricity by having moving
water a miniaturized water wheel made out
of plastic impeller spin.

Every time the water wheel spins it creates

kinetic energy. Then that kinetic energy is
converted into mechanical energy. Finally,
that mechanical energy is converted to
electrical energy for further usage.

Figure 4.2

4
Pulley

The pulley is a sheave or small wheel with

a grooved rim and with or without the block
in which it runs used singly with a rope or
chain to change the direction and point of
application of a pulling force.

Figure 4.3

Bracket

To connect one equipment to another

equipment. It is an overhanging member
that projects from a structure and is usually
designed to support vertical load or to
strengthen an angle

Figure 4.4
Belt

A continuous band of tough flexible material

for transmitting motion and power or
conveying materials

Figure 4.5

5
FINAL ASSEMBLY RENDERED IN SOLIDWORKS

6
 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAM

V. PRESENTATION OF DATA AND RESULTS

TRIAL 1
Dynamo Specification pA V 2
P= Cp
2
12 volts
Where;
2 amps
Cp=the turbine power coefficient (35-45%)
W=12V (2)
P=Power generated (watts)
W=24watts
kg
Velocity of water p=the density of water (1000 )
m3
Vt=√ 2 g (Ht)
A=sweep area of the turbine (m2)
Where;
V=velocity of water
Ht=h1-h2
H1= (5-0) m; H=5m
P=
m m 3
√(
Vt= 2 9.81
s2 )
5m (1000
kg (
m3
) 0.00007125573925

2
m 2
) (
9.904544412
s) (3
m
Vt=9.904544412
s P= 12.11605985W
7
Power Efficiency Ŋp=50.48358269%
Output Voltage Generated
Ŋp= ( 100 )
Input
Eg = Vt+IR
12.11605985 w
= (100) Eg = 11.594V + (2.2A) (5.27ohms)
24 w
Eg = 23.188 V

TRIAL 2
Dynamo Specification kg
p=the density of water (1000 )
m3
12 volts
2 amps A=sweep area of the turbine (m2)

W=12V (2) V=velocity of water

W=24watts
Velocity of water P=
kg ( m 3
Vt=√ 2 g (Ht) (1000
m3
) 0.00007125573925 m 2
) (
9.704431977
s ) (3
Where; 2

Ht=h1-h2
H1= (4.8-0) m; H=4.8m P=11.3964151W
Power Efficiency
m
√( s )
Vt= 2 9.81 2 4.8 m
Ŋp=
Output
Input
( 100 )
m
Vt=9.704431977 11.3964151W
s = (100)
24 w
pA V 2
P= Cp Ŋp=47.4850629%
2
Where; Voltage Generated

Cp=the turbine power coefficient (35-45%) Eg = Vt+IR

P=Power generated (watts) Eg = 11.5632v+ (2.190A) (5.28ohms)

Eg = 23.1264V

TRIAL 3
Dynamo Specification W=12V (2)
12 volts W=24watts
2 amps Velocity of water

8
Vt=√ 2 g (Ht) V=velocity of water

Where;
Ht=h1-h2 P=
kg ( m 3
H1= (4.65-0) m; H=4.65m (1000
m3
) 0.00007125573925 m 2
) (
9.551596725
s ) (3
m 2
√(
Vt= 2 9.81
s2 )
4.65 m
P=10.86640363 W
m Power Efficiency
Vt=9.551596725
s
Output
Ŋp= ( 100 )
pA V 2 Input
P= Cp
2
10.86640363W
Where; = (100)
24 w
Cp=the turbine power coefficient (35-45%) Ŋp=45.27668178%
P=Power generated (watts) Voltage Generated
kg Eg= Vt+IR
p=the density of water (1000 )
m3 Eg = 11.5213V+ (2.180A) (5.285ohms)
2
A=sweep area of the turbine (m ) Eg = 23.0426V

TRIAL 4
Dynamo Specification m
Vt=9.448333186
s
12 volts
pA V 2
2 amps P= Cp
2
W=12V(2)
Where;
W=24watts
Cp=the turbine power coefficient (35-45%)
Velocity of water
P=Power generated (watts)
Vt=√ 2 g (Ht)
kg
p=the density of water (1000 )
Where; m3
Ht=h1-h2 A=sweep area of the turbine (m2)
H1= (4.55-0) m; H=4.55m V=velocity of water

m
√(
Vt= 2 9.81
s2 )
4.55 m

9
P= 10.51776585 w
= (100)
kg ( m 3 24 w
(1000
m 3 (
) 0.00007125573925 m2 ) 9.448333186
s) Ŋp=43.82402438%
(35 %)
2
Voltage Generated
P=10.51776585 W
Eg = Vt +IR
Power Efficiency
Eg =11.50575v+ (2.175A) (5.29ohms)
Output
Ŋp= ( 100 ) Eg= 23.0115V
Input

TRIAL 5
Dynamo Specification kg
p=the density of water (1000 )
m3
12 volts
2 amps A=sweep area of the turbine (m2)

W=12V (2) V=velocity of water

W=24watts
Velocity of water P=
kg ( m 3
Vt=√ 2 g (Ht) (1000
m3
) 0.00007125573925 m 2
) (
9.34392851
s ) (35
Where; 2

Ht=h1-h2 P=10.17293852 W

H1= (4.45-0) m; H=4.45m Power Efficiency

Output
m ( 100 )
√( s )
Vt= 2 9.81 2 4.45 m
Ŋp=

=
Input
10.17293852w
(100)
m 24 w
Vt=9.34392851
s
Ŋp=42.38724383%
pA V 2
P= Cp Voltage Generated
2
Where; Eg = Vt +IR

Cp=the turbine power coefficient (35-45%) Eg =11.4745V+ (2.165A) (5.3ohms)

Eg=22.949V
P=Power generated (watts)

TRIAL 6
Dynamo Specification 2 amps
12 volts W=12V(2)
10
W=24watts V=velocity of water
Velocity of water
Vt=√ 2 g (Ht) P=
kg ( m 3
Where;
( 1000
m3) 0.00007125573925 m
2
(
) 9.185096624
s ) (3
Ht=h1-h2 2
H1= (4.30-0) m; H=4.30m P=9.662935633 W
m Power Efficiency
√(
Vt= 2 9.81
s2 )
4.30 m
Ŋp=
Output
Input
( 100 )
m
Vt=9.185096624
s 9.662935633 w
= (100)
pA V 2 24 w
P= Cp
2 Ŋp=40.26223181%
Where;
Cp=the turbine power coefficient (35-45%) Voltage Generated
P=Power generated (watts) Eg = Vt +IR
kg Eg =11.4646V+(2.155A) (5.32ohms)
p=the density of water (1000 )
m3
Eg= 22.9292V
2
A=sweep area of the turbine (m )

TRIAL 7
Dynamo Specification Ht=h1-h2
12 volts H1= (4.10-0) m; H=4.10m
2 amps m
W=12V (2) √(
Vt= 2 9.81
s2)4.10 m

W=24watts m
Vt=8.968946426
s
Velocity of water
pA V 2
Vt=√ 2 g (Ht) P= Cp
2
Where;
Where;
11
Cp=the turbine power coefficient (35-45%) P=8.996678236 W
P=Power generated (watts) Power Efficiency
kg Output
p=the density of water (1000 ) Ŋp= ( 100 )
m3 Input

A=sweep area of the turbine (m 2) 8.996678236 w

= (100)
24 w
V=velocity of water
Ŋp=37.48615932%
Voltage Generated
P=
3 Eg = Vt +IR
kg ( m
( ) 2
(
1000 3 0.00007125573925 m ) 8.968946426
m s )
Eg =11.298v+ (2.1A) (5.38ohms)
( 35 % )
2 Eg=22.596V

TRIAL 8
Dynamo Specification kg
p=the density of water (1000 )
m3
12 volts
2 amps A=sweep area of the turbine (m2)

W=12V(2) V=velocity of water

W=24watts
Velocity of water P=
kg ( m 3
Vt=√ 2 g (Ht) ( 1000
m3) 0.00007125573925 m
2
)(8.634581634
s ) (3
Where; 2
Ht=h1-h2 P=8.027527431 W
H1= (3.8-0) m; H=3.8m

m Power Efficiency
√(
Vt= 2 9.81
s2)3.8 m
Ŋp=
Output
Input
( 100 )
m
Vt=8.634581634
s 8.027527431 w
= (100)
24 w
pA V 2
P= Cp
2 Ŋp=33.44803096%

Where; Voltage Generated

Cp=the turbine power coefficient (35-45%) Eg = Vt +IR

P=Power generated (watts) Eg =11.07V+ (2.050A) (5.4ohms)

Eg= 22.14V
12
 TRIAL 9
Dynamo Specification kg
p=the density of water (1000 )
m3
12 volts
2 amps A=sweep area of the turbine (m 2)

W=12V (2) V=velocity of water

W=24watts
Velocity of water P=
kg ( m 3
Vt=√ 2 g (Ht) ( 1000
m3) 0.00007125573925 m 2
)(7.672027112
s ) (3
Where; 2
Ht=h1-h2 P=5.631035762 W
H1=(3m-0) m; H=3m Power Efficiency

m Output
√(
Vt= 2 9.81
s2 )
3m Ŋp=
Input
( 100 )

5.631035762w
m = (100)
Vt=7.672027112 24 w
s
Ŋp=23.46264901%
pA V 2
P= Cp
2 Voltage Generated

Where; Eg = Vt +IR

Cp=the turbine power coefficient (35-45%) Eg =10.279v+ (1.9A) (5.41ohms)

P=Power generated (watts) Eg= 20.558V

TRIAL 10
Dynamo Specification
12 volts
2 amps
W=12V (2)
W=24watts
Velocity of water
13
Vt=√ 2 g (Ht)
Where;
Ht=h1-h2
H1= (1.91-0) m; H=1.91m

m
√(
Vt= 2 9.81
s2 )
1.91 m

m
Vt=6.121617433
s

pA V 2
P= Cp
2
Where;
Cp=the turbine power coefficient (35-45%)
P=Power generated (watts)
kg
p=the density of water (1000 )
m3
A=sweep area of the turbine (m 2)
V=velocity of water

kg ( m 3
P= ( 1000
m3 )
0.00007125573925 m 2
) (
6.121617433
s
(35 % )
)
2
P=2.86059552W
Power Efficiency Ŋp=11.919148%
Output Voltage Generated
Ŋp= ( 100 )
Input
Eg = Vt +IR
15.25528062w
= (100) Eg =8.7V+ (1.5A) (5.8ohms)
24 w
Eg= 17.4

Summary of results:

Total Velocity Flow Rate Rotor Power Current

Power Voltage Resistance
Trial Height m m3 speed Efficiency I
( ¿ ( ) (W) generated N (ohms)
(m) s s (RPM) (%) (mA)
0.003110 1855
1 5 9.90 12.17 50.48 23.1880 5.270 2.200
2

14
 0.003047 1832
2 4.80 9.70 11.39 47.49 23.1264 5.280 2.190
3
0.003000 1778
3 4.65 9.55 10.87 45.28 23.0426 5.285 2.180
2
0.002968 1680
4 4.55 9.45 10.52 43.82 23.0115 5.290 2.175
8
0.002934 1632
5 4.45 9.34 10.17 42.39 22.9490 5.300 2.165
2
0.002887 1583
6 4.30 9.19 9.66 40.26 22.9292 5.320 2.155
1
7 4.10 8.97 0.002818 1501 9.00 37.49 22.5960 5.380 2.100
0.002711 1466
8 3.80 8.63 8.03 33.45 22.1400 5.400 2.050
2
0.002409 1425
9 3 7.67 5.63 23.46 20.5580 5.410 1.900
6
0.001922 1338
10 1.91 6.12 2.86 11.92 17.4000 5.800 1.500
7

VI. CORRELATIONS

15
PEARSON R CORRELATION:

16
VII. GRAPHS AND INTERPRETATIONS

POWER VS VOLTAGE GENERATED

Figure 7.1
17
 VOLTAGE VS VELOCITY

Figure 7.2

TOTAL HEIGHT VS VELOCITY

Figure 7.3

18
Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

19
 Interpretation
Correlations COMPARISON
Power Vs. Voltage Generated (Fig. 7.1) When the Scattered Power Increases, The
Voltage Generated Increases.

Resistance Vs. Current (Fig 7.2) When the Resistance Decrease, The
Current Decreases.

Total Height Vs. Velocity (Fig. 7.3) When the Total Height Increases, The
Velocity Increases.
Velocity Vs. Power Output (Fig. 7.4) When the total Velocity Decreases, The
Power Output Decreases.

Power Efficiency Vs. Power Output (Fig. 7.5) When the Power Efficiency Decreases, The
Power Output Decreases.

Resistance Vs. Power Output (Fig. 7.6) When the Resistance Increases, The
Power Output Increases.

Current Vs. Power Output (Fig 7.7) When the Current Decreases, The Power
Output Decreases.

Figure 7.8

VIII. THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES

In a pump storage, pump turbines transfer water into a high storage reservoir during off-peak

hours. The stored water can later be used to generate electricity to cover temporary peaks in demand

from consumer or unplanned storage.

It is the power generated by water, using its gravitational force when it is flowing or flowing.

Water is move into a higher elevation point to a lower elevation point through a pipe. At the end, there is

a turbine and the water spin it, which moves the shaft that moves the generator making electricity.

Hydro-electric power convert the kinetic energy contained in falling water into electricity. The

energy in flowing water is ultimately derived from the sun and is therefore constantly being renewed.

Energy contained in sunlight evaporates water from the oceans and deposits it on land in the form of

20
 rain. Differences in land elevation result in rainfall runoff and allow some of the original solar energy to

be captured as hydro-electric power.

Hydro power is currently the world's largest renewable source of electricity, accounting for 6%

of worldwide energy supply or about 15% of the world's electricity. In Canada, hydroelectric power is

abundant and supplies 60% of our electrical needs. Traditionally thought of as a cheap and clean

source of electricity, most large hydro-electric schemes being planned today are coming up against a

great deal of opposition from environmental groups and native people.

IX. CONCLUSION
The researchers can produce enough wattage and power efficiency which meet the standard of

Hydro-Electric Generator. The range of wattage is from 3 Watts to 10 Watts while the range of power

efficiency is 12 % to 51 %. The Figure 5.1 shows when the height increase, the power output and power

efficiency increase too until it met the 100% of it. Therefore, Changes in Power Output and Efficiency

differ in Height of the flowing water.

The researcher also discuss on how to convert the energy of flowing water from mechanical

energy to electrical energy by using the principle of Francis Turbine which the flowing water makes the

impeller that is connected to the shaft to rotate and the shaft transmit the rotational power to the pulley

that is connected to the dynamo motor that converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy. Then,
21
 they create a scale model of the hydro-electric generator which helps the researcher to demonstrate the

efficiency and power itself. The results are they able to determine the ranges of voltage from 17 to 23

Volts which depends from the velocity of water source. In short, the higher the velocity is, the higher the

power output and efficiency.

This research conclude that the Hydro-Electric Generator is very good example of renewable

source energy. It can’t give bad impact to environment yet gives electricity to nearby places.

Furthermore, there are many application of hydro-electric generator: Electricity – Hydroelectricity is one

of the most important sources of energy in the world, Load Balancing – Storing Power during Low

Usage Periods and Generating Power at High Usage Periods, Accommodation of Intermittent Sources

of Energy., Reducing Capital Investments, Agriculture and Industry Application.

X. SYNTHESIS

The students have learned the following upon doing this design of experiment:

 The water energy uses simple mechanics to convert that energy into electricity.

 Our group was able to gather some data about the specifications of the dynamo motor and its

voltages, speed and power output.

XI. Pictures of the Activity and Evidences

Figure 11.1

This is the scale model of

Hydroelectric Generator which is

reaction wheel impeller concepts

22
without the case.

Figure 11.2

The testing of the prototype

using the high-pressure water hose

the source of mechanical works

Figure 11.3
The student makes a
wooden
case for the prototype as a protector and
anti-vibration item for the motor.

Figure 11.4
This is the disassemble
impeller which is connected to the wooden
case.

Figure 11.5
23
 This is the finished product of the prototype and ready to use as experimental materials for the studies

of Hydroelectric Generator

XII. References

 "Huco Timing Belts and Pulleys". HucoDynatork.

 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bracket
 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/belt
 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pulley
 ^ Jump up to:a b US patent 5807194, "Toothed belt", published 15 September 1998, assigned
to Gates Corporation
 Jump up^ in Contact !, Experimental Aircraft and PowerplantNewsforum for Designers and
Builders, n°55, Dieselis Aircraft, A Prototype Aircraft with a Diesel Engine
 Jump up^ "PowerGrip HTD and timing synchronous belts". Gates Corporation.
 Jump up^ "ENG-10, Camshaft (Timing) Belt and Balance Shaft Belt Tension - Checking and
Adjusting". Clarks Garage. Retrieved 2014-02-27. This should be checked at the midpoint
between the cam sprocket and the crankshaft sprocket.
 Ari Ben-Menahem (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences.
Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2640. ISBN 978-3-540-68831-0. Archived from the
original on 2016-12-03.
 Jump up^ Matthew M. Radmanesh Ph.D. (2005). The Gateway to Understanding: Electrons to
Waves and Beyond. AuthorHouse. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-4184-8740-9.
 Jump up^ Jill Jonnes (2003). Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to
Electrify the World. Random House Publishing Group. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-58836-000-7.
 ^ Jump up to:a b Marc J. Seifer (1996). Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla   : Biography of a
Genius. Citadel Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8065-1960-9.
 Jump up^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson (1895). Polyphase Electric Currents and Alternate-
current Motors. Spon. p. 87. Archived from the original on 2012-11-11.
 Jump up^ W. Bernard Carlson (2003). Innovation as a Social Process: Elihu Thomson and the
Rise of General Electric. Cambridge University Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-521-53312-6.
 Jump up^ Fritz E. Froehlich; Allen Kent (1998). The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of
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8247-2915-8

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