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Assignment 1

This document contains 10 exercises related to probability and statistics. It provides definitions of probability concepts like events, sample spaces, unions and intersections of events. It also lists 10 problems involving calculating probabilities of events like coins landing heads up, letters being placed in wrong envelopes, students sharing birthdays, and defective items being inspected last. The exercises are from a course on probability and statistics offered at the Indian Institute of Science between August and December 2017.

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Shubham Acharya
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
103 views

Assignment 1

This document contains 10 exercises related to probability and statistics. It provides definitions of probability concepts like events, sample spaces, unions and intersections of events. It also lists 10 problems involving calculating probabilities of events like coins landing heads up, letters being placed in wrong envelopes, students sharing birthdays, and defective items being inspected last. The exercises are from a course on probability and statistics offered at the Indian Institute of Science between August and December 2017.

Uploaded by

Shubham Acharya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UM 201 : Probability and Statistics

August - December 2017


Indian Institute of Science
Exercises 1
7 August, 2017

1. Let A, B and C be three events associated with an experiment. Express the


following verbal statements in the set notation.
(a) At least one of the events occurs.
(b) Exactly one of the events occurs.
(c) Exactly two of the events occur.
(d) Not more than two of the events occur simultaneously.
2. Items coming off from a production line are marked defective (D) or nonde-
fective (N). Items are observed and their condition listed. This is continued
until two consecutive defectives are produced or four items have been checked,
whichever occurs first. Describe a sample space for this experiment.
3. Let Ai , i = 1, 2, . . . , n be n events. Show that
(a)
P (∪ni=1 Ai ) = S1 − S2 + . . . + (−1)n−1 Sn
where for each k = 1, 2, . . . , n, Sk is defined by
∑
Sk = P (Ai1 ∩ Ai2 . . . Aik ), i1 ≥ 1, ik ≤ n.
i1 <i2 <...<ik

∑
n
(b) P (∪ni=1 Ai ) ≤ P (Ai ).
i=1
∑n ∑
n
(c) P (∩ni=1 Ai ) ≥ P (Ai ) − (n − 1) = 1 − P (Aci ).
i=1 i=1

4. Suppose three perfectly balanced and identical coins are tossed. Find the
probability that at least one of them lands heads.
5. If a deck of 52 cards is thoroughly shuffled, what is the probability that the
four aces are found in a row?
6. A bakery makes 80 loaves of bread daily. Ten of them are underweight. An
inspector weighs 5 loaves at random. What is the probability that an under-
weight loaf will be discovered?
7. The coefficients a, b, c of the quadratic equation ax2 +bx+c = 0 are determined
by rolling a die three times. Find the probabilities that: (a) the roots are real;
(b) the roots are complex.

1
8. N letters are placed at random in N envelopes. Show that the probability
∑
N
1
that each letter will be placed in a wrong envelope is (−1)k ( ).
k!
i=2

9. In a classroom there are N students.

(a) What is the probability that at least two students have the same birth-
day?
1
(b) What is the minimum value of N which secures probability 2 that at
least two of have a common birthday?

10. A lot contains n articles. If it is known that r of the articles are defective and
the articles are inspected in a random order, what is the probability that the
kth article (k ≥ r) inspected will be the last defective one in the lot.

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