saxelmwifo

dazverva
istoria erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT

revaz baxtaZe

Zv. w. V saukuneSi didi Cineli strategosi sun Zi werda, rom movlenebis winas-
war ganWvreta is umTavresi mizezia, romlis safuZvelze mTavrebi da samxedro
meTaurebi mowinaaRmdeges amarcxeben da warmatebas aRweven. winmswrebi infor-
maciis floba dakavSirebulia fizikur gadarCenasTan da uxsovari droidan cdi-
lobdnen mmarTvelebi, rom gaegoT, Tu ra moxdeboda Semdeg? rogor moiqceoda
mowinaaRmdege Tu mokavSire? ra gza aerCia? – isini am kiTxvebze pasuxs sxvadasxva
gziT moipovebdnen.

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis miTologiam, istoriam da religiurma teqstebma

araerTi ambavi Semogvinaxes, Tu rogor exvewebodnen xelmwifeebi RmerTebs, quru-
mebsa Tu winaswarmetyvelebs momavlis ganWvretas. `Zvel aRTqmaSi~ mocemulia
„pirveli sadazvervo operaciis“ aRwera: Tavad ufali mimarTavs moses da eubne-
ba: „gagzavne kacebi, rom dazveron qanaanis qveyana“. RmerTis miTiTebis Tanaxmad,
mosem Tormeti tomidan TiTo-TiTo warmomadgeneli SearCia da maT davaleba mis-
ca, gaegoT, Tu ramdeni adamiani cxovrobda qanaanSi, ramdenad Zlierebi iyvnen, gan-
viTarebis ra done hqondaT, ra tipis dasaxlebebi iyo gavrcelebuli da rogori
iyo maTi meurneobis struqtura (ricx. 13). dRevandeli sadazvervo samsaxurebis
xelmZRvanelTa davalebebi arsebiTad amave Sinaarss atarebs.

bibliaSi warmodgenili araerTi sadazvervo pasaJis miuxedavad, dazvervis gan-

viTarebis TvalsazrisiT aRmosavleTi dasavleTze win iyo. imave sun Zis Tu da-
vesesxebiT, winmswreb informacias sulebis, RmerTebis Tu niSnebisgan ver Sevit­

64
 dazverva

yobT, misi mopoveba adamianebisgan SeiZleba da igi

iqve gvTavazobs agentebis klasifikacias: 1) adgil-
ze myofi agentebi, anu mowinaaRmdege qveynis dabali
saxelmwifo rangis mqone informatorebi, 2) „Txu­
nelebi“ – mowinaaRmdegis maRalCinosanTa Soris
Canergili agentebi, 3) ormagi agentebi – mowinaaRm-
degis mier gamogzavnili agentebi, romelTa gadabi-
reba xdeba, raTa mters mcdari informacia miawodon,
4) provokaciis agentebi, romlebic mowinaaRmdegis
dasabnevad, wasaqezeblad an mosaxleobaSi panikis
dasaTesad gamoiyenebian, 5) malemsrbolebi, romel-
Tac sadazvervo informacia aqeT-iqiT miaqvT. am
klasifikacias mxolod mcire adaptacia dasWirda XX
saukuneSi. sun Zis „omis xelovneba“ uZvelesi nawar-
moebia, romelic dazvervas konceptualurad ganixi-
lavs da araerT praqtikul rCevas iZleva, romelsac
yavli dResac ar gasvlia.

aRsaniSnavia `Zveli aRTqmis~ kidev erTi adgi-

li, romelic sadazvervo samsaxurebsa da agentebs
Soris urTierTobis erT sakvanZo aspeqts Seexeba.
Cineli mxedarTmTavari sun Zi, avtori
laSqrobis win ieso naves Zem ori mstovari gaagzavna traqtatisa `omis xelovneba~
ieriqonSi. isini qalaqSi mcxovrebi meZavis – rahabis
saxlSi gaCerdnen. rahabma ara marto Seifara jaSuSebi, aramed mefis mier maT saZeb-
nad gamogzavnili xalxi moatyua da mcdari mimarTulebiT gauSva. mogvianebiT ra-
habma mstovrebi saxlidan gaapara da qalaqidan uvneblad gasasvlelad gzac mias-
wavla. sanacvlod, qanaanelma meZavma Tavisi ojaxis xelSeuxebloba iTxova. roca
ieso naves Zem ieriqoni daipyro, rahabi da misi ojaxi uvneblad gadarCnen (ies. 2).
amiT safuZveli Caeyara tradicias, rom vinc dazvervas daexmareba, kompensaciac
unda miiRos raime formiT unda miiRos. saTanado sazRauris gareSe agentebis gad-
mobireba da marTva ver moxdeba.

Sua saukuneebSi araerTi samefos mmarTveli iyenebda jaSuSebs sxvadasxva in-

tensivobiT. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelo iyo, sadac pirveli sadazvervo
samsaxuri mefe daviT meoTxe aRmaSenebelma Seqmna. samwuxarod, TiTqmis araferia
cnobili am samsaxuris struqturis an operaciebis Sesaxeb, Tumca mefe daviTis
samxedro warmatebebi da Zalauflebis konsolidacia iZleva imis safuZvels, rom
misi sadazvervo sistema Zalian efeqturad miviCnioT.

XV saukuneSi italielebma sadazvervo informaciis Segrovebis sistemis gan-

viTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes. italiurma qalaq-saxelmwifoebma ve-
neciam, genuam da sxvebma mudmivmoqmedi saelCoebi gaxsnes sxva saxelmwifoebSi.
saelCoebi gaxda informaciis Segrovebis, agenturuli qselis Seqmnisa da marTvis
mTavari baza ucxo qveynebis teritoriebze. XVI saukunis dasawyisisTvis evropuli
saxelmwifoebis umravlesobas mudmivmoqmedi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobe-

65
 saxelmwifo

bi hqonda, romlebic sadazvervo informaciis

SegrovebiT iyvnen dakavebuli.

mogvianebiT dazvervis ingliselma didos­

tatma ser frensis uolsinhemma (1532-1590)
msoflios erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian sadaz-
vervo samsaxurs Cauyara safuZveli. dedofal
elisabedis saxelmwifo mdivani praqtikulad
yvela didi wamowyebis ukan idga. faqtobrivad,
ar arsebobs dazvervis raime xerxi, romelic mas
ar gamoeyenebinos. man gadmoibira oqsfordisa
da kembrijis saukeTeso kursdamTavrebulebi,
romlebsac safrangeTSi agzavnida saswavleb-
lad, raTa maT Semdgom muSaoba daewyoT sa-
frangeTis mefis karze da frangebis saidumlo
gegmebi londonisTvis miewodebinaT. misi mi-
TiTebiT, damkvidrebul praqtikad iqca weri­
lebis gaxsna, wakiTxva, xelaxla dabeWdva da
daniSnulebisamebr gagzavna. swored am teqnikis
ser frensis uolsinhemi, mxatvari
meSveobiT Seityo uolsinhemma mariam stiuar-
jon dekrici, 1585 tis SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb. mis mier specialurad
daqiravebulma kripto-analitikosma Tomas fe-
lipsma daSifruli werili gaSifra, rasac sabo­
lood Sotlandiis dedoflis dakaveba da dasja
mohyva.

uolsinhemis udidesi miRweva iyo espanuri

armadis Sesaxeb detaluri informaciis mopove-
ba, romelmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula ing­
lisis gamarjvebaSi. man uari Tqva moZvelebul
meTodze, romelic mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis Sesa­
faseblad mcire sazRvao Zalebis gagzavnas da
Setakebis provocirebas iTvaliswinebda. amis
nacvlad, ser frensisma ori ingliseli gaagzav­
na toskanaSi, romlis samefo karTan maT kargi
kavSirebi hqondaT (am da araerT sxva SemTxveva-
Si saxelmwifo mdivani e.w. cru droSas iyenebda.
misi agentebi xan Tavs asaRebdnen sxva saxelm-
wifos warmomadgenlebad, xan protestantebi
ambobdnen, rom kaTolikeebi iyvnen da inglisis
mtrebs emxrobodnen). erT-erTi maTgani, ento-
ni stendeni, imdenad dauaxlovda toskanis elCs
espaneTSi, rom am ukanasknelma stendenis re-
kardinali riSelie, mxatvari komendaciis safuZvelze misi „megobrebi“ aiyvana
fillip de Sampan, 1642
samuSaod saelCoSi. espaneTSi toskanis saelCoSi

66
 dazverva

momuSave araingliselebi eWvs ar aRZravdnen, maT portebSi Sesvla da dakvirveba

SeeZloT. toskanis elCi „megobrebs“ uflebas aZlevda, rom am italiur samefoSi
myof stendenTan werilebi diplomatiuri fostiT gaegzavnaT. uolsinhemis mier
Seqmnil sistemas odnav mogvianebiT mxolod kardinal riSelies (1585-1642) mier
daarsebuli saidumlo samsaxuri Tu gauwevda metoqeobas.

XVII da XIX saukuneebSi sagareo da saSinao dazvervis funqciebis gayofa daiwyo.

mTavari mizezi Sida areulobebis da revoluciebis safrTxis zrda iyo. wamyvanma
evropulma saxelmwifoebma damoukidebeli sadazvervo samsaxurebi Camoayalibes.
rogorc wesi, sagareo dazverva samxedro uwyebebis daqvemdebarebaSi iyo, xolo
Sida usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebeli politikuri policia da kontrdazverva –
Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebis daqvemdebarebaSi. politikuri dazverva ZiriTad­
ad diplomatebs evalebodaT. magaliTad, napoleonis dros Sida usafrTxoebaze
pasuxismgebeli iyo Sinagan saqmeTa ministri Jozef fuSe (1759-1820). fuSes sayva-
reli meTodi iyo provokaciis agentebis gamoyeneba rogorc Cveulebriv danaSau-
lebriv jgufebTan brZolaSi, ise reJimis mowinaaRmdegeTa gamosavlenad da dasa-
marcxeblad.

am fonze gamonaklisi iyo prusia, sadac 1871 wlamde kancler oto fon bismar­kis
dazvervis Sefi vilhelm Stiberi (1818-1882) prusiis samxedro-sagareo dazverva-
sac da Sida saidumlo policiasac akontrolebda. man pirvelad gamoiyena masob­
rivi SpionaJis meTodi: mowinaaRmdegis teritoriis jaSuSebiT ise gajereba, rom
misi politikuri da samxedro mdgomareobis faqtobrivad yvela detali cnobilia.

oto fon bismarki da vilhelm Stiberi

67
 saxelmwifo

es qseli aseve mexuTe kolonis rols asrulebs, rome­

lic momavali dampyroblis mimarT SiSs aRvivebs da amiT
samoqalaqo mosaxleobis morals Zirs uTxris da winaaRm-
degobis gawevis unars asustebs. manamde SpionaJis samiz­
ne maRalCinosnebi da privilegirebuli fenis warmo-
madgenlebi iyvnen. Stiberis samsaxuri ki aseve ibirebda
fermerebs da patar-patara maRaziebis mflobelebs, mim-
tanebs da damlageblebs. man es meTodi 1866 wels avstria-
Si da 1870 wels safrangeTSi samxedro intervenciebis mo-
samzadeblad gamoiyena. orive samxedro kampania prusiis
brwyinvale gamarjvebiT damTavrda.

evropis aRmosavleTiT ruseTis saidumlo samsaxuri

viTardeboda, romelsac sadazvervo saqmianobis erT-er-
Ti yvelaze xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. 1565 wels ruseTis
pirveli politikuri policia – `opriCnina~ moskovis
didma mTavarma ivane mrisxanem Seqmna. swored opriCninam
gaanadgura novgorodi, romlis mosaxleoba 1570 wels
ivane mrisxane, mxat-
vari v. m. vasnecovi, 1897
xuT kviraSi gawyvites. es samsaxuri daarsebidan Svidi
wlis Semdeg gauqmda. Semdgomi sadazvervo samsaxuri,
romlis mTavari daniSnuleba politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa ganeitraleba iyo, petre
pirvelma daaarsa XVII saukunis bolos. es iyo `preobraJenskis polki~, romelic im-
denad gasaidumloebul viTarebaSi Seiqmna, rom misi daarsebis zusti TariRi dRem-

68 opriCnina, mxatvari orest betextini, 1999

 dazverva

petre pirveli da preobraJenskis polkis oficrebi

de ucnobia. petre didis gardacvalebis Semdeg es sam-

saxuric daiSala. 1826 wels, dekembristTa ajanyebidan
ramdenime TveSi, imperatorma nikoloz pirvelma imperi-
uli kancelariis `mesame ganyofileba~ Seqmna, romelsac
politikuri wesrigis SenarCuneba daevala. mesame ganyo-
filebis pirvelma xelmZRvanelma, grafma benkendorfma,
umTavres miznad sazogadoebrivi azris monitoringi da
kontroli daisaxa. misi davalebiT daiwyo sazogadoe-
brivi azris yovelwliuri gamokiTxvis Catareba, ro-
melsac ewodeboda „moraluri da politikuri viTareba
ruseTSi“.

1800 wels `mesame ganyofileba~ gauqmda da misi funq­

ciebi policiis departamentSi Sida usafrTxoebaze pa-
suxismgebel danayofs gadaeca. XIX s-is bolos ruseTis
grafi benkendorfi (1782-
gareT imdeni rusi revolucioneri, studenti da emig­ 1844) – ruseTis imperiis
ranti cxovrobda, rom maTze zedamxedvelobis gareSe general-adiutanti, `mesame
ganyofilebis~ pirveli xe-
imperatorebi taxts ver SeinarCunebdnen. oxrana agzav­ lmZRvaneli
nida agentebs mTel evropaSi, romlebic sxvadasxva emig­

69
 saxelmwifo

raciul organizaciebSi wevriandebodnen. maTi Zaladobaze provocirebis da ra-

dikalizaciis Sedegad, oxrana misTvis arasasurveli pirebis diskreditacias,
daWeras an mokvlas axerxebda. xSirad amas sxvadasxva evropuli saxelmwifoebis
policiis xeliT akeTebda. oxranis operaciebi imdenad warmatebuli iyo, rom
rodesac bolSevikebi xelisuflebaSi movidnen, lenini gancvifrebuli darCa, im-
deni axlo da gulmxurvale bolSeviki aRmoCnda saidumlo samsaxuris agenti. `ox-
ranis~ memkvidre „Ce-ka“ 1917 wlis 20 dekembers Seiqmna, romelic 1954 wels „ka-ge-
bem“ Caanacvla. aRsaniSnavia, rom „Ce-ka“-m da „ka-ge-bem“ `oxranis~ yvela meTodi
gadaiRes da srulyves, maT Soris – provokaciis agentebis gamoyeneba. am meTodis
meSveobiT maT emigraciuli organizaciebis umravlesoba da qveynis SigniT moqme-
di iatakqveSa moZraobebi gaaneitrales. dRes ruseTs sami sadazvervo samsaxuri
aqvs: Tavdacvis saministros generaluri Stabis mTavari sadazvervo sammarTvelo,
federaluri usafrTxoebis samsaxuri da sagareo dazvervis samsaxuri.

did saxelmwifoTa Soris amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma sadazvervo samsaxure-

bi yvelaze gvian Seqmna. jorj vaSingtonisa da abraam linkolnis mier dazvervis
gamoyeneba axladdaarsebuli respublikisTvis gamonaklisi ufro iyo, vidre wesi.
amerikaSi jaSuSoba jentlmenisTvis Seuferebel saqmianobad miiCneoda. pirveli
Tanamedrove, mudmivmoqmedi sadazvervo samsaxuri – strategiuli momsaxurebis
ofisi uiliam donovanis xelmZRvanelobiT meore msoflio omis dros, 1942 wels
daarsda. 1947 wels erovnuli usafrTxoebis aqtiT Seiqmna misi memkvidre organi-
zacia – centraluri sadazvervo saagento. dRes amerikas Cvidmeti sadazvervo sam-
saxuri aqvs. es msoflioSi yvelaze didi da ZviradRirebuli sadazvervo sistemaa.

pirvelma da meore msoflio omebma sadazvervo

samsaxurebis mniSvneloba kidev ufro gazardes.
civi omi, faqtobrivad, sadazvervo samsaxurebis
omad gadaiqca, romlebic mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi
revoluciebis mowyobiT, samrewvelo da politi-
kuri SpionaJiTa da propagandiT iyvnen dakavebuli.
saxelmwifoebis garda, didi sadazvervo samsaxure-
bi korporaciebmac Seqmnes, romlebic ZiriTadad
industriuli SpionaJiT, TavianTi gamogonebebisa
da personalis usafrTxoebiT arian dakavebuli.
Tumca, isini arcTu iSviaTad tradiciuli poli-
tikuri dazverviTac interesdebian. aRsaniSnavia,
rom XXI saukuneSi dazverva kidev ufro metad gaxda
damokidebuli teqnikur saSualebebze. internet-
ma kiberdazvervis unikaluri winapirobebi Seqmna.
Tumca, teroristulma aqtebma aSS-Si da yirimis
oku­paciam kidev erTxel daadastura, rom adamianu-
ri wyaroebi dazvervisTvis Seucvlelia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom dazverva patara da SedarebiT

uiliam donovani (1883-1959) susti qveynebis xelSi mZlavri iaraRia. magaliTad,
– strategiuli momsaxurebis
ofisis xelmZRvaneli
70
 dazverva

israelis, kubis da estoneTis sadazvervo samsaxurebi tols ar udeben did saxel-

mwifoebs da zogierT geografiul raionSi maTze gacilebiT ufro efeqturebi ar-
ian. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela met-naklebad warmatebuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi
ZiriTadi dasayrdeni Zlieri usafrTxoebis samsaxurebia.

aqve gvinda warmogidginoT dazvervis erT-erTi

legenda – elzbeT Sragmiuleri, romelmac Tana-
medrove dazvervis saswavlo kursis Seqmnas Cauyara
safuZveli mTel msoflioSi da dazvervis analizisa
da praqtikis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo.

froilain doqtori – elzbeT Sragmiuleri

(1887-1940)

pirveli msoflio omis dros britanelebma ramdenime

germaneli jaSuSi gamoavlines belgiaSi, romlebic erT- elzbeT Sragmuleri

maneTis msgavs istoriebs yvebodnen: germanelTa sasargeb­

lod muSaobaze daTanxmebis Semdeg isini mihyavdaT okupirebuli antverpenis
teri­toriaze, maTTvis ucnob misamarTze mdebare saxlSi. iq maT maRali, qeraTmiani
qali xvdebodaT, romelic gasaidumloebul sadazvervo skolas xelmZRvanelob-
da. TviTmxilvelTa TqmiT, mas gamWoli mzera da lurji Tvalebi hqonda, mkafio
brZanebebs iZleoda da skolaSi moxvedridan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi maTi cxovre-
bis yvela aspeqts akontrolebda. skolaSi wesebi mkacri iyo: axalgadabirebuli
agentis an oficris mxolod koduri saxeli iyo sxvebisTvis cnobili da akrZalu-
li iyo namdvili vinaobis gamxela, mas skolaSi aravisTan dalaparakebis ufleba ar
hqonda, yoveldRe 12 saaTi SpionaJis sxvadasxva disciplinis aTvisebisTvis unda
daeTmo, xolo darCenili dro Tavis oTaxSi gaetarebina. kursis warmatebiT gav-
lis SemTxvevaSi, mas britanelebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriebze gauSvebd-
nen samuSaod. Sinaganawesis nebismieri darRveva sasikvdilo ganaCeniT isjeboda.

sadazvervo skolis yvela msmenels am qalis eSinoda da aravin icoda misi saxe-
li. Wori dadioda, rom mas ekonomikaSi hqonda sadoqtoro disertacia daculi da
amis gamo uwodebdnen mas froilain doqtors. froilain doqtoris namdvili saxe-
li mxolod omis dasrulebis Semdeg gaiges britanelebma – mas elzbeT Sragmiu­
leri erqva.

71
 saxelmwifo
Sragmiulerma 1913 wels fraiburgis
universitetSi politikur mecnierebeb-
Si sadoqtoro disertacia daicva. roca
omi daiwyo, is moxalised Caewera germani-
is SeiaraRebul ZalebSi. Sragmiuleri
Tav­dadebuli germaneli patrioti iyo
da moiTxova uSualod frontze gaeSvaT
sabr­Zolvelad. samxedro meTaurebma amaze
uari uTxres. samagierod, raxan axalgazr-
da gogona 4 enas flobda Tavisuflad, is
armiis safosto cenzuris biuroSi gaamwe-
ses germanelebis mier okupirebuli bri-
uselis teritoriaze.

es mosawyeni da uferuli samuSao Sragmi-

ulerma brwyinvale sadazvervo operaciad
gardaqmna. man Seqmna teqsturi analizis
sistema da Tavis zedamxedvels aCvena, Tu
rogor gadascemdnen jaSuSebi sadazver-
vo informacias erTi SexedviT uwyinari
werilebis meSveobiT. elzbeTis TqmiT,
Tu, magaliTad, moqalaqe biZaSvils Tavisi
fermis Sesaxeb swerda, is didi albaTobiT
jaSuSi iyo. gana, saeWvo ar iyo werilSi
mocemuli detaluri informacia, ramdeni
goWi, wiwila da cxeni hyavda?! anda – Seyva­
rebuli qalis werili, sadac is satrfos
uyveboda, ramdeni lamazi xis navi daTvala
portSi?! Sragmiuleris sistemiT, goWebi,
wiwilebi da xis navebi germanul SenaerTe-
bad, samxedro teqnikad da samxedro geme-
bad iTargmneboda.

elzbeTis sistema imdenad efeqturi aR-

moCnda jaSuSebis gamosavlenad, rom armi-
is xelmZRvanelobam misTvis gacilebiT
ufro sapasuxismgeblo samuSaos Cabareba
gadawyvita. Tumca, Sragmiulerma sxva, Ta-
visi saocnebo samuSao moiTxova – sadaz-
vervo skolis Sefoba antverpenSi. skola
kargi ar iyo, mcire gamocdilebis mqone
oficrebi agentebs cudad amzadebdnen da
swrafadve uSvebdnen frontis xazs miRma,
dazvervis legenda mata hari, igive saidanac, faqtobrivad, aRaravin brunde-
margareta zele
boda.

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 dazverva

armiis xelmZRvaneloba imdenad didi STabeW­

dilebis qveS iyo, rom Sragmiuleris winadadebas
daTanxmdnen. elzbeTma skolis struqtura da sas-
wavlo programa Secvala. axla momavali jaSuSebi
mraval kurss gadiodnen, dawyebuli mtris uax-
lesi teqnologiis amocnobidan, kriptografiiT
damTavrebuli. is mudmivad atarebda maTraxs,
romelsac zarmaci studentebisTvis ar iSurebda.

dasavleTis frontze britaneTis kontrdaz-

vervam dainaxa Sragmiuleris meTodebis efeq-
turoba. germaneli agentebis daWera gacilebiT
ufro gaZnelda, isini ukeT momzadebuli iyvnen
da met warmatebas aRwevdnen. droTa ganmavloba-
Si britanelebma Seityves froilain doqtoris
arsebobis Sesaxeb da mis gamosavlenad ramdenime film `froilain doqtoris~ afiSa
operacia dagegmes. arc erTi maTgani warmatebu-
li ar aRmoCnda. Sragmiuleri vinaobas icvlida, sxvadasxva adgilas cxovrobda da
SeniRbvis sxvadasxva dones iyenebda. garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi is moxuci dam-
lagebeli qalis safarqveS cxovrobda antverpenSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom dazvervis istorias froilain doqtori Tavisi saswavlo

programiT SemorCa, romelic yvela Tanamedrove sadazvervo samsaxurma gadaiRo.
aseve, misi danergilia dazvervis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro cinikuri da warmatebu-
li meTodi: erTi, naklebad mniSvnelovani agentis gawirva meore, ufro mniSvnelo-
vani agentis gadasarCenad. froilain doqtorma swored es meTodi gamoiyena Tavi­
si undili mowafis, holandieli margareta zeles mimarT, romelic safrangeTis
kontrdazvervas „Seswires.“ bedis ironiaa, rom Sragmiuleris uferuli studenti
dazvervis legendad iqca – msoflio margareta zeles mata haris saxeliT icnobs.

omis Semdeg elzbeT Sragmiuleri miunhenis universitetSi ekonomikas aswavli­

da da dedas uvlida. man uari Tqva memuarebis daweraze. is mxolod erTxel ga-
moCnda presis furclebze, roca SveicariaSi TviTmarqvia narkomanma qalma ga-
nacxada, rom is froilain doqtori iyo. gabrazebulma elzbeTma es Wori sajarod
uaryo. Tumca, 1969 wels, misi gardacvalebidan 29 wlis Semdeg gadaRebul filmSi
froilain doqtori – Sragmiuleris gmiri kvlavac narkomanad da aratradiciuli
seqsualuri orientaciis qalbatonad gamoiyvanes.

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