BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

TITLE: Performance Analysis of SCFDMA and OFDMA in LTE System

Name ID

1. Amare Kindu -----------------------------------------BDU0701317UR

2. Anteneh Tadesse -------------------------------------BDU0701348UR
3. Atanaw Amogne -------------------------------------BDU0701387UR
4. Azmeraw Bitew --------------------------------------BDU0701415UR

Advisor: Mr. Solomon M.

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science

In Electrical Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering Stream

Jun, 2019

Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

 Final Year Project 2011E.C

Declaration
We, the undersigned, declare that this Project is our original work, has not been presented for
A degree in this or any other universities, and all sources of materials used for the Project
have been fully acknowledged.

Name Signature

1. Amare Kindu __________

2. Anteneh Tadesse __________

3. Atanaw Amogne __________

4. Azmeraw Bitew __________

Date of submission:
This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.

Project advisor Signature Date

_________ ________ ________

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Acknowledgement
At the very beginning we would like to express our deepest gratitude to almighty God for
giving us the strength and the composure to complete our final year project and prepare this
document within the scheduled time.

Then we would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave us the
possibility to complete this report. A special thanks to our advisor Mr. Solomon M. for his
follow up, advice, comment and stimulating suggestion, helped us to coordinate our project
especially in writing this report. We also like to give heartfelt thanks to Mr. Tadie B. to his
comment and stimulating suggestion and for all teachers of the school who have helped
directly or indirectly for our project. Furthermore we pay our respects and love to our parents
and all other family members and friends for their love and encouragement throughout our
career. At last we express our thanks to our friends for their cooperation in sharing their
knowledge and support.

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Table of Contents
Declaration ............................................................................................................................. i

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................. ii

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. iii

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ v

List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... vii

List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................ viii

Abstract ................................................................................................................................ xi

Chapter One ........................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 2

1.2 Motivation ............................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Statement of problem ............................................................................................... 3

1.4 Objectives of the project .......................................................................................... 4

1.5 Methodology used in this project ............................................................................. 4

1.6 Major Assumptions made for the work..................................................................... 5

1.7 Significance of the project........................................................................................ 6

1.8 Scope of the project ................................................................................................. 6

1.9 Organizations of the project ..................................................................................... 6

Chapter Two .......................................................................................................................... 7

Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 7

Chapter Three ........................................................................................................................ 9

System Design and Analysis .................................................................................................. 9

3.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ................................................ 9

3.2 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) ............................... 11

3.3 Analysis of PAPR Parameter in OFDM and SC-FDMA .............................................. 12

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3.3.1 Analysis of PAPR in SC-FDMA System .............................................................. 12

3.3.2 Analysis of PAPR in OFDM ................................................................................ 13

3.4 BER and SNR analysis of SC-FDMA for different modulation schemes ..................... 14

3.5 Analysis PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDMA System ........................................ 14

Chapter Four ........................................................................................................................ 21

Results and Discussions ....................................................................................................... 21

4.1 Software simulation results and discussions ................................................................ 21

4.1.1 Software simulation of PAPR analysis in SC-FDMA and OFDMA ...................... 21

4.1.2 Software simulation of BER analysis in SC-FDMA system .................................. 22

4.1.3 Simulation result for PTS PAPR reduction technique in OFDM system................ 23

4.1.4 Simulation results for SLM PAPR reduction technique in OFDM system ............. 24

4.1.5 Simulation result for Clipping PAPR reduction technique in OFDM system ......... 27

4.1.6 Simulation results for hybrid Clipping and SLM PAPR reduction technique ........ 28

4.1.7 Simulation results of BER performance of hybrid scheme .................................... 32

Chapter Five ........................................................................................................................ 38

Conclusion and Recommendations for future work .............................................................. 38

5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 38

5.2 Recommendations for Future work ............................................................................. 39

References ........................................................................................................................... 40

Appendix A: ........................................................................................................................ 42

Appendix B:......................................................................................................................... 47

Appendix C:......................................................................................................................... 57

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List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Methodology used in our project .......................................................................... 5

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of OFDM System ........................................................................ 9

Figure 3.2: Orthogonality in 4 subcarriers of an OFDM system ............................................ 10

Figure 3.3: Block Diagram of SC-FDMA............................................................................. 11

Figure 3.4: Difference between OFDMA and SC-FDMA Subcarrier allocation .................... 12

Figure 3.5: Partial Transmit Sequence .................................................................................. 15

Figure 3.6: Selective Mapping.............................................................................................. 16

Figure 3.7: flow chart of clipping technique ......................................................................... 18

Figure 3.8: Block Diagram of SLM-Clipping Hybrid method ............................................... 19

Figure 3.9: flow chart of hybrid SLM and Clipping scheme ................................................. 20

Figure 4.1: Simulation result of PAPR analysis in SC-FDMA and OFDM ........................... 21

Figure 4.2: BER analysis in SC-FDMA system .................................................................... 22

Figure 4.3: PAPR reduction using PTS technique................................................................. 23

Figure 4.4: PAPR reduction using SLM for N = 64 and different values of U ....................... 24

Figure 4.5: PAPR reduction using SLM for N = 128 and different values of U ..................... 24

Figure 4.6: PAPR reduction using SLM for N = 256 and different values of U ..................... 25

Figure 4.7: PAPR reduction using SLM for N = 512 and different values of U ..................... 25

Figure 4.8: PAPR reduction using SLM for N = 1024 and different values of U ................... 26

Figure 4.9: PAPR reduction using Clipping Technique ........................................................ 27

Figure 4.10: Hybrid scheme with N = 64 .............................................................................. 28

Figure 4.11: Hybrid scheme with N = 128 ............................................................................ 29

Figure 4.12: Hybrid scheme with N = 256 ............................................................................ 30

Figure 4.13: Hybrid scheme with N = 512 ............................................................................ 30

Figure 4.14: Hybrid scheme with N = 1024 .......................................................................... 31

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Figure 4.15: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 4PSK using AWGN ...... 32

Figure 4.16: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 4QAM using AWGN .... 33

Figure 4.17: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 8QAM using AWGN .... 33

Figure 4.18: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 8PSK using AWGN ...... 34

Figure 4.19: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 16PSK using AWGN .... 35

Figure 4.20: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 16QAM using AWGN .. 35

Figure 4.21: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 64QAM using AWGN .. 36

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List of Tables
Table 1.PAPR comparison for different number of subcarriers and phase sequences ............ 26

Table 2. PAPR Reduction comparison of Three Techniques ................................................. 31

Table 3. BER performance with and without hybrid scheme of different modulation scheme37

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List of Acronyms

3G …………………………. Third Generation

3GPP …………………………. Third Generation Partnership Project

4G …………………………. Fourth Generation

% …………………………. Percentage

ADC …………………………. Analog to Digital Converter

ADSL …………………………. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

AWGN …………………………. Additive White Gaussian Noise

BER …………………………. Bit Error Rate

BPSK …………………………. Binary Phase Shift Keying

BRAN …………………………. Broadband Radio Access Network

BS …………………………. Base Station

CCDF …………………………. Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function

CP …………………………. Cyclic Prefix

DAB …………………………. Digital Audio Broadcasting

DAC …………………………. Digital to Analog Converter

dB …………………………. Decibel

D-BPSK …………………………. Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying

D-QPSK …………………………. Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

DVB-T …………………………. Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial

Eb …………………………. Bit Energy

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FD …………………………. Frequency Domain

FDD …………………………. Frequency Division Duplex

FFT …………………………. Fast Fourier Transform

IFFT …………………………. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

ISI …………………………. Intersymbol Interference

LTE …………………………. Long Term Evolution

MATLAB …………………………. Matrix Laboratory

MHz …………………………. Megahertz

MOD …………………………. Modulator

MS …………………………. Mobile Station

No …………………………. Noise Power Spectral Density

OFDM …………………………. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

PAPR …………………………. Peak to Average Power Ratio

PDF …………………………. Probability Density Function

P/S …………………………. Parallel to Serial

PSK …………………………. Phase Shift Keying

PTS …………………………. Partial Transmit Sequence

QAM …………………………. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK …………………………. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

SC-FDMA …………………………. Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

SLM …………………………. Selective Mapping

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SNR …………………………. Signal to Noise Ratio

S/P …………………………. Serial to Parallel

SSPAs …………………………. Solid State Power Amplifiers

TD …………………………. Time Domain

TDD …………………………. Time Division Duplexing

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Abstract
Recently, Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been deployed by many operators to address the
growing data needs. As other new emerging technologies, LTE wireless communication
system uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDMA) for down link and single
carrier frequency division Multiplexing (SC-FDMA) for uplink direction. OFDM is a
bandwidth efficient multicarrier modulation where the available spectrum is divided into
subcarriers, with each subcarrier containing a low rate data stream. OFDM has gained a
tremendous interest in recent years because of its robustness in the presence of severe
multipath channel conditions with simple equalization, robustness against Inter-symbol
Interference (ISI), multipath fading, in addition to its high spectral efficiency. However, the
Peak-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is a major drawback of multicarrier transmission system
such as OFDM. Therefore it is necessary to overcome the PAPR of the transmit signal in
OFDM systems. Among different PAPR reduction techniques the three reduction techniques
(SLM, PTS and Clipping) are proposed to overcome this problem. In this project, we
investigated the PAPR reduction performance with hybrid selective mapping (SLM) &
clipping. The clipping scheme clips out the peak of the transmitted signals larger than the
given level which reduce the PAPR. Though clipping degrades BER performance of the
system as the transmit signals are heavily distorted. Hence, the proposed scheme can provide
more PAPR reduction without degradation of the BER performance. The results are verified
using MATLAB software.

Keywords: LTE, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, PAPR, SLM, PTS, BER

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Chapter One
Introduction

Ethio-telecom expands the network frequently to satisfy the customer need. Now a day’s long
term evolution (LTE) or 4G is deployed in some part of Addis Ababa city. LTE (Long Term
Evolution) is a standard for 4G wireless broadband technology that offers increased network
capacity. It uses OFDMA for downlink and single carrier orthogonal frequency division
multiple access (SC-FDMA) for uplink.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a form of multicarrier modulation that divides

a high data rate modulating stream, placing them on to many narrowband closely spaced
subcarriers, making it less sensitive to frequency selective fading. Its advantages include high
spectral efficiency; multi path delay spread tolerance, immunity to frequency selective fading.
But one of the challenging issues of an OFDM system is its high peak to average power ratio
(PAPR). The highest Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) which cause non-linearity at
receiving end, reduce power efficiency of the RF power amplifier at transmitter and decrease
the performance of the transmitted signal. The large peak to average power ratio (PAPR) push
the power amplifier to work in nonlinear area which result in band and out of band distortion.
This causes significant signal distortion at the output of the power amplifier. In addition, the
high PAPR can cause saturation at the digital to analog converter, leading to saturation of the
power amplifier. Therefore, the power amplifier must operate with a large power back-off,
approximate to that of PAPR which lead to insufficient operation [7].

Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SCFDMA) which utilizes single carrier
modulation at the transmitter and frequency domain equalization at the receiver is a technique
that has similar performance and essentially the same overall structure as those of an OFDMA
system. One prominent advantage over OFDMA is that SC-FDMA signal has lower peak-to-
average power ratio (PAPR) [10].

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1.1 Background

The long term evolution (LTE) is a standard introduced by 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP) as one of the recent steps in cellular 3G services. LTE provides many benefits like
high speed data, bandwidth efficiency, latency, multimedia unicast and multimedia broadcast
services to cellular networks. In order to achieve these benefits LTE employs new accessing
technologies like OFDMA and SC-FDMA. To provide benefits like high data rate, bandwidth
efficiency and immunity to the multi-path fading, OFDMA is used for downlink transmission
while SC-FDMA is used for uplink transmission in order to save power. The LTE increases
the system capacity and widens the spectrum from existing technology up to 20MHz. It can be
deployed in any bandwidth combination because of its flexible usage of spectrum (1.4 MHz to
20 MHz). It uses Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) to suit
all types of spectrum resources [10].

The first OFDM scheme was proposed by Chang in 1966. Even though the concept of OFDM
has been around for several years, but it has not been recognized as a great method for high
speed bi-directional wireless data communication until recent years. The first applications of
OFDM were in the military HF radio links. Today, the OFDM technique is in many wireless
and wired applications, such as Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN), Digital Audio
Broadcasting (DAB), Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial (DVB-T) and Asymmetric
Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) [1].

1.2 Motivation

The motivation for this paper is provided by the need to analyze the performance of LTE
uplink and downlink schemes i.e. SC-FDMA and OFDM respectively interms of BER and
PAPR parameters. It is obvious that power and frequency are the two scarcest resources in
wireless communication system. So reducing power consumption of the system and the
probability of occurring more bit error is crucial to sustain the system capacity. In addition
long term evolution (LTE) is a promising standard for high data rate transmission which is
preferable in most telecom operators, therefore doing intense researches and projects on this
area is recommended.

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1.3 Statement of problem

Ethio-telecom implemented LTE (4G) in some part of Addis Ababa city to address the
subscriber high demand of throughput. LTE uses OFDM modulation techniques in down link
scheme. High PAPR is one of the biggest problems in OFDM system. To transmit signals
with high PAPR, it requires power amplifiers with very high power scope. These kinds of
amplifiers are very expensive and have low efficiency-cost. When peak power is too high, it
could be out of the scope of the linear region of a power amplifier. This gives an increase to
non-linear region distortion which that affects and changes the superposition of the signal
spectrum resulting degeneration in performance. OFDM system has encountered many
restrictions in practical applications if there is no PAPR reduction. But in reality due to high
Peak to average power ratio the BER is high, the performance of signal reliability is low and
due to high computation of digital to analog converter the signal makes delay.

In general high PAPR consumes more power in MS and BS in wireless communication

system. Not only in OFDM, had PAPR had also a negative impact in SCFDMA system
practically. Apart from various demerits in OFDM but still it is used for communication
between transmitter and receiver as if the signal is not orthogonal then there can be chances of
crosstalk distortion in a signal.

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1.4 Objectives of the project

General Objective:

 To analyze and simulate the performance of SCFDMA and OFDMA in terms of

PAPR and BER comparison Parameters

Specific Objectives:

 To reduce PAPR value of OFDMA system using different reduction techniques

 To select the best PAPR reduction technique in OFDM system
 To analyze the BER performance of best selected PAPR reduction technique in
OFDM system
 To select the best digital modulation technique by comparing BER value of
SCFDMA system
 To reduce power consumption in mobile station (MS) and base station (BS)

1.5 Methodology used in this project

The method that we used to analyze the performance of SCFDMA and OFDM in terms of
PAPR and BER parameters is listed as follows:

 Title selection: the title is selected because LTE is a promising standard in the
world as well as in our country and analysis of the two schemes (OFDM and SC-
FDMA) in LTE is highly related to our stream
 Literature Review: Literature Review is done using different techniques by using
magazines, books, research paper and others
 Mathematical analysis and system design: mathematical equation and instruction
is used to model and draw algorithm that analyzes the performance of OFDM and
SC-FDMA in terms of PAPR and BER parameters
 Simulation result and discussion: the simulation is done by using MATLAB
software using complementary cumulative density function (CCDF) probabilistic
model and BER

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Start

Title Selection

Literature Review

Mathematical
analysis and system
design

Simulation result
and Discussion

End

Figure 1.1: Methodology used in our project

1.6 Major Assumptions made for the work

 All the results from mathematical analysis made in our project depicts the
theoretical aspect
 Signal amplitude in both OFDM and SC-FDMA system is assumed to be

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1.7 Significance of the project

This project is highly significant for LTE system and other technology that uses OFDM and
SC-FDMA modulation techniques. The standard quantity of PAPR enables a power amplifier
to work in linear region. This leads to efficient power amplifier, low signal distortion, low
BER, low digital to analog and analog to digital computation. Therefore the quantified PAPR
leads to reliable communication and high throughput. Also this project will have a
contribution to reduce power consumption in MS and BS and improves the performance of
the system

1.8 Scope of the project

Understand the concept of LTE, OFDM, SCFDMA, CCDF, PAPR and BER.
Analyze PAPR of SCFDMA and OFDMA theoretically.
Analyze PAPR reduction techniques used in OFDMA
Analyze BER performance of SC-FDMA with different modulation technique
Selecting best PAPR reduction technique used in OFDMA
Analyze the BER performance of the best selected PAPR reduction technique used
in OFDM system
The simulation tool used is Matlab

1.9 Organizations of the project

Chapter 1 gives an introduction about the project and outline of the project.

Chapter 2 contains an overview of different literatures related to our work which are done
previously and also contains their draw backs with our contribution.

Chapter 3 contains mathematical analysis of PAPR of both multiple access techniques in LTE
i.e. SCFDMA and OFDMA. It also contains the mathematical analysis of different PAPR
reduction techniques in OFDM system.

Chapter 4 contains different simulation results.

Chapter 5 shows the set of conclusions of our project work based on the result that we get in
chapter 4.

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Chapter Two
Literature Review

The need for reducing power consumption of a given wireless communication system is
increasing day to day. Many research works have been conducted in this sector. Some
research papers were found that discussed about the systems very similar to our project.

Comparative Study of PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM was done using selective
mapping techniques and it reduces up to 10dB. In this project using both selective mapping
and clipping methods the PAPR can be decreased up to 4.8dB which means up to 60% [1].

An implementation of peak to average power ratio reduction for multicarrier system was
done. That was done by using both SLM and PTS. PAPR was decreased, but computation of
this method is very high and leads to need high powers as well as it cause delay [2].

E. Al-Dalakta et al. in, (2012) proposed a technique for reducing the bit error rate (BER) of
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals transmitted over nonlinear
solid-state power amplifiers (SSPAs). The proposed technique is based on predicting the
distortion power that an SSPA would generate due to the nonlinear characteristics of such
devices [3].

Shiann-Shiun Jeng et al. in, (2011) proposes a new method based on Companding Peak-to-
Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Reduction of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) signals. This paper suggests that uniformly distributed Companding scheme and
piecewise Companding scheme cannot deliver the performance that satisfies various
requirements of the system [4].

Ms. V. B. MA lode et al. in, (2010) proposed a new method to reduce Peak to-Average Power
Ratio (PAPR) by probabilistic method, modified selective mapping technique using the
standard arrays of linear block codes [5].

Suma M. N et al. gives a survey on developments in OFDM so far. Apart from high Peak-to-
Average Power Ratio (PAPR) there are many more techniques that are needed to increase the
performance of OFDM systems like interference cancellation, Synchronization among carriers
and post equalization. In today's communication scenario, high data rate single-carrier
transmission may not be feasible due to too much complexity of the equalizer in the receiver.
To overcome the frequency selectivity of the wide band channel experienced by single-carrier
transmission, multiple carriers can be used for high rate data transmission [6].
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Major Drawbacks in Stated Work

 From the above literature it is noticed that different researchers have tried to
improve or decrease PAPR value of OFDM system by using different techniques
such as selective mapping, clipping and filtering, coding and other. In this works the
computation is high and also the PAPR is not decreased more than 50%.
 In the previous work, the reduction techniques of PAPR are mostly inefficient
 Most researches are concerned mainly on performance analysis of LTE down link
(i.e. OFDM) rather than LTE uplink (i.e. SC-FDMA)

Contributions of our project

There is no any literature that does the mathematical analysis with software simulation of
PAPR in SC-FDMA that results 1 or 0dB to compare with OFDM system. And also there is
no any work that shows the BER performance of SC-FDMA system with different
Modulation scheme. But our project does the above works precisely. In addition we can
achieve PAPR reduction performance up to 60% and also we analyze the BER performance of
the best PAPR reduction technique in OFDM (i.e. in our case the hybrid scheme) with
different modulation techniques.

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Chapter Three
System Design and Analysis

3.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

OFDMA is a multiple access technique which uses Orthogonal Frequency Division

multiplexing (OFDM) for each user. In this technique each user is allotted separate channel
and available frequency band of that channel is divided into number of orthogonal frequency
subcarriers [11].

The high speed serial data from each user is first converted into low speed parallel bit streams
with increased symbol duration then it is modulated on each subcarrier using conventional
modulation schemes. OFDMA allows achieving high data rate for each user. With little
modification to air interface it can be deployed across different frequency bands. OFDMA
reduce the effect of multipath fading because data from each user is modulated over several
orthogonal frequencies rather than a fixed frequency for entire connection period. In addition,
the OFDMA is bandwidth efficient as orthogonal frequency carriers with small spacing is
used. All these advantage make it to be used in the downlink transmission of LTE [10].

Serial-to- Parallel-
Mod IFFT Add
parallel to-serial
CP
converter converter

Fading
channel

Parallel to Serial-to-
Demod FFT parallel Remove CP
serial
converter converter

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of OFDM System

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Orthogonality in OFDM

It is one of the important properties of the OFDM, which efficiently uses frequency band as
the subcarriers are allowed to overlap each other in the frequency domain. The orthogonality
principle is used to represent the subcarriers. The N equally spaced subcarriers will be
orthogonal if the frequency separation between subcarriers is ∆f = 1/NTs = 1/T where N.Ts is
symbol duration, and rectangular windowing of the IFFT is performed. Under these
conditions the subcarriers will have a sinc waveform frequency response. In the figure it is
seen that because of the orthogonal relationship the maximum of a particular sample
corresponds to a null in all other carriers, therefore eliminating the effects of interference.

Figure 3.2: Orthogonality in 4 subcarriers of an OFDM system

Working Principle of OFDM

In OFDMA transmitter, the high speed serial data from each user is first converted in to low
speed parallel data streams. This increases the symbol duration which reduce the Intersymbol
Interference (ISI) at the receiver. Then the parallel data streams are passed through modulator,
where adaptive modulation schemes such as (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM) is applied.
These modulated data streams are then mapped to orthogonal subcarriers by dividing the
available spectrum into number of orthogonal frequency subcarriers. This makes the time
domain data stream from user a frequency domain data stream or signal as at different
frequency different low speed data stream will be present. The IFFT stage converts these
complex data streams into time domain and generates OFDM symbols. A guard band or cyclic
prefix (CP) is inserted between OFDMA symbols in order to cancel the ISI at the receiver.
The CP is inserted by taking some part from end of the OFDM symbol and putting it at the
start of the symbol. At the receiver, the inverse processes of the transmitter occur. The serial
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data is converted to parallel data streams, CP is removed from each symbol and FFT stage
converts the OFDM symbols in to frequency domain followed by subcarrier de-mapping and
demodulation. Finally parallel data streams are converted to high speed serial data stream.

3.2 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)

SC-FDMA is a multiple access method. Its structure is same as OFDMA with an addition of
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) block [7].

The parallel data streams are first passed through FFT block then are modulated on
subcarriers because of this the SC-FDMA is also called DFT-precoded OFDM. The main
difference between OFDMA and SC-FDMA is, in OFDMA, each data symbol is carried on a
separate subcarrier while, in SC-FDMA, multiple subcarriers carry each data symbol due to
mapping of the symbols’ frequency domain samples to subcarriers. As SC-FDMA is derived
from OFDMA it has same basic advantages as OFDMA but the spreading of each data symbol
over multiple subcarriers gives it the profound advantage of lower PAPR value as compare to
that of OFDMA. Hence PAPR is a useful parameter for uplink it is used in uplink
transmission of LTE system [10].

Sub-
S/P Modulator FFT carrier IFFT CP P/S
Mapping

Sub-carrier
FFT Remove S/P Channel
Demapping
CP

IFFT Demodulato P/S

r

Figure 3.3: Block Diagram of SC-FDMA

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Working Principle of SC-FDMA

In SC-FDMA transmitter, after modulating parallel low speed data streams, the transmitter
groups the modulated symbols into a block of N symbols. An N-point FFT block transforms
these symbols in time domain into frequency domain. The frequency domain samples are then
mapped to a subset of M subcarriers where M is typically greater than N. Similar to OFDMA,
an IFFT block is used to generate the time-domain samples of these subcarriers, which is
followed by appending cyclic prefix and parallel to serial conversion. At the receiver just the
opposite processes take place. Serial to parallel conversion, removing CP, taking FFT to
convert to frequency domain, sub-carrier demapping followed by IFFT and demodulation.

Figure 3.4: Difference between OFDMA and SC-FDMA Subcarrier allocation

3.3 Analysis of PAPR Parameter in OFDM and SC-FDMA

3.3.1 Analysis of PAPR in SC-FDMA System

Let’s consider a non-OFDM or Single Carrier system with BPSK modulated symbols

x (0), x (1), x (2)… x (N-1) each having Amplitude of a (3.1)

Power in each symbol = a2 (3.2)

Which is the peak power because each symbol is a

Average power = E {|x (k) |2} = a2 (3.3)

Hence in this single carrier system, both peak and average power are equal.

( )
PAPR = = 10log10 = 1 = 0dB (3.4)
* ( ) +

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3.3.2 Analysis of PAPR in OFDM

In OFDMA system the information symbols are loaded to the subcarriers and in order to
transmit we should apply IFFT operation on these symbols, therefore the transmitted symbols
are the IFFT samples of the information symbols.

X (0) x (0)
I
X (1) F x (1)
F
X (N-1) x (N-1)
T

Therefore

( ) ∑ () , 0 ≤ k ≤ N-1 (3.5), N-point IFFT

So we are interested to characterize the PAPR of the transmitted samples.

Average Power = E{|x(k)|2}

= 1/N2∑ * ( ) + *| | + (3.6)

where E{.} denotes the expectation operator.

Where {| | } ( ) (3.7)

Therefore, E{|x(k)|2} = 1/N2∑ * ( ) + = 1/N2∑

= a2N*1/N2 = a2/N (3.8)

Now we need to characterize the peak power of transmitted signal.

Let’s consider a specific sample, x(0) and all samples have the same amplituide = a.

( ) ∑ () = ∑ () (3.9)

Let’s Consider all information symbols have the same amplitude = +a.

(0) = ∑ ( ) = 1/N∑ =a (3.10)

2
Therefore peak power = ( ) =a .

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PAPR = = N.

Hence PAPR in OFDM system can be significantly higher. But In most cases (for higher
values of N) the PAPR value is approximately about 10dB. The high PAPR in OFDM system
essentially arises because of IFFT operation. This is also because of data symbols across
subcarriers can add up to produce a high peak value signal.

3.4 BER and SNR analysis of SC-FDMA for different modulation schemes

The BER is the ratio of number of error bits and total number of bits transmitted. It is given
by the following formulae.

BER = Number of Error Bits / Total Number of Transmitted Bits (3.11)

To plot BER performance first we simulated the developed model, calculated BER for
different Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values using the above formulae and then we plotted
these values against corresponding SNR values. The procedure was repeated for different
modulation techniques [11].

The SNR is the ratio of bit energy (Eb) to the noise power spectral density (N0) and is
expressed in db.

SNR = Eb / N0 (3.12)

For any modulation scheme, the BER is expressed in terms of SNR. BER is measured by
comparing the transmitted signal with received signal, and compute the error counts over the
total number of bits transmitted

3.5 Analysis PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDMA System

PAPR reduction techniques can be broadly classified into three main categories

1. Signal distortion techniques,

2. Multiple signalling and probabilistic techniques and
3. Coding techniques.

In our project we mainly focus on the first two PAPR reduction techniques as well as on the
hybrid schemes (i.e. Hybrid of Clipping and Selective Mapping technique)

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a) Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) technique

Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) is one of Multiple signalling and probabilistic technique
used to reduce PAPR in OFDM system which is analysed in our thesis. Main idea of PTS is
data blocks are divided into non overlapping sub-block with independent rotation factor. This
rotation factor generates time domain data with lowest amplitude. The fundamental idea of
this technique is sub-dividing the original OFDM symbol data into sub-data which is
transmitted through the sub-blocks which are then multiplied by the weighing value which
were differed by the phase rotation factor until choosing the optimum value which has low
PAPR [13].

Figure 3.5: Partial Transmit Sequence

The block diagram for PTS technique is shown in figure. The data sequence X in frequency
domain is sub-divided into M sub-sequence which were transmitted in sub-blocks without
overlapping and having equal size of N which contains N/M non-zero values in each sub-
blocks. Thus Peak to average power ratio has been reduced in OFDM using partial transmit
sequence. Main drawbacks of this technique are searching complexity increases exponentially
with the number of sub blocks.

Mathematical Model For PTS Technique

Let X = {Xk}, where (k = 0,… ,N -1), is the frequency domain (FD) data of an OFDM signal
which is partitioned into N disjoint sub block of equal size and can be represented as

X=∑ ( ) (3.13)

Where all the subcarrier positions that presented by another block are is set to zero, so that the
sum of all the sub-blocks constitutes the original signal. Then, the subblocks X are
transformed into time-domain partial transmit sequence by using Inverse Discrete Fourier
Transform operation, which can expressed as

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( ) ∑ ( ) , n = 0, 1, … N-1.

by multiplying the phase sequences Pꜫ = {Pkꜫ} (k = 0, 1, 2, ……… N-1) with X elements, we

can get the following result,

Xꜫ = [P0ꜫX0, P1ꜫX1,….., PN-1ꜫXN-1] , ꜫ = 1,…, M (3.14)

Where Pkꜫ = ejϴkꜫ, ϴkꜫ is uniformly distributed in [0, 2π) (3.15)

Then getting M candidates time domain (TD) via IDFTs as

xꜫ = ∑ ꜫ ꜫ
, ꜫ = 1,…, M (3.16)

All the candidates have the same information x, but different PAPRs. The one with the
smallest PAPR in Xꜫ is selected for transmission.

b) Selective Mapping (SLM) Technique

It is Multiple signalling and probabilistic technique. SLM scheme is one of the initial
probabilistic approaches for reducing the PAPR problem, with a goal of making occurrence of
the peaks less frequent, not to eliminate the peaks. In selected mapping (SLM) method a
whole set of candidate signals is generated representing the same information, and then the
most favourable signal as regards to PAPR is chosen and transmitted. This method is
distortion less method as it does not clip original signal. The side information about this
choice needs to be explicitly transmitted along with the chosen candidate signal. The block
diagram of SLM is shown in figure [15].

Figure 3.6: Selective Mapping

Mathematical Model For SLM Technique

Let us assume that the original input data X [X0, X1,…., XN-1]T multiplied with independent
phase sequences P(u) = [P0(u), P1(u),….,PN-1(u)]T (u = 0, 1, …, U-1), To make the U phase
rotated OFDM data blocks. where U is the number of phase sequences. Both the input data
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and phase sequences have the same length N. All U phase rotated OFDM data blocks
represent the same information as the unmodified OFDM data block provided that the phase
sequence is known After multiplication, inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) will be applied
on each sequence to convert the signal from frequency domain to the time domain.

Xu(t) = 1/N∑ , 0 ≤ t ≤ NT (3.17)

The result from multiplication will generate the data block of an OFDM system that has
different time domain signals, with length of U, and different PAPR values,

X(u) = [X0(u) + X1(u) + ….+ XN-1(u) ]T. The last step is comparing the PAPR among the
independent data blocks and the candidate with the lowest PAPR will be selected for
transmission.

c) Clipping

Clipping is by far one of signal distortion technique for PAPR Reduction in which signal
above a predetermined threshold level is clipped which introduces both in-band and out-of-
band distortion which can destroy orthogonality of the subcarriers. For the later windowing of
the clipped signal can be done which should be ideally as narrow as possible. The following
equation shows the amplitude clipping

x, |x| ≤ m
C(X) = (3.18)
A, |x| > m

Where m is a positive real number and it presents the clipping level.

Since the clipping is always performed at the transmitter, signals at the receiver have to
estimate the clipping that has occurred at the transmitter. In general, one clipping occurs per
OFDM symbol, and the receiver has to calculate two important parameters: location and size
of the clipping signals. Clipping method is a nonlinear process and may cause in or out
distortion into the OFDM system, which may affect the bit error performance (BER), besides,
it may cause peak regrowth. Peak regrowth happens when clipping exceed the clipping level.
And by repeating clipping and filtering process again the effect of this distortion can be
eliminated.

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Clipping PAPR reduction method Algorithm

Clipping PAPR reduction method is one of the simplest method to implement as well as to
perform as discussed in previous section. The simplest algorithm of clipping PAPR reduction
method is as shown below.

Start

Generate OFDM signal

Modulate using lower order modulation scheme

Perform IFFT

Perform PAPR reduction

Is PAPR > Clip the

Threshold Yes signal

N
O

Add AWGN

Perform FFT

Demodulate using lower order modulation

Calculate BER

End

Figure 3.7: flow chart of clipping technique

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d) Combined SLM and Clipping Technique

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a very popular and widely used

concept in wireless communications, but it is well known to suffer from high peak to average
power ratio (PAPR). There is a long list of methods that try to circumvent this effect,
including selected mapping (SLM) and Clipping. The SLM is signal scrambling technique &
Clipping is signal distortion technique, these are two different techniques. In this thesis we
present a new approach to combine SLM with clipping in order to achieve a desired PAPR
while limiting the signal distortion. Here we combine both schemes in a serial manner

Serial
data OFDM
Serial to Signal
input IFF SLM Clipping
parallel Mappe P/S Symbo
T System System
converte r l
r
Figure 3.8: Block Diagram of SLM-Clipping Hybrid method

Combined SLM and Clipping method Algorithm

1) Generate the random signal Xn = [X0, X1, X2, ………XN-1 ]

2) Modulate by using QAM or QPSK modulation techniques

3) Perform IFFT as ( ) ∑ ( ) , n = 0, 1, ….., N-1

4) choose threshold to perform clipping

x , |x| ≤ m
C(X) =
A , |x| > m

5) Convert output of clipping using FFT and the signal is C(n) = [C 0, C1, ….. CN-1]
6) Multiply each C(n) signal by independent phase sequence
P(u) = [p1,u , p2,u, .., pN-1,u ] i.e. C(n)*p(u)
7) Choose the signal with minimum PAPR and transmit

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Start

Generate OFDM signal

Modulate using lower order modulation scheme

Perform IFFT

Perform PAPR Reduction

No PAPR > Yes

threshold Clip the Signal
value?

Generate random phase sequence

Add AWGN

Perform FFT

Demodulate using lower order modulation scheme

Calculate BER

End

Figure 3.9: flow chart of hybrid SLM and Clipping scheme

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Chapter Four
Results and Discussions

4.1 Software simulation results and discussions

4.1.1 Software simulation of PAPR analysis in SC-FDMA and OFDMA

Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) of the PAPR

The complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the PAPR is the most
frequently used performance measure for the PAPR. A CCDF curve shows how much time
the signal spends at or above a given power level. A CCDF curve is basically a plot of relative
power levels versus probability. Mathematically CCDF can be explained with a set of data
having the probability density function (PDF). To obtain the Cumulative Distribution
Function (CDF), the integral of the PDF is computed. Then inverting the CDF results in the
CCDF. It concludes that the CCDF is the complement of the CDF or CCDF = 1 – CDF.
CCDF measure the efficiency of any PAPR technique. The CCDF of the PAPR denotes the
probability that the PAPR is above the threshold level PAPR0, which can be expressed as,

CCDF = Pr (PAPR>PAPR0).

Figure 4.1: Simulation result of PAPR analysis in SC-FDMA and OFDM

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Result Discussion

Graph for PAPR value vs CCDF of PAPR is plotted for OFDMA and SC-FDMA using BPSK
modulation technique. The reason for choosing BPSK is low order modulation i.e. BPSK,
QPSK are adopted in the uplink in order to have less PAPR at user end than higher order
modulation scheme. Simulation results shows that SC-FDMA has greater performance over
OFDMA interms of PAPR parameter.

4.1.2 Software simulation of BER analysis in SC-FDMA system

Figure 4.2: BER analysis in SC-FDMA system

Result Discussion

BER is the key parameter for indicating the system performance of any data link. In our
Thesis we analysed that for different values of SNR, the BER increases for high order
modulation schemes in SC-FDMA used in LTE system. On the other hand, the lower order
modulation schemes (BPSK and QPSK(4-QAM)) experience less BER at receiver thus lower
order modulations improves the system performance interms of BER. The BER increases for
high order modulation techniques used in LTE system because of the fact that higher order
modulation techniques use more bits per symbol. Hence it is easily affected by the noise. If
we consider the bandwidth efficiency of these modulation schemes, the higher order
modulation accommodates more data within a given bandwidth and is more bandwidth
efficient as compare to lower order modulation. Thus there exists a trade-off between BER
and bandwidth efficiency among these modulation schemes used in LTE.
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4.1.3 Simulation result for PTS PAPR reduction technique in OFDM system

Figure 4.3: PAPR reduction using PTS technique

Result Discussion

In this section, the simulation result has been done to get the performance of Partial transmit
sequence technique (PTS). In this section, first we get the results of PAPR of OFDM and then
PAPR of PTS technique with different sub-block. Hence, using PTS technique It can be noted
that PAPR performance improves as the number sub-blocks increases with V = 2, 4, 8 and 16.
Statistically PTS technique reduces PAPR by about 9.26% using v = 4

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4.1.4 Simulation results for SLM PAPR reduction technique in OFDM system

Figure 4.4: PAPR reduction using SLM for N = 64 and different values of U

Figure 4.5: PAPR reduction using SLM for N = 128 and different values of U

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Figure 4.6: PAPR reduction using SLM for N = 256 and different values of U

Figure 4.7: PAPR reduction using SLM for N = 512 and different values of U

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Figure 4.8: PAPR reduction using SLM for N = 1024 and different values of U

Result Discussion

This section discusses the performance of selected mapping (SLM) with different values of
subcarriers N and phase sequences U. it can be seen from the simulation results that it is
possible for SLM scheme to reduce peak to average power ratio (PAPR). It is clear from the
figures that increasing the number of subcarriers results more PAPR in the system but in all
subcarriers increasing the number of phase sequences (U) results in better PAPR reduction
perfomance.

Table 1.PAPR comparison for different number of subcarriers and phase sequences

PAPR(dB)

N 64 128 256 512 1024

U=1 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.6

U=2 10 10.2 10.5 10.8 11

U=4 8.5 8.8 9.2 9.6 9.9

U=8 7.3 7.8 8.3 8.8 9.1

U = 16 6.7 7.2 7.8 8.2 8.7

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4.1.5 Simulation result for Clipping PAPR reduction technique in OFDM system

Figure 4.9: PAPR reduction using Clipping Technique

Result Discussion

The above simulation result shows the CCDF of with and without clipping PAPR reduction
techniques. And the result clearly shows that the probability that the PAPR will greater than
10.4 dB is 10-5 for the black color with clipping PAPR reduction and the probability that the
PAPR will greater than 12.3 dB is 0.00001 for the red color original OFDM signal without
PAPR reduction method. Probability 0.00001 means it will not occur i.e. probability is almost
zero. So using the clipping method the PAPR may not greater than 10.4 dB for 64 numbers of
subcarriers.

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4.1.6 Simulation results for hybrid Clipping and SLM PAPR reduction technique

Figure 4.10: Hybrid scheme with N = 64

Result Discussion

Figure shows the CCDF of clipping, selective mapping and both clipping and selective
mapping PAPR reduction method with number of subcarriers equal to 64. Using clipping
method (the red color) of probability of PAPR greater than 10.2 dB, SLM with U=2, 4, 8, 16
(a blue, yellow, green and pink) with doted color is 10, 8.4, 7.3 and 6.7 dB is 10-5
respectively. The combination of clipping and selective mapping with U=2, 4, 8, 16 (a blue,
yellow, green and pink) with smooth color respectively is 8.2, 6.8, 5.6, and 4.8dB is 10-5.
When SLM is compared to combination of clipping and SLM with U=2, 4, 8, 16 the PAPR is
decreased from 10dB to 8.2dB, from 8.4dB to 6.8dB, from 7.3dB to 5.6dB and form 6.7dB to
4.8dB respectively. PAPR using both SLM and clipping hybrid reduction scheme for number
of subcarriers equal to 64 and 16 phase sequence is less than or equal to 4.8dB.

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Figure 4.11: Hybrid scheme with N = 128

Result Discussion

When we compare the above two figures i.e. for N = 64 and N = 128 the PAPR value is
increase. The probability that the PAPR is greater than 4.8dB, 5.6dB, 6.8dB and 8.2dB for
both clipping and SLM hybrid scheme for U=16, U=8, U=4, U=2 in the first figure is
respectively is 0.00001. But for N=128 is 5.5dB, 6.2dB, 7.2dB and 8.6dB for U=16, U=8,
U=4 and U=2 respectively. The figures, shows that as the number of subcarriers increase the
PAPR values increase for clipping, SLM and both clipping and SLM hybrid PAPR reduction
techniques.

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Figure 4.12: Hybrid scheme with N = 256

Figure 4.13: Hybrid scheme with N = 512

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Figure 4.14: Hybrid scheme with N = 1024

Result Discussion

As seen from the above figures when the number of subcarriers increases the PAPR reduction
capability decrease i.e. PAPR increases. So the number subcarriers has great influence in
PAPR reduction capability i.e. when N=64, 128, 256, 512, and 1048, the probability that the
PAPR is greater than 4.8, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 6.9 dB respectively is 0.00001. Also independent phase
sequence has great influence. As the independent phase sequence increase from U=2 to U=16
the PAPR is decreased from 8.2dB to 4.8dB for N=64 SLM and clipping method. So as the
independent phase sequence increases the PAPR will decrease.

Table 2. PAPR Reduction comparison of Three Techniques

PAPR Reduction Technique PAPR(dB)

Clipping 12.1 to 10.2 (15%)

SLM 12 to 6.7 (44%)

Clipping and SLM Hybrid Scheme 12 to 4.8 (60%)

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4.1.7 Simulation results of BER performance of hybrid scheme

Another parameter to evaluate performance of a system is BER. As illustrated in the previous

section one of the most drawbacks of high PAPR is high BER. The effect of high BER can be
decreased by decreasing the PAPR. In this section the BER performance of hybrid SLM and
Clipping technique will be simulated. The simulation is done using PSK and QAM with
additive white Gaussian noise.

Figure 4.15: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 4PSK using AWGN

Result Discussion

Figure shows the BER versus SNR for 4PSK with additive white Gaussian noise and 1024
number of subcarriers. The result shows that the BER of PAPR reduction method at SNR
equal to 11.5 is 10-4 but the BER of PAPR without PAPR reduction technique is 10-3.6 at SNR
equal to 11.5.

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Figure 4.16: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 4QAM using AWGN

Figure 4.17: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 8QAM using AWGN

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Result Discussion

Figure shows the BER of 8QAM modulation technique with and without PAPR reduction
technique. The BER for SLM and clipping hybrid PAPR reduction technique is 10-4 at 16
SNR and the BER without PAPR reduction method is 10-2.3 at 16 SNR. In 8QAM scheme the
BER without PAPR reduction is 10 -2.8 at any SNR value. The BER is not good for without
PAPR reduction method. So the PAPR reduction method is needed to get low BER.

Figure 4.18: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 8PSK using AWGN

Result Discussion

When we compare the two modulation scheme i.e. 8QAM and 8PSK the BER of 8QAM is
lower than 8PSK i.e. the BER for 8QAM is 10-4 at 16 SNR but for 8PSK the BER is 10-4 at 17
SNR. The performance of the two modulation scheme without PAPR reduction technique is
almost similar. Therefore 8QAM has good BER performance than 8 PSK with PAPR
reduction technique.

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Figure 4.19: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 16PSK using AWGN

Figure 4.20: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 16QAM using AWGN

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Figure 4.21: BER with and without hybrid reduction technique for 64QAM using AWGN

Result Discussion

Figure shows the BER performance of 64QAM scheme with and without PAPR reduction
technique with additive white Gaussian noise. The BER for SLM and clipping PAPR
reduction method is 10-4 at 24 SNR and 10-1.8 at 24 SNR and any SNR for without reduction
technique. As the modulation order increases the SNR increases resulting high BER. This is
due to the fact that, higher order modulation techniques use more bits per symbol. Hence it is
easily affected by the noise. If we consider the bandwidth efficiency of these modulation
schemes, the higher order modulation accommodates more data within a given bandwidth and
is more bandwidth efficient as compare to lower order modulation. Thus there exists a trade-
off between BER and bandwidth efficiency among these modulation schemes used in LTE.

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Table 3. BER performance with and without hybrid scheme of different modulation scheme

Modulation schemes SNR BER of Hybrid technique BER without reduction technique

4PSK 11.5 10-4 10-3.6

4QAM 11.2 10-4 10-3.3

8QAM 16 10-4 10-2.3

8PSK 17 10-4 10-3

16PSK 22 10-4 10-2

16QAM 18 10-4 10-3.5

64QAM 24 10-4 10-1.8

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Chapter Five
Conclusion and Recommendations for future work

5.1 Conclusion

The performance of OFDMA and SC-FDMA in LTE depends mainly on the type of
modulations which are BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM. As we go for higher order
modulation the probability of error, Bit Error rate and SNR increases in both OFDMA and
SC-FDMA as shown in the simulation results. The power consumption at the user end such as
portable devices is again a vital issue for uplink transmission in LTE system. That’s why SC-
FDMA has been adopted for the uplink transmission in LTE system.

BER is the key parameter for indicating the system performance of any data link. In our thesis
we analyzed that for different values of SNR, the BER increases for high order modulation in
both the multiple access techniques (OFDMA and SC-FDMA) used in LTE system. On the
other hand, the lower order modulation schemes (BPSK and QPSK (4QAM)) experience less
BER at receiver thus lower order modulation improve the system performance in terms of
BER.

Irrespective of the good performance of the OFDM systems the main problem associated with
the OFDM transmitter and receiver is the Peak-to-Average Power ratio (PAPR). Practically
during the transmission, the system shows certain nonlinearities due to a particular limit of the
maximum power. Due to operation of the system in non-linear region, the power spectrum of
the signal expands and that causes out-of-band distortions. The higher values of PAPR
degrade the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the DAC in the transmitter and the ADC in the
receiver, therefore the overall performance or efficiency of the system decreases.

In this project work, hybrid SLM and clipping Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
Reduction technique have been proposed and simulated. The performance of this PAPR
reduction scheme has been evaluated by the Complementary Cumulative Distribution
Function (CCDF), and BER of the OFDM signal. The simulation of CCDF PAPR reduction
parameter results that large PAPR reduction is possible with SLM and clipping hybrid
scheme.

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5.2 Recommendations for Future work

This project is mainly focuses in the 4th generation (4G) mobile network standard (LTE)
uplink and downlink scheme. More works have to be done on long term evolution advanced
(LTE-A) and 5th generation mobile networks on the parameters that we analyzed in our thesis.

The next generation of mobile network has a long way to go before it's a reality, but tests and
plans are underway to set the terms for such an upgrade. By achieving Low latency means that
not only will download and upload speeds be fast, but the response times for starting those
data transfers will be similarly snappy. The other benefit relates to the biggest issue with
current mobile network standards is a critical lack of bandwidth. The radio frequencies that
our 4G networks operate on are overcrowded to say the least.

Improving spectral efficiency of SC-FDMA, improving PAPR reduction performance in

OFDM using best reduction techniques if there, are also recommendations for future work of
interesting topics that can be pursued as extensions of this project.

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References
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[15]. M. Naeiny and F. Marvasti 2011, “Selected Mapping Algorithm for PAPR reduction of

space-frequency coded OFDM systems without side information,” Vehicular

Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 60, pp. 1211-1216.

[16]. I. Baig and V. Jeoti 2011, “On the PAPR reduction in OFDM systems: a novel ZCT
precoding Based SLM technique,” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol.
6, pp. 266-378,

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Appendix A:
% Matlab code for analysis of PAPR in OFDM and SC-FDMA

function paprSCFDMA()

dataType = 'B-PSK'; % Modulation format.

NS = 512; % Number of total subcarriers.

Symbols = 16; % Data block size.

Q = NS/Symbols; % Bandwidth spreading factor of SC-FDMA.

BW = 5e6; % System bandwidth.

Ts = 1/BW; % sampling rate.

osf = 4; % Oversampling factor.

Nsub = NS;

Fsub = (0:Nsub-1)*BW/Nsub; % Subcarrier spacing of OFDMA.

Runs = 1e3; % Number of iterations.

papr1 = zeros(1,Runs); % Initialize the PAPR results for sc-fdma.

papr3 = zeros(1,Runs); % Initialize the PAPR results for OFDMA

for n = 1:Runs,

% Generate random data.

if strcmp(dataType,'B-PSK')

tmp = round(rand(Symbols,2));

tmp = tmp*2 - 1;

data = (tmp(:,1) + j*tmp(:,2))/sqrt(2);

elseif dataType == 'QPSK'

tmp = round(rand(Symbols,4));

tmp = tmp*2 - 1;

data = (tmp(:,1) + j*tmp(:,2))/sqrt(2);

elseif dataType == '16QAM'

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dataSet = [-3+3i -1+3i 1+3i 3+3i -3+i -1+i 1+i 3+i -3-i -1-i 1-i 3-i -3-3i -1-3i 1-3i 3-3i];

dataSet = dataSet / sqrt(mean(abs(dataSet).^2));

tmp = ceil(rand(Symbols,1)*16);

for k = 1:Symbols,

if tmp(k) == 0

tmp(k) = 1;

end

data(k) = dataSet(tmp(k));

end

data = data.';

end

% Convert data to frequency domain.

Z1 = fft(data);

Z2 = fft(data);

% Initialize the subcarriers.

Y1 = zeros(NS,1);

Y2 = zeros(NS,1);

% Subcarrier mapping for SC-FDMA

Y1(1:Q:NS) = Z1;

Y2(1:Symbols) = Z2;

% Convert data back to time domain.

y1 = ifft(Y1);

y2 = ifft(Y2);

% OFDMA modulation.

% Time range of the OFDMA symbol.

t = [0:Ts/osf:Nsub*Ts];

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y3 = 0;

for k = 1:Symbols,

y3= y3 + data(k)*exp(j*2*pi*Fsub(k)*t);

end

% Calculate PAPR.

papr3(n) = 10*log10(max(abs(y3).^2) / mean(abs(y3).^2));

papr1(n) = 10*log10(max(abs(y1).^2) / mean(abs(y1).^2));

papr2(n) = 10*log10(max(abs(y2).^2) / mean(abs(y2).^2));

end

% Plot CCDF.

figure ()

[~,Z3] = hist(papr3, 100);

[~,Z1] = hist(papr1, 100);

[N,Z2] = hist(papr2, 100);

semilogy(Z1,1-cumsum(N)/max(cumsum(N)),'b')

hold on

semilogy(Z3,1-cumsum(N)/max(cumsum(N)),'black')

hold off

title ('PAPR of SC-FDMA and OFDMA for BPSK')

xlabel ('PAPR[dB]')

ylabel ('{PAPR(PAPR>PAPR0)}')

legend('SC-FDMA','OFDMA')

grid off;

% Save data.

save paprSCFDMA

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% Matlab code for analysis of BER in SC-FDMA

clc;

close all;

EbN0dB = -4:1:24;

EbN0lin=10.^(EbN0dB/10);

colors={'k-*','g-o','r-h','c-s','m-s','y-*','k-p','b:s','m:d','g:p'};

index=1;

%BPSK

%BPSK

BPSK=0.5*erfc(sqrt(EbN0lin));

plotHandle=plot(EbN0dB,log10(BPSK),char(colors(index)));

set(plotHandle, 'LineWidth', 1.5);

hold on;

index=index+1;

%M-PSK

m=2:1:5;

M=2.^m;

for i=M

k=log2(i);

berErr=1/k *erfc(sqrt(EbN0lin*k)*sin(pi/i));

plotHandle=plot(EbN0dB,log10(berErr),char(colors(index)));

set(plotHandle,'LineWidth',1.5);

index=index+1;

end

% Binary DPSK

pb=0.5*exp(-EbN0lin);

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plotHandle=plot(EbN0dB,log10(pb),char(colors(index)));

set(plotHandle, 'LineWidth', 1.5);

index=index+1;

% Differential QPSK

a=sqrt(2*EbN0lin*(1-sqrt(1/2)));

b=sqrt(2*EbN0lin*(1+sqrt(1/2)));

pb=marcumq(a,b)-1/2*besseli(0,a.*b).*exp(-1/2*(a.^2+b.^2));

plotHandle=plot(EbN0dB,log10(pb),char(colors(index)));

set(plotHandle, 'LineWidth', 1.5);

index=index+1;

% M-QAM

m=2:2:6;

M=2.^m

for i=M

k=log2(i)

berErr=2/k*(1-1/sqrt(i))*erfc(sqrt(3*EbN0lin*k/(2*(i-1))));

plotHandle=plot(EbN0dB,log10(berErr),char(colors(index)));

set(plotHandle, 'LineWidth', 1.5);

index=index+1;end

legend('BPSK','QPSK','8-PSK','16-PSK','32-psk','D-BPSK','D-QPSK','4-QAM','16-QAM','64-
QAM');axis([-4 24 -8 0])

set(gca,'XTICK',-4:1:24);

ylabel('probability of BER Error -log10(pb)');

xlabel('EbN0(dB)');

title('probability of BER Error log 10(pb)vs Eb/N0');

grid on;

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Appendix B:
% Matlab code for PAPR reduction in OFDM

% PTS Technique

clear all;

close all;

c1=128;

V=[2,4];

L=4;

Fs=10000;

SNR_dB=5:.1:14;%CCDF

N=length(SNR_dB);

SNR_LI= 10.^(SNR_dB/10);

ccdf0=zeros(1,N);

ccdf2=ccdf0;

ccdf4=ccdf0;

papr0=zeros(1,Fs);

papr1=zeros(1,Fs);

papr3=zeros(1,Fs);

papr5=zeros(1,Fs);

mod_Level = 16;

symbol_Set = [-3+3i, -1+3i, 3+3i, 1+3i,-3+1i, -1+1i, 3+1i, 1+1i, -3-3i, -1-3i, 3-3i, 1-3i,-3-1i, -
1-1i, 3-1i, 1-1i]/sqrt(10);

for j=1:Fs;

y1=symbol_Set(randi(mod_Level,1,c1));

z1=[y1(1:c1/2),zeros(1,(L-1)*c1),y1(c1/2+1:c1)]; %

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z2=ifft(z1)*c1;

x0=abs(z2).^2;

v3=max(x0);

m3=mean(x0);

papr3(j)=10*log10(v3/m3); %

l1=length(z1); %

v=V(1);

z=zeros(v,L*c1);

iz=zeros(v,L*c1);

x2=zeros(1,l1);

x4=x2;

% x6=x4;

b=ones(1,v);

for k=1:v;

z(k,:)=[zeros(1,(k-1)*l1/v),z1((k-1)*l1/v+1:k*l1/v),zeros(1,(v-k)*l1/v)];

iz(k,:)=ifft(z(k,:));

iz(k,:)=iz(k,:)*c1;

x2(1,:)=x2(1,:)+b(k)*iz(k,:);

end

x3=abs(x2).^2;

m0=mean(x3);

v0=max(x3);

papr0(j)=10*log10(v0/m0);

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%papr3(j)=10*log10(v0/m0);

index=1;

while index<v+1

b(index)=-1;

for n=1:v;

x4(1,:)=x4(1,:)+b(n)*iz(n,:);

end

x5=abs(x4).^2;

m1=mean(x5);

v1=max(x5);

papr1(j)=10*log10(v1/m1);

if papr1(j)<papr0(j)

papr0(j)=papr1(j);

else

b(index)=j;

for n=1:v;

x4(1,:)=x4(1,:)+b(n)*iz(n,:);

end

x5=abs(x4).^2;

m1=mean(x5);

v1=max(x5);

papr1(j)=10*log10(v1/m1);

if papr1(j)<papr0(j)

papr0(j)=papr1(j);

else

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b(index)=-j;

for n=1:v;

x4(1,:)=x4(1,:)+b(n)*iz(n,:);

end

x5=abs(x4).^2;

m1=mean(x5);

v1=max(x5);

papr1(j)=10*log10(v1/m1);

if papr1(j)<papr0(j)

papr0(j)=papr1(j);

else

b(index)=1;

end

end

end

index=index+1;

end

v=V(2);

z=zeros(v,L*c1);

iz=zeros(v,L*c1);

x3=zeros(1,l1);

x4=x3;

%x6=x4;

a=ones(1,v);

for k=1:v; %

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z(k,:)=[zeros(1,(k-1)*l1/v),z1((k-1)*l1/v+1:k*l1/v),zeros(1,(v-k)*l1/v)];

iz(k,:)=ifft(z(k,:));

iz(k,:)=iz(k,:)*c1;

x2(1,:)=x2(1,:)+a(k)*iz(k,:);

end

x7=abs(x2).^2;

m0=mean(x7);

v0=max(x7);

papr5(j)=10*log10(v0/m0);

index=1;

while index<v+1

a(index)=-1;

for n=1:v;

x4(1,:)=x4(1,:)+a(n)*iz(n,:);

end

x5=abs(x4).^2;

m1=mean(x5);

v1=max(x5);

papr1(j)=10*log10(v1/m1);

if papr1(j)<papr5(j)

papr5(j)=papr1(j);

else

a(index)=j;

for n=1:v;

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x4(1,:)=x4(1,:)+a(n)*iz(n,:);

end

x5=abs(x4).^2;

m1=mean(x5);

v1=max(x5);

papr1(j)=10*log10(v1/m1);

if papr1(j)<papr5(j)

papr5(j)=papr1(j);

else

a(index)=-j;

for n=1:v;

x4(1,:)=x4(1,:)+a(n)*iz(n,:);

end

x5=abs(x4).^2;

m1=mean(x5);

v1=max(x5);

papr1(j)=10*log10(v1/m1);

if papr1(j)<papr5(j)

papr5(j)=papr1(j);

else

a(index)=1;

end;

end;

end;

index=index+1;

end

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for l=1:N;

if papr3(j)>SNR_LI(l)

ccdf0(l)=ccdf0(l)+1;

end

if papr0(j)>SNR_LI(l)

ccdf2(l)=ccdf2(l)+1;

end

if papr5(j)>SNR_LI(l)

ccdf4(l)=ccdf4(l)+1;

end

end

end

ccdf1=ccdf0./Fs;

ccdf3=ccdf2./Fs;

ccdf5=ccdf4./Fs;

semilogy(SNR_dB,ccdf1,'r',SNR_dB,ccdf5,'b',SNR_dB,ccdf3,'g')

title('PAPR reduction using PTS')

xlabel('papr(dB)'),ylabel('ccdf')

legend('original','PTS,v=2','PTS,v=4')

%SLM METHOD

clear all;

close all;

zdb=[0:0.05:20];

z=10.^(zdb/10);

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U=[1, 2, 4, 8, 16];

N=64;

p=ones(length(z),12);

for i=1:length(U)

ps(:,i)=(1-(1-exp(-(z))).^N).^U(i);

end

semilogy(zdb,ps(:,1),'k*-');

hold on;

semilogy(zdb,ps(:,2),'b*-');

hold on;

semilogy(zdb,ps(:,3),'y*-');

hold on;

semilogy(zdb,ps(:,4),'g*-');

hold on;

semilogy(zdb,ps(:,5),'m*-');

legend('with out PAPR reduction','U=2','U=4','U=8','U=16');

axis([4 14 10^-5 1]);

ylabel('CCDF Pr(PAPR>PAPRo)')

xlabel('PAPRo')

title('PAPR reduction using SLM')

%Clipping METHOD

close all;

zdb=[0:0.05:20];

z=10.^(zdb/10);

N=128;

p=ones(length(z),12);

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p1(:,1)=(1-(1-exp(-(1.5*z))).^N);

ps(:,1)=(1-(1-exp(-(z))).^N);

semilogy(zdb,p1(:,1),'k*-');

hold on

semilogy(zdb,ps(:,1),'r*-');

axis([1 13 10^-5 1]);

ylabel('CCDF Pr(PAPR>PAPRo)')

xlabel('PAPRo')

title('PAPR reduction using clipping')

legend('clipping','orginal signal')

% Hybrid Clipping and SLM METHOD

clear all;

close all

zdb=[0:0.05:20];

z=10.^(zdb/10);

U=[1, 2, 4, 8, 16];

N=1024;

p=ones(length(z),12);

p1(:,1)=(1-(1-exp(-(z))).^N);

for j=1:length(U)

p(:,j)=(1-(1-exp(-(1.5*z))).^N).^U(j);

end

for i=1:length(U)

ps(:,i)=(1-(1-exp(-(z))).^N).^U(i);

end

semilogy(zdb,p1(:,1),'k');

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hold on;

semilogy(zdb,p(:,1),'r');

hold on;

semilogy(zdb,p(:,2),'b');

hold on;

semilogy(zdb,p(:,3),'y');

hold on;

semilogy(zdb,p(:,4),'g');

hold on;

semilogy(zdb,p(:,5),'m');

semilogy(zdb,ps(:,2),'b*-');

hold on;

semilogy(zdb,ps(:,3),'y*-');

hold on;

semilogy(zdb,ps(:,4),'g*-');

hold on;

semilogy(zdb,ps(:,5),'m*-');

legend('with out clipping','clipping ','clipp&SLM u=2','clipp&SLM u=4','clipp&SLM

u=8','Clipp&SLM u=16','SLM U=2','SLM U=4','SLM U=8','SLM U=16');

axis([1 12 10^-5 1]);

ylabel('CCDF Pr(PAPR>PAPRo)')

xlabel('PAPRo')

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Appendix C:
%MATLAB CODE FOR BER OF BOTH SLM AND CLIPPING METHOD

%**************************************************************

M=4; %modulation order

fft_size=1024; % have 1024 data point

nsym=1000;

snr=0:0.8:30;

source=randsrc(1,fft_size*(nsym-2),0:M-1); %the data source

sp=reshape(source,fft_size,nsym-2);% s/p

s=size(sp);

tx=[];

for i=2:nsym-1

% modulation the datas (mapping)

qam_mod=qammod(sp(:,i-1),M);

serial_to_parallel=reshape(qam_mod, fft_size, 1); % s/p

ifft_data_matrix=ifft(serial_to_parallel,fft_size);

%fft_data_matrix);

% s/p for transmission

[rows_ifft_data, cols_ifft_data]=size(ifft_data_matrix);

length_ofdm_data = rows_ifft_data*cols_ifft_data;

pilot = zeros(1,length_ofdm_data);

ofdm_signal = reshape(ifft_data_matrix, 1, length(ifft_data_matrix));

tx = [tx ofdm_signal];

end

tt =[ pilot tx pilot];

x_max=0.7*abs(max(tt));

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for j=1:nsym*length(ifft_data_matrix) %Clipping the signals above threshold(here 0.2)

if abs(tt(1,j))>x_max

x_abs1(1,j)=x_max;

else

x_abs1(1,j)=tt(1,j);

end;

end;

ofdm_signal3 = reshape(x_abs1, 1, length(x_abs1));

ratio=[];

for ii=1:length(snr)

rx= [];

rx1= [];

rx_signal_matrix = reshape(ofdm_signal3,length(ifft_data_matrix),nsym);

rx_signal_matrix1 = reshape(tt,length(ifft_data_matrix),nsym);

for j = 2: nsym-1

rx_signal = awgn(rx_signal_matrix(:,j),snr(ii),'measured');

rx_signal1 = awgn(rx_signal_matrix1(:,j),snr(ii),'measured');

% Convert Data back to "parallel" form to perform FFT

con=reshape(rx_signal,length(ifft_data_matrix),1);

con1=reshape(rx_signal1,length(ifft_data_matrix),1);

% FFT

fft_data_matrix = fft(con,fft_size);

fft_data_matrix1 = fft(con1,fft_size);

% p/s

rx_serial_data = reshape(fft_data_matrix, 1,fft_size);

rx_serial_data1 = reshape(fft_data_matrix1, 1,fft_size);

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fftrx = rx_serial_data;

% Demodulate the data

qam_dem_data = qamdemod(fftrx,M);

qam_dem_data1 = qamdemod(rx_serial_data1,M);

rx =[rx qam_dem_data];

rx1 =[rx1 qam_dem_data1];

end

[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(source , rx);

[no_of_error1(ii),ratio1(ii)]=biterr(source , rx1);% error rate calculation

end

semilogy(snr,ratio,'--*r','linewidth',2);

hold on;

semilogy(snr,ratio1,'--*b','linewidth',2);

legend('BER without PAPR','BER with clipping & SLM ');

axis([0 30 10^-4 1])

grid on

xlabel('snr');

ylabel('BER')

title('Bit error probability curve for PAPR using 4QAM' );

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