ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT

Establishment of
ManilaSPARCs ManilaSPARC: A Presentation Primer
Strategic Priority for Area Regeneration & Collaboration
Prepared by: EnP
EnP-Ar
Ar. MARLOU B.
B CAMPANER,
CAMPANER FUAP,
FUAP PIEP
CPDO-MNL Urban Design Division Chief
Urban Renewal Concepts

Urban Renewal

• An urban development approach concretized in the 1960s

as a response to the decline of inner urban areas
particularly
p y in the developed
p areas of US and UK.
Urban Renewal : British Context
• In the in British context,, it requires
q a comprehensive
p
approach improving the whole fabric of urban life which
embraces four components:

Redevelopment: tearing down old and building new.

Rehabilitation: restoring and repairing old buildings

buildings.

Improvement: short-term rehabilitation

Conservation: conserving the urban fabric, restoring and

adapting the uses of the buildings to the conserved physical
fabric.
 Urban Renewal : American Context

• In
the American context, it is a process in which
communities improve themselves by eliminating slums and
other substandard areas, checking blight, redesigning
poorly planned or outmoded physical patterns, providing
choice land for new development, and where feasible,
conserving and upgrading salvageable property and area.

• The term fell in disrepute as it was attached to the federal

urban renewal program of the 1960s which utterly
disregarded the welfare of existing communities and was
biased towards corporate interests.
The program was stopped during Nixon’s time in the 1970s.
Urban Renewal : Term Evolution

•Urban
Urban Revitalization
• Urban Regeneration
• Urban Renaissance
U b Renewal
Urban R l:M
Manila
il Context
C t t

• Urban Renewal – City Scale

• Area Regeneration – Zone to District Scale
• Street Revitalization – Street Neighborhood to Barangay Scale
Urban Regeneration

• The British term for the broader and more holistic

coverage of urban renewal, it is the “comprehensive
and integrated vision and action which leads to the
resolution of urban problems and which seeks to
bring about a lasting improvement in the economic,
ph sical social and environmental
physical, en ironmental condition of an area
that has been subject to change.
Urban Regeneration: Principles
• Detailed
D t il d area condition
diti analysis
l i aims
i att multi-sectoral
lti t l
adaptation
• Comprehensive and integrated strategy
• In accord with the aims of sustainable development
• Clear
Cl operational
ti l objectives
bj ti
• Best resource use

• Consensus through full cooperation of stakeholders

• Measuring
g and monitoring
g systems
y
• Adaptable to revision and change
• Strategy elements progress at different paces
 ManilaSPARC: A Presentation Primer

SPARC
Strategic Priority for Area Regeneration & Collaboration                               
focus on:
 Area Development Potentials
MORE
STRATEGIC  Key Stakeholders
ECONOMIC
GOVERNANCE
 Urban Development Partnerships
p p
Establishment of
SPARCs
and
SPARCPLUGs
SPARCPLUG
SPARCPLUGs SPARC Partnership for Lasting Urban Renewal & Growth                                        
SPARC Partnership for Lasting Urban Renewal & Growth
Urban Renewal Collaboration that entails:
 Establishment and operation of community‐based 
partnerships
ECONOMIC  Adopting a demand‐driven approach towards 
DEVELOPMENT
pragmatic and modular framework
 Actively engaged key stakeholders in area 
development planning and implementation
development planning and implementation

City Planning & Development Office – Manila + EnP. Joel R. Oaña

 ManilaSPARC: A Presentation Primer

KEY COMPONENTS
EnP. Joel R. Oaña, 2016

•Identification of Strategic Priority for 
•Identification of Strategic Priority for
Area Regeneration & Collaboration 
(SPARC Areas)
•Maximize Community/Stakeholder 
Engagement & Local Development
(SPARCPLUGs)
•Develop Suitable Institutional 
Arrangements

•Harness Sustainable 
Fi
Financing
i Support
S t

City Planning & Development Office – Manila

 ManilaSPARC: A Presentation Primer

PROSPECTIVE AREAS: Heritage, Tourism & Business Districts

ESCOLTA MANILA CHINATOWN ERMITA-MALATE

QUIAPO STA.CRUZ STA. ANA

City Planning & Development Office – Manila

 ManilaSPARC: A Presentation Primer

PROSPECTIVE AREAS: Inclusive Development & University Districts

PANDACAN OLD BILIBID BASECO

UNIVERSITY CLUSTER ZONE 1 UNIVERSITY CLUSTER ZONE 2 UNIVERSITY CLUSTER ZONE 3

España-Sampaloc Intramuros-San Marcelino Taft Avenue-UN-Vito Cruz

City Planning & Development Office – Manila

 PandacanSPARC

CPDO‐MANILA Urban Planning & Development Process
PANDACAN SPARC
COMMUNITY & AREA STAKEHOLDERS
CONSULTATION MEETINGS
CONSULTATION MEETINGS
Essential activity in the  Urban Planning & 
Development Process that develops                                  
community empowerment and the 
people’s sense of ownership 

City Planning & Development Office – Manila

 PandacanSPARC
PANDACAN SPARC AREA STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION MEETING: 19 July 2017 @ UP Diliman

City Planning & Development Office – Manila

 PandacanSPARC
PANDACAN SPARC LEARNING CONFERENCE                                                                                     
Re: Assessment & Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons; 8 December 2017 @ UDM

City Planning & Development Office – Manila

 STAKEHOLDERS’ ASPIRATIONS
FOR PANDACAN SPARC
(Strategic Priority for Area Regeneration & Collaboration)
(Strategic Priority for Area Regeneration & Collaboration)
 PandacanSPARC: A Presentation Primer

Conceptual Planning Framework

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF URBAN REGENERATION

(Oaña, 2000)
City Planning & Development Office – Manila
 CONCLUSION:
COMMUNITIES AS THE KEY TO SUSTAINABLE MANILA
IMPORTANT LESSONS 
IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT
 Community involvement is a 
precondition for urban development 
sustainability
t i bilit

 Public‐private sector partnerships 
should be encouraged

 Dire need to initiate and facilitate 
Dire need to initiate and facilitate
the building and mobilization of 
partnerships that are capable of 
sustained civic action.
t i d i i ti

City Planning & Development Office – Manila + EnP. Joel R. Oaña

FIVE MAJOR CONCERNS DEDUCED AS INSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY-LED INTERVENTION

In relation to community-based initiative and development, Arun Agrawal (1997) have laid five major
concerns deduced as institutional imperatives in the development of community-led intervention.
These can be applied in both rural and urban communities. These can serve as development
parameters
t f community-led
for it l d urban
b renewall in i the
th City
Cit off Manila:
M il

First is community partnership. A community-based partnership that is anchored on the principle

of checks and balances can be evolved in equitable and efficient sustainable arrangements.

Second is community empowerment wherein the channeling of greater authority and power to
local groups is undertaken. Through this, the community can exert its influence in controlling and
forging development that will be directly sustained and will be beneficial to them.

Third concerns the development of effective community decision-making processes that are
essentially democratic and participatory where all the voices of the stakeholders are heard and
inputted in decision outcomes. This also enhances community responsibility and accountability
which constitute the fourth institutional imperative for community capability building.
building With
this awareness, the community can develop into a vital part of sustainable development.

Fifth concern is about resources where a mechanism can be developed for community
accessibility to locally generated fund.
fund This is for implementing projects that they have created
to foster their own development. It can partly relieve them of dependency, thereby, enabling them to
chart their own growth.
City Planning & Development Office – Manila + EnP. Joel R. Oaña
IMPERATIVES OF GOOD URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN IN THE INNER CITY

Based on the experiences of European, American and Asian cities, the following values
for inner city can serve as guide for its urban regeneration and revitalization.
revitalization These
would also serve as the urban planning and design guidelines for this study as
applicable to the City of Manila. These are as follows:

1. Mixed activities are basic to cities.

2. Buildings (and the spaces they form) are the natural increments of urban growth.
3. New urban growth must recognize the context provided by past construction.
4 A major goal of urban design is the shaping of public open space,
4. space including
meaningful street space.
5. Streets must accommodate various forms of transit and enhance pedestrian activity
and movement.
6 Transportation
6. T t ti systems
t should
h ld be b rational.
ti l
7. Urban places should be varied to enhance the activities associated with them:
housing, neighborhood shopping, major retail, civic, and so forth.
8. Citizens should have a role in shaping
p g urban settings.
g

City Planning & Development Office – Manila + EnP. Joel R. Oaña

REQUIREMENTS FOR AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNITY-BASED
COMMUNITY BASED URBAN RENEWAL
For an effective urban renewal, based on the experiences of democratic countries and their ascendant civil
societies, the following imperatives must be put in place. They are to be undertaken sequentially and
chronologically
g y developed
p in a continuing
g cycle
y of development.
p

1. KATUWANG SA PAGPAPANIBAGO - Establishment of a Community-based Partnership among stakeholders

anchored on need sharing; resource and capability sharing; risk-sharing; profit-sharing and development-sharing;

2. KAKAYANAN NG KOMUNIDAD - Facilitation of Community Empowerment gives greater authority and power
2
to local groups which allows them more freedom and control to identify, prioritize, develop and manage programs
and projects directly affecting them;

3. KAUKULANG PAGDEDESISYON - Development of effective Community Decision-making Processes where

the needs, views and perception of all stakeholders are heard, deliberated and factored in the decisions with
reference to agreedupon performance standards and development guidelines;

4. KATAPATAN SA PANANAGUTAN - Enhancement of Community Responsibility and Accountability which

clarifies the role and commitment of each stakeholder and the program for capability
capability-building
building to assume the
identified role;

5. KABAHAGI SA KALINANGANG LUNGSOD - Recognition of Community Accessibility to Locally-Generated

Fund and other Sources creates a responsible community that adheres to the rules that it has set for itself and
allows
ll i d
independence
d t chart
to h t its
it own growth
th and
d development
d l t with
ith the
th capacity
it to
t generate
t its
it own resources.

City Planning & Development Office – Manila + EnP. Joel R. Oaña

PARAMETERS OF INNER CITY PHYSICAL AREA DEVELOPMENT
It is suggested that the following development attributes that are deemed pragmatic and doable in the context of facilitating urban partnership and
governance. These are based on the New Theory of Urban Design of Christopher Alexander and his colleagues where he identified seven rules of
growth. These rules can serve as p
g parameters for inner cityy p
physical
y development
p for the Cityy of Manila. These seven p
parameters are as follows:

1. INCREMENTAL - A piecemeal development approach is more affordable and sustainable. Programs can be divided into small
projects that can be implemented as the resources and the commitment of directly involved stakeholders are firmed up. A key
here is the judicious division of projects.
(NAPAPAG-UNTI-UNTI)

2. INTEGRAL - Each project is designed and implemented with the whole physical urban fabric in mind. Each should be seen as
part of the whole. A sidewalk is part of the streetscape. A building is part of a block.
(NAPAPAGBUO-BUO)

3 CONTEXTUAL - Any physical element should be part of the expression of the collective character or “spirit
3. spirit of the place
place”
(genius loci) expressing the heritage and vision of an area. They should relate to the meaning of existence and
continuity of the place.
(NAPAPAGLINANG O NAPAPAGYAMAN ANG DIWA NG POOK)

4. COHERENT - Every building or physical element must contribute to the making of a public space that can enhance the quality of
life of those in the area.
(NAPAPAG-UGNAY-UGNAY)

5. SPATIALLY SENSITIVE - The physical development should respect and protect the movement and urban experience of
the people in the area. Spaces created should enhance the function intended and its conduciveness.
(NAPAPAANGKOP SA GINAGALAWAN)

6. CONNECTED IN FORM - The physical development should strengthen the existing forms that represent, that characterize and
give meaning to the place. The place as a whole should communicate a sense of unity while respecting diversity.
(NAPAPAGTUGMA-TUGMA ANG ANYO)

7. MULTICENTERED - To encourage a more diversified urban experience, physical development must foster the concept that “every
whole must be a center in itself, and must also produce a system of centers around it.”
(MARAMING NAIIKUTAN)

City Planning & Development Office – Manila + EnP. Joel R. Oaña

COMMUNITIES AS THE KEY TO SUSTAINABLE MANILA

An extensive evaluation of urban development projects undertaken by the Asian

Development Bank (1999) and the World Bank (1996) has noted
two important lessons learned:

1. Community involvement is a precondition of project sustainability. Project

success and sustainability depend on community ownership, which in turn, depends
on community and beneficiary involvement in project preparation.
preparation This takes time and
requires greater understanding of community preferences as well as the ability and
willingness to pay for urban services. Public awareness is critical in enabling
communities to understand their problems and options for resolving them
(ADB 1999).
(ADB, 1999)

2. Public-private sector partnerships should be encouraged. Local government units

require
q assistance in effectivelyy exploiting
p g the opportunities
pp offered byy p
public-private
p
sector partnerships in the expansion and delivery of infrastructure and services. The
capabilities of LGUs to deal effectively with the private sector need considerable
strengthening (ADB, 1999). There is a dire need to initiate and facilitate the building
and mobilization of partnerships that are capable of sustained civic action
(The World Bank,1996)

City Planning & Development Office – Manila + EnP. Joel R. Oaña

COMMUNITIES AS THE KEY TO SUSTAINABLE MANILA

The Asian Development Bank advocates for the creation of special zones and development of mechanisms to revitalize the blighted
and deteriorating areas of Metro Manila. It is supporting its testing through a series of pilot projects within Metro Manila leading to
larger scale interventions. The Bank further noted in its report that through the formulation of plans for a number of such pilot areas,
principles for the development of an urban renewal strategy would be developed for application in urban renewal investment
programs throughout Metro Manila and eventually other major urban areas. The bank would initially assist interested Metro Manila
LGUs to develop strategies and formulate, implement and manage sustainable urban renewal projects.

The intervention through ADB would have four key components where we based the SPARC Concept for Manila

1. Comprehensive urban renewal areas (CURAs) would be identified within the participating LGUs, and could be further delineated
as economic enterprise zones (high growth commercial or mixed commercial and residential areas), or community revitalization
zones (urban poor communities). Proposals for the former would focus on the formulation of plans for economic development,
containing proposals for redevelopment, rehabilitation, and environmental improvement, and the latter on upgrading, providing
services and improving infrastructure reblocking (rationalizing land use and access), densification (promoting infill and vertical
development), and urban poverty alleviation.

2. A project approach would seek to (a) maximize the opportunity for community involvement in project formulation, and (b) create
sustainable high-growth urban areas attractive to private sector-led investment. The CURA project preparation process should
pull together the key stakeholders in the achievement of common development objectives.

3. A suitable institutional framework would be identified for the formulation, preparation, and implementation of CURA projects that
would consider appropriate organizational arrangements, the regulatory context, and implementation of incentives that might
include planning, land management, and the design of financial and tax incentives.

4. Sustainable financing and implementation arrangements would be identified and a strategic approach developed, with general
application for long-term program development by other LGUs.

The above identified the possible paths for urban renewal in the Philippines as laid out by an experienced and capable multilateral
financial institution. If these paths are taken, their support and assistance is almost assured.

City Planning & Development Office – Manila + EnP. Joel R. Oaña

 There is a story about four people, named:
Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and Nobody.
There was an important job to be done and Everybody was sure that
Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it but Nobody did.
Somebody y got
g angry
g y about that because it was Everybody’s
y y job.
j
Everybody thought Anybody could do it, but Nobody realized that
Everybody wouldn’t do it. It ended up that…
Everybody blamed Somebody
when Nobody did what Anybody could have done.

We hope that eventually

“Everybody” in the Communities
of the City of Manila
can together do the important job of
urban
b renewall and d
not allow “Nobody” to do it.

Thank you for the privilege of

sharing this presentation.

City Planning & Development Office – Manila EnP. Joel R. Oaña, Consultant CPDO –Manila