Integral Calculus

(Cal02)
Instructor: Mrs. Ma. Felisa A. Molina
College: College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology (CEAT)
Department: CHEMAPHY
2 Operations in Calculus

1. differentiation
2. anti-differentiation 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒:

given: 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2

𝑑
3𝑥 2 = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥

න 6𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝐶
 න 𝐹 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶 Indefinite
Integral

• ∫ is called the indefinite integral sign,

• 𝐹 𝑥 dx is the integrand (derivative),
• 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶 is the indefinite integral
• 𝐶 is called the arbitrary constant. 𝑏
𝑏
න 𝐹 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥ሻ൧
𝑎 𝑎
Definite
Integral 𝑏
න 𝐹 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎ሻ
𝑎
Examples:

𝑑
1. 3𝑥 4 = 12𝑥 3 න12𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 4 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3
2. 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 න 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 1
3. 𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥
Examples:

𝑑
4. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 2𝑥 − 3 න 2𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2
5
5. 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − = 2𝑥 − 3 න 2𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑 2 න 2𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝐶
6. 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 1.23 = 2𝑥 − 3
𝑑𝑥
Basic Rules for Anti-derivative

(a) Integral of the derivative of 𝒙: න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪

(b) Integral of a constant 𝐤 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐚 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

න 𝒌 ⋅ 𝑭(𝒙ሻ𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 න 𝑭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒇(𝒙ሻ + 𝑪

Examples:
(1) ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
1 1 𝟏
(2) ∫−2 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝒙 +𝑪
2 𝟐

(3) ∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝝅𝒙 + 𝑪
Basic Rules for Anti-derivative

(c) Integral of the sum and difference of functions:

න 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 ± ⋯ ± 𝒉(𝒙ሻ 𝒅𝒙 = න𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± න𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± ⋯ ± න𝒉 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝒏+1
(d) Power Formula where 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏: න 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒏+1

(e) Power Formula where 𝒏 = −𝟏: න𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪

 𝑥 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 ≠ −1
Power Rule for Integration: න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 + 1
ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = −1
Examples:
𝑥 4+1 𝒙𝟓 1 1 1
(1) ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶= +𝑪 3 න 𝑑𝑥 = න𝑥 − ൗ2 𝑑𝑥
4+1 𝟓 2 𝑥 2
1
(2) ∫ 12𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 12 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 1 − +1
𝑥 2
= ∙ +𝐶
𝑥 3+1 1
2 − +1
= 12 ∙ +𝐶 2
3+1
1
𝑥4 1 𝑥2
= 12 ∙ +𝐶 = ∙ +𝐶
4 2 1
= 𝟑𝒙𝟒 +𝑪 2
1
= 𝒙2 + 𝑪 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 + 𝑪
Rules for Integration:

4 න 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 න𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
=3∙ −2∙ +𝐶
2+1 1+1

𝑥3 𝑥2
=3∙ −2∙ +𝐶
3 2

= 𝒙3 − 𝒙2 + 𝑪
Rules for Integration:

5 න 5𝑥 − 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 25𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

= 25 න𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 20 න𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 4 න𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= 25 ∙ − 20 ∙ + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
2+1 1+1

25 3
= 𝒙 − 10𝒙2 + 4𝒙 + 𝑪
3
 𝑥 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 ≠ −1
Rules for Integration: න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 + 1
ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = −1
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥 1
6 න 𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 − 4 න 𝑑𝑥 − 5 න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

= 2 න𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + න𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 4 න 𝑑𝑥 − 5 න𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
=2∙ + − 4𝑥 − 5 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
2+1 1+1

2 3 1 2
= 𝒙 + 𝒙 − 4𝒙 − 5 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
3 2
Rules for Integration:
3 1 3 1 −5
4
−2
7 න 𝑥3 2− + 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥2
2 − 3𝑥+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 2 𝑥5 2
3 −1 1 −1
= න 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
3 −1 1
= 2 න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 3 න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥
2
5 1
𝑥2 1𝑥2
= 2 ∙ − 3 ∙ + ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
5 1 2
2 2
𝟒 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟐
Summary: Basic Integration Rules

(𝑎ሻ න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪

𝑏 න 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒙 + 𝑪

(𝑐ሻ න 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 ± ⋯ ± 𝒉(𝒙ሻ 𝒅𝒙 = න𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± න𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± ⋯ ± න𝒉 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝑥 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
𝑑 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = −1
Finding the value of C:
To determine arbitrary constant in the indefinite integral, at least one ordered pair on the
function must be given. After solving for the integral, plug in the given values then
evaluate the value of C.
Example 1: Find the function y in terms of x, given that 𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥 = 1,
𝑑𝑦
if = 4𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥
Solution: 𝑑𝑦
To get y, find ∫ Find C when 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 y = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 3 = 2(1ሻ2 −1 + 𝐶
y =∫ 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 C =𝟐
y = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 Therefore, y = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2
 7
Example 2: If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1, find f(x) if 𝑦 = when 𝑥 = 1
3

Solution: 7
for 𝑦 = and 𝑥 = 1
3

To get f(x), find ∫ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7 1 3

= +1+𝐶
3 3
∫ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1 7
𝑥3 𝐶 =− −1+
𝑓 𝑥 = +𝑥+𝐶 3 3
3
𝑪=1
𝒙𝟑
Therefore, 𝒇 𝒙 = +𝒙+𝟏
𝟑
 𝑑𝑦 5
Example 3: Given that = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5 and 𝑦 = when 𝑥 = 2, find the
𝑑𝑥 3
value of y when 𝑥 = 1
5
Solution: when 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = ,
3
5 (2ሻ3 (2ሻ2
= + − 5(2ሻ + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 3 3 2
To get y, find ∫ 5 8
𝑑𝑥
𝐶 = − − 2 + 10
𝑑𝑦 3 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5 𝑑𝑥 21 𝑥3 𝑥2 21
𝐶 = Thus, y = + − 5𝑥 +
3 3 2 3
y = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
find the value of y when 𝑥 = 1,
𝑥3 𝑥2
y = + − 5𝑥 + 𝐶 (1ሻ3 (1ሻ2 21
3 2
y = + − 5(1ሻ +
3 2 3
𝟏𝟕
y =
𝟔
HW #1
A. Answer the following:
𝑑𝑦
1. Find the function y in terms of x, given that 𝑦 = −1 when 𝑥 = 2, if = 3 − 2𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
2. Find the function f(x), given that 𝑦 = 6 when 𝑥 = −2, if 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 5.
𝑑𝑦
3. If = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = −3 when 𝑥 = −2, find the function y in terms of x.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
4. Given that = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥 = −1, find the function f(x).
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
5. Given that = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 and 𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥 = −1, find the value of y
𝑑𝑥
when x=2.
6. The curve which passes through the point (1, 2ሻ has slope of 3𝑥 2 − 2. Find the
value of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = −2.
7. The curve has a gradient function 2𝑥 − 3 and passes through (1, −6ሻ. Find the
value of 𝑥 when 𝑦 = 0.
B. Using the integration rules discusses, evaluate he indefinite
integral of the following:

3 2
1. න −48𝑢12 + 36𝑢8 𝑑𝑢 6. න + 3 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 6 𝑥
3𝑡 5 − 2𝑡 3 + 6 − 3 𝑡
2. න 24𝑥 5 − 12𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 7. න 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
2 5 10
3. න + 2 − 3 − 6𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 8. න 7𝑤 − 2 2 𝑑𝑤
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
3 5
4. න 𝑧 3 18𝑧 2 − 10𝑧 + 2 − 4 𝑑𝑧 9. න 𝑣 2 − 4𝑣 − 3 2 𝑑𝑣
4𝑧 2𝑧
3 4
5. න 4 𝑟 − 𝑟2 − 6 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 10. න 3 𝑠 + 2𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠