School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences

1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

Experiment No. 2

Gravimetric Analysis

Submitted by: Date Submitted: February 19, 2021

Mansilungan, Ma. Theressa Camille M.

PROF. NANETTE D. SANTOS

Faculty In-charge

CM124-1L – A8
 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

1. INTRODUCTION

A. Brief Background ( 1 Paragraph or 5 sentences)

The purpose of the study is to identify the quantity of the analyte by computing for the
mass value of Calcium carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 , collected from the precipitation reaction of
Sodium carbonate, 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 , and Calcium chloride, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 . This study includes comparison
between theoretical and actual values that can be shown as Percent yield of the results.
Identifying the percent yield of the results will give the similarity of the actual and
theoretical values. The study has obtained 0.80-g actual mass and 0.99-g theoretical mass
of Calcium carbonate, the percent yield of the results of the study is 81% similarity.

B. Objective(s)
1. Proper reading of measurements with concave and convex meniscus
2. Identify which is the limiting reactant using molarity and given volume
3. Identify the quantity of the analyte using the mass of the produced solid
4. Compute for the actual and theoretical mass of Calcium carbonate

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1. Synthesize Calcium carbonate

Measure 100 mL of 0.10 M Sodium

Transfer to a beaker
carbonate on a graduated cylinder

Transfer to the same beaker Measure 100 mL of 0.20 M Calcium

containing Sodium carbonate chloride on a graduated cylinder

Place the mixture on the hot plate. Heat the mixture for about 4 minutes.

After observing, stir the mixture using

Observe the mixture.
the stirring rod.

Remove the beaker from the hot plate,

let the mixture cool down for 10 Observe the mixture.
minutes.

Figure 1. Synthesizing Calcium carbonate

 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

Researchers first performed preparations before the experiment, first preparation is the
brief studying of the chemical composition, hazards and safety handling of the chemicals that
would be used in the experiment. By doing so, it will help to prevent incidents and as well as
to minimize errors that can occur in the experiment. After studying the chemicals that would
be used in the experiment, the researchers prepared for the materials, tools, and instrument,
making sure that these instruments and tools are clean before it will be used in the
experiment. In addition, the researchers also wore proper laboratory equipment.

After safety precautions and preparations, researchers measured approximately 100

mL of 0.10 M of Sodium carbonate, 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞), using a graduated cylinder. Researchers
bear in mind that in reading a solution, if the solution have concave meniscus, the lower part
of the meniscus will serves as the indicator, on the other hand, if the solution have a convex
meniscus, the upper part of the meniscus will be used as the indicator. After measuring,
researchers transferred the solution into a clean beaker. Then, researchers measured
approximately 100 mL of 0.20 M of Calcium chloride, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞), using a graduated cylinder
then transfer it into the same beaker containing Sodium carbonate, 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞). Afterwards,
researchers heated the solution using an oven for about 4 minutes. The researchers removed
the solution in the oven and observed the before-stirring characteristics of the solution. After
observing, the researchers, using a clean stirring rod, mixed the solution and took record of
the before and after observation of the solution.

2.2. Prepare vacuum filtration apparatus

Tare the balance Tare the filter paper

Place the filter paper in the Büchner

Turn on the burner
funnel

Damp the filter paper with DI water

Figure 2. Preparation of vacuum filtration apparatus

After synthesizing the Calcium carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 , the researchers prepared a vacuum
filtration apparatus for the solution. In preparing the vacuum filtration apparatus, the
researchers first tared the balance to remove extraneous errors then placed a filter paper in
the balance using a forceps, then weighed the filter paper on the balance. Researchers
recorded the weight of the filter paper, then using a forceps transferred and put the filter paper
inside the Büchner funnel. After placing the filter paper inside the Büchner funnel, the
researchers turned on the burner, and while the burner is turned on, the researchers damped
the filter paper placed inside the Büchner funnel with DI water.
 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

2.3. Collect Calcium carbonate

Transfer the mixture, through slowly Wash the beaker using DI water and
pouring it into the Büchner funnel stirring rod with rubber policemen

Pour the washed solution into the

Rinse Büchner funnel with DI water
Büchner funnel

Figure 3. Collecting Calcium carbonate

Right after the preparation of the vacuum filtration apparatus, researchers transferred
the solution into the Büchner funnel. In order to completely transfer every particles of the
solution, the researchers washed the beaker using DI water and pour the washed solution
into the Büchner funnel, the washed solution contains the remaining particles left by the
solution in the beaker.

2.4. Measure mass of Calcium carbonate

Remove the filter paper on the

Turn off the vacuum
Büchner funnel

Heat the filter paper in the oven for 10 Place the filter paper on the watch
minutes glass

Remove the filter paper from the Remove the filter paper from the
oven. Let it cool down for 10 minutes. watch glass and weigh.

Record actual mass of Calcium Repeat heating then cool down until
carbonate constant value of mass weighed

Compute for expected mass of

Calcium carbonate and percent yield

Subsequently, researchers turned of the burner and using a forceps removed the filter
paper placed inside the Büchner funnel. The filter paper was placed in a watch glass then
heated inside an oven for about 10 minutes. After heating, the researchers let the filter paper
 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

cooled down for another 10 minutes. Then after the filter paper cooled down, researchers
placed the filter paper in the balance using forceps and weigh it. Th researchers repeated the
process of heating and cool down until the weigh or mass of the filter paper became constant.
Keep in mind that the researcher’s recorded the value of weighs they have acquired every
after heating and cool down of the filter paper.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table No.1 Collected Sample data

Sample Molarity Volume

Sodium carbonate,
0.10 M 99 mL
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞)
Calcium chloride, 0.20 M 100 mL
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞)

Table No.2 Product produced data

Sample Molarity Volume 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 Mass of
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑

Sodium carbonate,
0.10 M 99 mL 9.9 𝑥 10−3 mol 0.99 g
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞)
Calcium chloride,
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞) 0.20 M 100 mL 0.02 mol 2.0 g

In the experiment, researchers were asked to prepare 100 mL of 0.10 M Sodium

carbonate, 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞). The type of meniscus present in the solution is concave
meniscus, therefore the researchers used the lower part of the meniscus as the indicator
of the measurement. Same process performed with the Calcium chloride, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞), the
researchers observed a concave meniscus thus used the lower part of the meniscus as
the indicator of the measurement. After identifying which part of the meniscus should be
used to indicate the measurement, the researchers have read and obtained values of 99
mL of Sodium carbonate, 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) and 100 mL of Calcium chloride, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞).

After preparing a 99 mL of Sodium carbonate, 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) and 100 mL of Calcium
chloride, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞), the researchers mixed these solutions and heated. After heating, the
solution has observed to have minimal precipitation then the researchers stirred the
solution using a stirring rod following by cool down for 10 minutes. In the span of 10
minutes, researchers observed that the precipitation formed by the solution increases.

After the production of the precipitation, which is also identified as the Calcium carbonate,
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 , according to the chemical reaction formula represented as,

𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 2 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑎𝑞)

 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

The researchers prepared and used a vacuum filtration apparatus in order to collect the
precipitation or Calcium carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 , produced by the solution.

Using the valued we have collected, researchers computed for the theoretical mass of the
product of Sodium carbonate, 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) and Calcium chloride, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞), specifically
the Calcium carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 . Before computing for the mass value of Calcium
carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 , researchers first identified which of the reactants is the limiting reactant.
The researchers computed for the amount of product each reactant will product in order
to identify which is the limiting reactant. Researchers converted each reactant into moles
by dividing the Molality of each reactants to their respective volumes in L, therefore the
volume of each reactant should undergo conversion factor expressed by:

1𝐿
1 𝑚𝐿 =
1000 𝑚𝐿

By doing so, the researchers have obtained 9.9 𝑥 10−3 mol from Sodium carbonate,
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 , and 0.02 mol from Calcium chloride, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞). The amount of product
produced by Sodium carbonate, 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 , is lower than the amount of product produced
by Calcium chloride, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞), therefore the limiting reactant is the Sodium carbonate,
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 , thus this reactant will be the basis of the amount of Calcium carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ,
can be produced by the reaction.

Using the limiting reactant, the researchers used the value 9.9 𝑥 10−3 mol obtained from
the limiting reactant to compute for the mass of Calcium carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 . The
researchers compute for the Calcium carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 , through the process of dimension
analysis, the researchers multiplied 9.9 𝑥 10−3 mol to the molar mass of Calcium
carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 , which is observed as

100.09 𝑔
𝑀𝑊 =
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

By doing so, the researchers have obtained a valued of 0.99-g as the theoretical mass
value of Calcium carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 .

Computation:

𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

0.10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 1𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 100.09 𝑔

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑥 99 𝑚𝐿 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝐿 1000 𝑚𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

= 0.99 𝑔𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
0.20 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 1𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 100.09 𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑥 100 𝑚𝐿 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝐿 1000 𝑚𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
= 2.00 𝑔𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

Table No.3 Actual data

Tare Mass
1 2.80 g
2 1.92 g
3 1.36 g
4 1.04 g
5 1.04 g
6 1.04 g

Table No.4 Precipitation Mass data

Sample Mass
Filter paper 0.24 g

Filter paper with precipitation 1.04 g

Precipitation or Calcium
0.80 g
carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3

After the vacuum filtration process, researchers weighed the filter paper and recorded the
mass of the filter paper with the precipitation of the solution, the Calcium carbonate,
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 until the value of the mass became constant. The researchers have obtained a
value of the mass of the Calcium carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 , with the mass of filter paper, for the
first three initial weighing are 2.80-g, 1.92-g and 1.36-g, then the obtained constant mass
is 1.04-g.

To get the exact value of the Calcium carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 , deducted the mass of the filter
paper on the value of mass the researchers have obtained from weighing filter paper with
precipitation. The researchers have obtained 0.08-g of actual weight of the Calcium
carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 .

Table No.5 Percent Yield

Type of data Mass of 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 Percent Yield
Theoretical 0.99 g
81 %
Actual 0.80 g

After getting the theoretical and actual value of the mass of Calcium carbonate, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ,
the researchers solved for the percent yield of the results. The percent yield is expressed
by the formula
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

The researchers have obtained a value of 81% percent yield meaning that the
experimental value and the value obtained from computation have an 81% similarity.
 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

4. CONCLUSION

In the experiment, the researchers make used of a precipitation reaction, specifically the
reaction between of Sodium carbonate, 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞) and Calcium chloride,
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞), wherein researchers collected for it’s produced precipitation and computed for the
actual and theoretical mass value. The actual mass value is obtained from the balance itself
deducing the tared weight of filter paper, and for the theoretical mass value the researchers
made used of the values from the reading of the collected sample. Researchers used
dimension analysis and conversion factor on each reactant to identify the limiting reactant
which would be the basis for the theoretical mass of the precipitate, the Calcium carbonate.
The experiment results showed that the actual mass value of calcium carbonate is 0.80-g and
the theoretical mass value is 0.99-g. The values obtained were analyzed to have an 81%
percent yield which means that the values have 81% similarity.

There errors happened in the experiment that hindered a 100% percent yield, the source of
error can be found in the measuring of Sodium carbonate, wherein the researchers measured
99-mL instead of exact 100-mL. The source of error can be due to misreading of the solution,
the researcher read the upper part instead of the lower part of the concave meniscus thus the
researcher read it as 100-ml. Another source of error can be due to not observing proper
equipment and use of tools in the laboratory, such as not using forceps and gloves that could
lead to contamination and changes of the volume and concentration of the solution.

5. Turnitin result