ekonomikuri

azrovneba 1
k arg meqanikoss advilad SeuZlia Tqveni avtomobilis gaumarTaobis aRmoCena, radgan icis,
rogor muSaobs igi gamarTul reJimSi. mraval adamians, vinc ar icis, rogor muSaobs norma­
lurad funqcionirebadi ekonomika, ekonomikuri problemebis gageba eZneleba. isini im meqani­
kosebs mogvagoneben, romelTa praqtika mxolod uwesrigo Zravebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba.
xSirad imis gagebac ki gviWirs, rasac SeCveulebi varT. swored am mizeziT, yuradRebas iSvia­
Tad vaqcevT sazogadoebaSi arsebul wesrigs da ar ZalgviZs koordinaciis im meqanizmebis gage­
ba, romlebzedac yoveldRiurad varT damokidebulni. amitom, urigo ar iqneboda ekonomikuri
Teoriis Seswavla im moqnilobis gaazrebiT dagvewyo, romliTac yoveldRiur monawileobas vi­
RebT sazogadoebriv TanamSromlobaSi. amis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens sagzao moZraoba
pikis saaTebSi.

wesrigis amocnoba
ukanasknelma debulebam SeiZleba dagabnioT `rogor? nuTu pikis saaTebSi sagzao moZrao­
ba sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis magaliTia? gana is junglebis kanonis anu TanamSromlo­
bis uaryofis magaliTs ar warmoadgens?~ sruliadac ara. Tu sityvaTa SeTanxmeba: `sagzao
moZraoba pikis saaTebSi~ TqvenTvis `sagzao sacobTan~ asocirdeba, amiT kidev erTxel xdeba
zemoT gamoTqmuli Tezisis damtkiceba: `Cven mxolod uwesrigobebs vamCnevT, xolo saqmeTa
normalur mdgomareobas imdenad veCveviT, rom is TavisTavad arsebulad migvaCnia~. arada pi­
kis saaTebSi transportis mTavar Tvisebas warmoadgens ara sagzao sacobebi, aramed moZrao­
ba. Tuki adamianebi yoveldRiurad endobian transports, albaT mxolod imitom, rom TiTqmis
yovelTvis aRweven daniSnulebis adgils. ra Tqma unda, satransporto sistema unaklod ar
moqmedebs, magram sad ar xdeba es? sakvirveli faqti isaa, rom sistema saerTod muSaobs.
aTasobiT adamiani yoveldRiurad dilis rva saaTisaTvis gamodis saxlidan, miujdeba
saWes da midis samsaxurSi. isini marSrutebs winaswari SeTanxmebis gareSe irCeven, manqanis
marTvis xelovnebac sxvadasxvanairi aqvT, aseve erTnairi rodia maTi damokidebuleba
riskisadmi da Sexeduleba Tavazianobis wesebze. roca sxvadasxva formisa da zomis msubuqi
avtomobilebis es simravle Seerwymeba qalaqis magistralebs, maT uerTdeba avtobusebis, mo­
tociklebis, taqsebis mravalferovani nakadi. yvela mZRoli sxvadasxva mizans eswrafvis,
fiqrobs mxolod sakuTar interesebze, magram ara egoizmis gamo, aramed mxolod imitom, rom
araferi icis sxvebis miznebis Sesaxeb. sxvis Sesaxeb TiToeulma maTganma mxolod is icis, ra­
sac xedavs: satransporto saSualebaTa mcire da ganuwyvetliv cvalebadi jgufis mdebareo­
ba, mimarTuleba da siswrafe. am informacias emateba mxolod is mniSvnelovani varaudi, rom
sxva mZRolebs iseve gulwrfelad ar surT avaria, rogorc TviTon maT. garda amisa, arsebobs
erTiani wesebi, romelTac yvela mZRoli emorCileba: gaCereba SuqniSnis wiTel sinaTleze da
siCqaris SezRudva. es aris da es. yovelive es Zalian hgavs qaosis Seqmnis instruqcias, rasac
sabolood jarTis mTebTan unda miveyvaneT.

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 amis sanacvlod ki warmoiqmneba kargad koordinirebuli nakadi, imdenad mdore, rom masze
maRlobidan dakvirvebisas SesaZlebelia esTetikuri siamovnebis miReba. marTlac, pikis saa­
TebSi saqalaqo transportis moZraoba gvaZlevs saocrad warmatebuli sazogadoebrivi
TanamSromlobis magaliTs.

sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis mniSvneloba

sagzao moZraobis magaliTi imis karg demonstracias warmoadgens, Tu raoden xSirad vamCnevT
sazogadoebriv TanamSromlobas. TiToeuli Cvengani icnobs sagzao moZraobas, magram TiTqmis
aravin aRiqvams mas, rogorc garkveul erTobliv moqmedebas. igive magaliTi sxva mxrivac sain­
teresoa. is gviCvenebs, rom Cveni damokidebuleba koordinaciis meqanizmebze gacilebiT Zlieria,
vidre Cveulebriv igulisxmeba. rom ar arsebuliyo efeqtiani procedurebi, romlebic adamia­
nebs TanamSromlobisken ubiZgebs, Cven ver SevZlebdiT civilizaciis nayofiT tkbobas. tomas
hobsi `leviaTanSi~ aRniSnavda (1588-1679):
`aseT mdgomareobaSi ar rCeba adgili SromismoyvareobisaTvis, vinaidan aravisTvis ar aris
uzrunvelyofili misi Sromis nayofi; amitom ar aris miwaTmoqmedeba, ar aris sazRvao vaWroba,
ar aris zRvaosnoba, ar aris moxerxebuli nagebobebi, ar arsebobs nivTebis gadaadgilebisa da
moZraobis saSualebebi, rac did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ar arsebobs codna miwis zedapiris Sesa­
xeb, ar aris drois gazomva, ar aris xeloba, ar aris literatura, ar aris sazogadoeba, da rac
yvelaze uaresia, esaa iZulebiTi sikvdilis mudmivi SiSi, xolo adamianis sicocxle xanmokle,
uime­do, Raribi da ganmartoebulia1~.
hobss miaCnda, rom adamianebi imdenad arian garTuli TavdacviTa da sakuTari moTxovnebis da­
kmayofilebiT, rom mxolod Zalas (an misi gamoyenebis SiSs) SeuZlia aiZulos isini, Tavi Seikavon
erTmaneTze mudmivi Tavdasxmebisagan; amitom T Y avis qmnilebebSi is aqcents sazogadoebrivi Tanam­
Sromlobis erT-erT iseT yvelaze fundamentur formaze akeTebs, rogoricaa Zaladobisagan da
Zarcvisagan TavSekaveba. rogorc Cans, mas miaCnda, rom, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneboda adamianebs Tavi
SeekavebinaT agresiisa da sxvisi qonebis warTmevisgan, maSin pozitiuri TanamSromloba, romlis
drosac SesaZlebelia warmoebis, soflis meurneobis, mecnierebis da xelovnebis ganviTareba, Ta­
visTavad ganviTardeboda. magram gana es marTlac ase iqneba? da an ratom unda iyos ase?

rogor xdeba es?

rogor aiZuleben erTmaneTs sazogadoebis wevrebi, Seasrulon urTierTdakavSirebuli qmede­
bebis swored iseTi erToblioba, romlis Sedegadac xdeba moxmarebisTvis aucilebeli material­
uri da aramaterialuri faseulobebis Seqmna? saWiro pozitiuri qmedebebis maiZulebeli meqaniz­
mi, wmindanebis sazogadoebaSic ki, aucileblad unda arsebobdes, Tuki maT ar surT icxovron
`Raribulad, ganmartoebiT, xanmokled da araadamianurad~. wmindanebsac sWirdebaT winaswar
gansazRvron, sad, rogor da rodis daexmaron adamianebs, raTa es daxmareba efeqtiani iyos.
rogorc Cans, hobsi kargad ver xedavda am problemis gadawyvetis mniSvnelobas saxelmwifoSi
cxovrebis sworad mosawyobad. misTvis cnobili sazogadoeba bevrad martiv tradiciebsa da wes-
Cveulebebs efuZneboda da ar ganicdida iseTive swraf da damangrevel cvlilebebs, romelTa
garemoSic Cven gavizardeT. mxolod meTvramete saukunis bolosTvis daiwyes moazrovneebma sul
ufro xSirad im kiTxvis dasma, Tu ratom funqcionirebs sazogadoeba normalurad? rogor axerxe­
ben individebi, romlebsac amoZravebT sakuTari interesebi da gaaCniaT mcire informacia, Seqmnan
ara qaosi, aramed saocrad organizebuli sazogadoeba.
meTvramete saukuneSi aseTi moazrovne iyo adam smiti (1723-1790), romelic erT-erTi yvelaze
SorsmWvreteli aRmoCnda. smiti im epoqaSi cxovrobda, rodesac didad ganswavlul adamianebsac
ki miaCndaT, rom siRaribesa da uwesrigobaSi dabrunebisgan sazogadoebas mxolod saxelmwifo
moRvaweTa dauZinebeli yuradReba icavs. smiti ar daeTanxma am mosazrebas. imisaTvis, rom uareyo
sazogadod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, mas mouxda sazogadoebrivi koordinaciis iseTi meqaniz­
mis aRmoCena da aRwera, romelic, misi azriT, mTavrobisgan damoukideblad moqmedebda. amasTan, es
meqanizmi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom mis winaaRmdeg moqmedi samTavrobo RonisZiebebi xSirad amao

1 Hobbes, Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil, 1651

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aRmoCndeboda xolme. Tavisi analizis Sedegebi smitma 1776 wels gamoaqveyna wignSi `gamokvlevebi
xalxTa simdidris bunebasa da mizezebze~ da amiT ekonomikuri mecnierebis damaarseblis saxelic
moixveWa. smits ar aRmouCenia ekonomikuri azrovnebis wesi, magram igi iyo pirveli avtori,
romelmac es wesi sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebisa da TanamSromlobis yovelmxrivi ga­
mokvle­visTvis gamoiyena.

inteleqtualuri instrumenti
Cveulebriv, ras vgulisxmobT `azrovnebis ekonomikur wesSi?~ upirveles yovlisa, midgomas
da ara ukve mza daskvnebis nakrebs. jon meinard keinsma kargad Camoayaliba debuleba, romelic am
wignis dasawyisSia moyvanili:
`ekonomikuri Teoria ar warmoadgens sameurneo politikaSi gamoyenebul ukve mza rekomenda­
ciaTa nakrebs. is ufro meTodia, vidre moZRvreba, inteleqtualuri instrumentia, azrovnebis
teqnikaa, romelic mflobels exmareba swori daskvnebis gakeTebaSi~.
magram ras niSnavs `azrovnebis teqnika~? Znelia amis mokled da gasagebad axsna. amas Tqven sa­
kuTari praqtikidan gamomdinare unda mixvdeT. SesaZloa umjobesi iyos, igi ganvmartoT, ro­
gorc koncefciebis erToblioba, im ZiriTadi daSvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom socialuri indi­
videbi moqmedeben rac SeiZleba meti mogebis misaRebad.
exeba Tu ara es daSveba yvela socialur individs? simarTle rom vTqvaT, ekonomistebs pirwa­
vardnili imperialisturi ambiciebi gaaCniaT. swamT, rom maTi Teoriebi bevrad ufro farTod
moicaven imas, rasac Cveulebriv gulisxmoben adamianebi, rodesac sazogadoebis `ekonomikuri
seqtoris~ Sesaxeb msjeloben. azrovnebis ekonomikuri stiliT SegviZlia SeviswavloT rogorc
sagzao moZraoba pikis saaTis dros an saerTaSoriso vaWroba, aseve aramomgebiani organizaciebis,
saqvelmoqmedo fondebis da samTavrobo dawesebulebebis saqmianoba. Tuki SeiZleba, rom IBM-sa
da amerikeli fermerebis federaciis biuros saqciels axsna movuZebnoT, ratom ar SeiZleba ase­
Tive axsna moeZebnos amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis sasoflo sameurneo departamen­
tis da Sida anakrebebis samsaxuris qcevas? samTavrobo saagentoebi da maTi ganStoebebi, sazoga­
doebis sxva jgufebis msgavsad, xom imave individebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic sakuTar mogebasa da
xarjebze zrunaven? ekonomikuri Teoria sulac ar amtkicebs imas, rom adamianebi egoistebi an
zedmetad materialistebi arian, viwro TvalTaxedva aqvT, ainteresebT mxolod fuli da
gulgrilebi arian sxva yvelafris mimarT. amas rodi vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT, rom adamianebi
mieltvian maqsimalur mogebas. sinamdvileSi yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra miaCniaT
adamianebs mogebad an xarjad da is fardobiTi mniSvneloba, romelsac isini maT aniWeben. eko­
nomikuri Teoria ar uaryofs xelgaSlilobas, sazogadoebrivi azris an sxva saTnoebis realo­
basa da mniSvnelobas.
ekonomikuri azrovneba iZleva ori aspeqtis axsnas _ erTi fokusirebulia qmedebebze, xolo
meore urTierTqmedebebze. fokusireba xazs usvams ekonomias. ekonomia niSnavs SesaZlo
resursebis iseT ganawilebas, rac am resursebidan maqsimaluri amoRebis saSualebas iZleva. eko­
nomias deficiti ganapirobebs, Tundac vinmes SeuzRudav resursebze miuwvdebodes xeli, mxed­
ve­lobaSi unda iqonios, rom mokvdavTaTvis dro deficituri resursia. mdidarma adamianebma
unda icodnen, rogor xarjon ekonomiurad: radgan iutaSi, samTosaTxilamuro kurortze
gatarebul kviras ver gaatarebT akapulkos sanapiroze, Tqven unda gaakeToT arCevani imisda
miuxedavad, Tu ra Semosavali gaqvT. rogorc momdevno TavebSi vnaxavT, ekonomikuri azrovneba
ekonomiis procesis da arCevanis axsnas deficitidan gamomdinare iZleva.
is iZleva mravali gamoucnobi, magram mniSvnelovani urTierTqmedebis axsnas. Tu ekonomiuri
qmedebis mTavar problemas iSviaToba warmoadgens, ekonomikuri urTierTqmedebis ZiriTadi
problema individualuri procesebis mravalgvarobasa da araTanazomadobaSi mdgomareobs.
deficits ekonomiiT vebrZviT. vebrZviT imiT, rom moviTxovT, milionobiT adamianis urTierT­
TanamSromlobas, romlebic CarTulni arian koordinirebis procesSi. sagzao moZraobis magali­
Ti iZleva orive aspeqtis axsnas. rodesac mZRolebi marSruts gegmaven, fiqroben ra imaze, Tu
rogor Secvalon rigi an siCqare, es ekonomiur qmedebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram maTi
qmedebebi koordinirebulia procesiT, romelic aRemateba TiToeuli mZRolis qcevaTa martiv
jams. verc mZRoli da verc moZraobis damgegmavi ver akontroleben am process, mTeli Tavisi

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urTierTqmedebebiT, magram, miuxedavad amisa, individualuri gadawyvetilebebis procesi marT­
vadia.
Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebaSi adamianebis qmedebis ekonomia xorcieldeba spe­
cializaciis konteqstSi. specializacia, anu rogorc mas adam smiti uwodebda, Sromis danawile­
ba, aucilebelia produqtiulobis gasazrdelad, rasac warsul saukuneebSi `xalxebis simdidre~
mohqonda. magram specializacia koordinaciis gareSe es aris gza qaosisken da ara simdidrisken.
rogor SeiZleba milionobiT adamianma ganaxorcielos dasaxuli gegmebi mxolod sakuTar
resursebsa da SesaZleblobebze dayrdnobiT, imaTi interesebis, resursebisa da SesaZleblo­
bebis sruli ignorirebiT, visTan TanamSromlobazec damokidebulia maTi sakuTari proeqtebis
warmateba?
ekonomikuri Teoria cdilobs pasuxi gasces am kiTxvas, raTa axsnas is, rasac adam smiti uwo­
debda komerciul sazogadoebas, romlis wiaRSic `Sromis danawevreba erTxel da samudamod
mkacra­daa dakanonebuli~.

adam smitis ganmarteba komerciuli

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb

`adamians sakuTari SromiT warmoebuli produqciis mxolod mcire nawili sWirdeba, igi
sazogadoebas sakuTari Sromis bevrad met nayofs miawodebs, vidre Tavad moixmars. amgvarad,
yoveli adamiani cxovrobs gacvliT anu garkveuli zomiT vaWrobs da sazogadoeba yalibdeba ro­
gorc komerciuli sazogadoeba~.
moqmedebis warmatebuli koordinacia iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic yvela specializaciisa
da gacvlis xarjze cxovrobs, metad rTul amocanas warmoadgens. erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT im
qmedebebze, romlebic zustad unda iqnas koordinirebuli, raTa dilis sauzmiT datkbeT. fer­
merebi, satvirTo manqanebis mZRolebi, mSeneblebi, bankirebi da supermarketis gamyidvelebi im
adamianTa mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgenen, romelTa Zalisxmeva gamoyenebuli unda iqnas war­
moebis, transportirebis da miwodebis saqmeSi, raTa sauzmeze torti an simindis burbuSela mi­
irTvaT. ram aRZra am xalxSi drosa da sivrceSi zustad SeTanxmebuli qmedebebi? ekonomikuri
Teoria gvexmareba pasuxi gavceT am kiTxvas da ekonomistebi kvlavac cdiloben axsnan komerciu­
li sazogadoebis funqcionireba im kuTxiT, rac adamianTa umravlesobas `ekonomiaze~ saubrisas
aqvs mxedvelobaSi.

urTierTqmedeba erToblivi SeTanxmebis saSualebiT

ekonomikuri Teoria amtkicebs, rom sakuTari interesebis mixedviT moqmedi adamianebi sxveb­
sac uqmnian arCevanis SesaZleblobas da rom sazogadoebrivi koordinacia aris wminda sargeblis
cvlilebaTa mimarT uwyveti Seguebis procesi, romelic urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoiSveba.
es, ra Tqma unda, friad abstraqtuli mosazrebaa da Cven mas satransporto nakadis adre moyvanil
magaliTze davakonkretebT.
warmoidgineT oTxmwkriviani magistrali, romelzec Sesvla da gamosvla mxolod marjvena
mxa­resaa daSvebuli. ratom ar rCeba yvela mZRoli ganapira marjvena mxares? ratom cdilobs bev­
ri mZRoli imoZraos marcxena mwkrivSi, Tumca mSvenivrad icis, rom mouwevs marjvena mwkrivSi
gadasvla? visac avtomagistralze umgzavria, man icis, rom ganapira marjvena mwkrivSi moZrao­
bis siCqare klebulobs trasaze Semomavali da gamavali manqanebis moZraobis gamo. amitom mas,
visac eCqareba, urCevnia swrafad gaecalos marjvena mwkrivs.
darCenili mwkrivebidan romels amoirCeven isini? TiToeuli moqmedebis winaswar gansazRvra
SeuZlebelia, magram zustad viciT, rom darCenil sam gzaze isini daaxloebiT Tanabrad gada­
nawildebian. ratom xdeba es? rogor? dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxi imavdroulad imis axsnasac war­
moadgens, rasac zemoT wminda sargeblis cvlilebaTa mimarT ganuwyveteli Seguebis procesi
vuwodeT. mZRolebi akvirdebian wminda sargebels, romelsac maT TiToeuli mwkrivi uqadiT da
cdiloben gadavidnen im mwkrividan, sadac moZraobis siCqare naklebia, im mwkrivSi, sadac is me­
tia. amis Sedegad siswrafe `nel~ mwkrivebSi izrdeba, xolo `swraf~ mwkrivebSi mcirdeba, iqamde,

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sanam siCqare yvela mwkrivSi ar gaTanabrdeba. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, sanam vercerTi mZRoli
erTi mwkrividan meoreSi gadasvliT veRar naxavs wminda mogebas. mTeli es procesi mimdinareobs
swrafad da uwyvetad da gacilebiT ufro efeqtianad, vidre amas adgili eqneboda im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu avtomagistralze Sesvlisas romelime konkretul rigSi moZraobis bileTebi darigdeboda.
ekonomikuri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT, swored ase funqcionirebs sazogadoebrivi meqaniz­
mi. individebi moqmedeben mosalodneli wminda mogebidan gamomdinare. es qmedebebi mcire droiT
mainc cvlis fardobiT danaxarjebsa da mogebas, romlebic dakavSirebulia im SesaZleblobeb­
Tan, adamianebis winaSe rom gadaiSleba. rodesac proporcia romelime qmedebis mosalodnel mo­
gebasa da mosalodnel danaxarjebs Soris izrdeba, adamianebi mas ufro xSirad mimarTaven, xolo
rodesac mcirdeba – ufro iSviaTad. is faqti, rom TiTqmis yvelas meti fuli urCevnia naklebs,
sagrZnoblad amartivebs process. fuli sapox masalas waagavs, rac metad mniSvnelovania sazoga­
doebrivi urTierTTanamSromlobis meqanizmisTvis. fuladi xarjebisa da mogebis zomierma
cvli­lebebma, zogierT kerZo SemTxvevaSi, adamians SeiZleba ise Seacvlevinos qceva, rom is ukeT
Seegueba sxvaTa qmedebas. swored amaSi mdgomareobs sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris TanamSromlo­
bis mTavari meqanizmi, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs, daikmayofilon sakuTari moTxovnebis, maT­
Tvisve xelmisawvdomi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.
komerciuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli isaa, rom adamianebi saqciels fulad stimu­
lebze cvlian. es xdeba ara imitom, rom komerciul sazogadoebaSi fuli gadaWarbebulad uyvarT,
aramed imitom, rom fulis meti an naklebi raodenoba warmoadgens stimulebis daregulirebis
metnaklebad efeqtian gzas, rac koordinaciasa da TanamSromlobas uwyobs xels.
ucnobi adamianebis (Cveni socialuri qmedebebi ki ZiriTadad ucnob adamianebTanaa dakavSire­
buli) darwmunebis yvelaze saimedo saSualebas garkveuli Tanxis SeTavazeba warmoadgens. maT,
vinc sayvedurs gamoTqvams komerciul sazogadoebaSi fuladi motivebis wamyvani rolis gamo,
aviwydebaT is faqti, rom fuli sakmaod zustad gansazRvravs masStabs, vinaidan swored igi mar­
Tavs resursebs. gansazRvruli masStabis gareSe ver SevZlebdiT SedarebiT iafi gacvlebis Cata­
rebas, rac imas niSnavs, rom verasdros ganvaviTarebdiT Sromis danawilebas, rac Cveni gamdid­
rebis saSualebas warmoadgens. Cveni civilizacia damokidebulia im faqtze, rom fuladi
SeTavazebis erTi uncia, ramdenadac igi yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomia, damokidebuli qmedebebis
erT tonas warmoSobs.

ekonomikuri Teoriis mikerZoebuloba

SesaZloa ekonomistebis globaluri ambiciebis aRiarebam ise ar SegvaSfoTos, rogorc Sexe­
du­lebam imis Sesaxeb, rom azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi mikerZoebulia. ekonomikuri Teoria ar
gvTavazobs sazogadoebaze miukerZoebel Sexedulebas, romlis drosac yvela arsebuli faqtebi
Tanabarzomierad aris gaTvaliswinebuli. gaixseneT ekonomikuri Teoriis Sesaxeb Cveni adrin­
deli daSveba, rom yvela socialuri movlena warmoiqmneba im adamianTa qmedebebidan da urT­
ierTqmedebebidan gamomdinare, romlebic akeTeben arCevans sakuTari mogebisa da danakargebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
gana es mikerZoebuli Tvalsazrisi araa? ganvixiloT gavlena arCevanze. arCevans imdenad didi
adgili ukavia ekonomikur TeoriaSi, rom zogierTi kritikosi brals debs Teorias imaSi, rom
siRaribesa da umuSevrobasac ki is adamianTa Tavisufali arCevaniT xsnis. rodesac Cven am
Temamde mivalT, Tqven TviTon SeZlebT gadawyvitoT, aqvs amas realuri safuZveli, Tu is ubralo
gaugebrobis Sedegia. magram aSkaraa, rom ekonomikuri Teoria cdilobs socialuri movlenebi
axsnas im daSvebidan gamomdinare, rom movlenebi adamianuri arCevanis sxvadasxva aqtebiTaa gan­
pirobebuli.

adamianebis arCevani

arCevanis problemasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli agreTve aqcenti, romelic Teorias in­
dividze gadaaqvs. realurad arCevans yovelTvis individi akeTebs, amitom ekonomistebi cdilo­
ben daanawevron koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac iReben, magaliTad, mTavroba, uni­
versiteti da korporaciebi, am koleqtivebSi Semavali calkeuli adamianebis gadawyveti­lebebad.

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rodesac ekonomikuri Teoria aseT aqcents individze AakeTebs, mxedvelobidan xom ar gamorCeba
mas jgufuri moqmedebis da sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis mniSvneloba? miuxedavad am argumentisa,
azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi individs sawyis azrobriv erTeulad aRiarebs.

mxolod individis arCevani

zogjer ekonomikur Teorias akritikeben misTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalisturi aqcentis

gamoc. ekonomistebs miaCniaT, rom adamiani sakuTari kaprizebis mixedviT ki ar moqmedebs, ara­
med winaswar afasebs misTvis xelmisawvdomi variantebis pliusebsa da minusebs, sakuTar Sec­
domebze swavlobs da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar imeorebs maT. nuTu adamianebi aseTi racionalure­
bi arian? xom ar moqmedebs Cvens saqcielze gaucnobierebeli survilebi da arakontrolirebadi
emociebi ufro metad, vidre amas varaudobs Teoria? Ggana nebismieri qmedeba namdvilad winas­
wardasaxuli SedegiT mTavrdeba? ra Tqma unda, ekonomistebi ar fiqroben, rom adamianebma
yvelaferi ician da arasdros uSveben Secdomebs, magram ekonomikuri midgoma gulisxmobs, rom
adamianebis qmedebebi efuZneba xarjebisa da mogebis gamoTvlebs. igi aqcents ufro metad adami­
anebis qcevis qmediT maxasiaTeblebze akeTebs, uaryofs ra, rom mravali mniSvnelovani qmedeba
ar aris dakavSirebuli garkveul SedegTan.

individebi arCevans mxolod mas Semdeg akeTeben,

rac Seafaseben mogebas da danaxarjebs

kidev erTi pretenzia, romelsac azrovnebis ekonomikur wess uyeneben, es aris mkveTrad
sabaz­ro orientacia. aqac yuradReba eqceva ekonomikuri Teoriis Rrma da mniSvnelovan Tavise­
burebas, Tumca ara iseT sayovelTaos, rogorc is Tavidan gveCveneboda. sinamdvileSi, ekonomi­
kuri Teoria ar gulisxmobs, rom bazari ukeT muSaobs, vidre alternatiuli da, gansakuTrebiT,
saxelmwifo institutebi. aq ufro sxva ram igulisxmeba: nebismieri insititutis funqcionireba,
ramdenadac warmatebuli an warumatebeli ar unda iyos igi, umjobesia gavigoT rogorc sabazro
tipis procesebis Sedegi. Tu utrirebas movaxdenT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ekonomikuri Teoria
ar Tvlis rom sabazro gadawyvetilebebi samTavrobo gadawvetilebebze ramiT uaresi an ukeTEsia,
radgan misTvis samTavrobo gadawvetilebebi igive sabazro gadawyvetilebebia. mTavrobis moq­
medeba sabazro procesebis Sedegia: individebi moqmedeben sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare
da ergebian sxvaTa moqmedebebs, magram amave dros icaven gansakuTrebul, am SemTxvevaSi miRebul
`TamaSis wesebs~.

TamaSis wesebi
termini _ `TamaSis wesebi~ wignSi mravaljer gvxvdeba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra warmoadgens
`TamaSs~ – biznesi, mTavroba, mecniereba, ojaxi, skola, sagzao moZraoba, kalaTburTi Tu Wadra­
ki. normaluri TamaSi SeuZlebelia imis gareSe, rom moTamaSeebma ar icodnen wesebi da maT Soris
ar arsebobdes SeTanxmeba wesebisadmi upirobo morCilebis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebaSi urTierT­
qmedebebis umravlesoba imarTeba da koordinirdeba zogadi wesebiT, romlebic cnobilia monawi­
leTaTvis da romelTac isini emorCilebian.

yvela urTierTqmedeba gulisxmobs garkveul `TamaSis wesebs~

rodesac wesebi sadavo, winaaRmdegobrivi an gaurkvevelia, TamaSi SeiZleba saerTod ar Sed­

ges. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi, romlebic 1990-ian wlebSi cdilobdnen dagegm­
vis centralizebuli da biurokratiuli sistemidan decentralizebul, sabazro sistemaze ga­
dasvlas, naTeli da gansazRvruli wesebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ufro didi winaaRmdegobebis
winaSe aRmoCndebodnen. Tuki odesme gimogzauriaT ucxo qveyanaSi, romlis kultura radikalu­
rad gansxvavdeba Tqveni qveynis kulturisagan da romlis enac ar iciT, gagiadvildebaT imis war­
modgena, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac TamaSis wesebi sazogadoebaSi uecrad da dramatulad icvleba.

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adamianebma ar ician ras moelian sxvebi maTgan da arc is, Tu Tavad ras unda moelodnen sxvebis­
gan. sazogadoebis kooperacia aseT SemTxvevaSi icvleba meryevi mcdelobebiT, gairkves, Tu ra
wesebi moqmedebs amJamad, xolo uares SemTxvevaSi iwyeba destruqciuli brZola axali wesebis
dasadgenad, romlebic erTi mxaris sasargeblod moqmedeben.
sakuTrebis ufleba ayalibebs wesebis did da mniSvnelovan nawils, marTavs socialur urTi­
erTqmedebebs, romlebiTac adamianebi regularulad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. igi amaragebs
sazogadoebis wevrebs saimedo informaciiTa da stimulebiT, magram SeuZlebelia sakuTrebis
uflebebis sakmarisad naTeli sistemis erT RameSi Seqmna. amas sWirdeba metnaklebad xangrZlivi
ganviTareba, romlis drosac samarTali, teqnologia, morali, moxmareba da yoveldRiuri moq­
medeba urTierTqmedeben saimedo sistemis Camosayalibeblad. socializmze uaris Tqmas mosdevs
sakuTrebis Zveli wesebis uaryofa, magram ara aucileblad axali wesebis Seqmna. amas SesaZloa
mohyves qaosi da ara sabazro koordinacia. ekonomikis biurokratiuli kontrolis gzidan sabaz­
ro kontrolze gadasvla yofili sabWoTa blokis xalxebis mier SesaZloa aRiqmebodes Ralatad,
aTasgvari CavardnebiT, kataklizmebiTa da gauTvaliswinebeli siaxleebiT.
Tu gsurT sakuTari gamocdilebis xarjze warmoidginoT is sxvaoba, rasac sakuTrebis ufle­
ba warmoSobs, kidev erTxel ganixileT sagzao moZraoba. magram amave dros dafiqrdiT sagzao
gadatvirTvebze. saqalaqo moZraoba arcTu iSviaTad warmoadgens cudi koordinaciis process,
romelic kargad aris cnobili yvela amerikeli mZRolisaTvis, visTvisac sagzao gadatvirTu­
loba socialur problemas warmoadgens. ratom xdeba es? ratom gamoTqvamen adamianebi sayve­
durs drois danakargebis gamo sul ufro xSirad? ratom ar zrunavs aravin am situaciis gamosas­
woreblad?
pasuxi, romelsac mavanni dauyovnebliv iZlevian, isaa, rom mosaxleoba izrdeba, arada rode­
sac mosaxleoba izrdeba, sasursaTo maRaziebSi rigebi ar izrdeba. amis sanacvlod, vxedavT, rom
izrdeba axali saxlebisa da maRaziebis ricxvi. ratom ar xdeba aseve sagzao moZraobis SemTxve­
vaSi? ratom aris didi sxvaoba manqanebis raodenobasa da im derefnebis gamtarunarianobas So­
ris, sadac isini moZraoben? mTavari gansxvaveba, erTis mxriv maRaziebsa da saxlebs, meore mxriv
ki gzebsa da quCebs Soris, sakuTrebis uflebaSi da TamaSis im wesebSi mdgomareobs, rac quCebsa
da gzatkecilebze vrceldeba. Tu gansxvavebas axla ver xedavT, SegiZliaT damSviddeT – mas
Semd­gom TavebSi dainaxavT.

daskvnebi Tu mikerZoeba?
davubrundeT azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesis oTx urTierTdakavSi­rebul Taviseburebas, rom­
lebic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc mikerZoeba an crurwmena. marTlac warmoadgenen Tu ara
isini naklovanebebs? ratom ar vuwodoT maT sarwmuno hipoTeza (an daskvna) da ar vTqvaT, rom
individualuri gadawyvetilebebis (arCevanis) racionalurobis postulatidan gamomdinare,
ekonomistebi axerxeben sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ufro martivad axsnas? gana mikerZoe­
baSi vadanaSaulebT astronomebs, romlebic fiqroben, rom maT mier dakvirvebuli obieqtebidan
sinaTle 186000 mili/wm-Si siCqariT moZraobs, an biologebs, romlebic varaudoben, rom orga­
nizmebis ganviTarebas dnm-is molekulebi akontroleben?
aRniSnuli sakiTxebi mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa2, magram Cven ar SevudgebiT maT ganxilvas,
vinaidan vSiSobT, rom es Tavi Zalian vrceli gamova. avtors miaCnia, rom (gnebavT crurwmena
uwodeT da gnebavT _ daskvna) nebismieri saxis codnis mopoveba yovelTvis iwyeba garkveuli
movaleobebidan, romelsac mkvlevari Tavis Tavze iRebs. raki guSin ar davbadebulvarT, Cven ar
gagvaCnia sruliad Tavisufali azrovneba samyaros Sesacnobad. amasTanave, savsebiT damoukide­
beli azrovneba aucileblad usagno da unayofo aRmoCndeboda. yvelaferi, ris gamoc mimdina­
reobs msjeloba, rac kvlevis sagania da rasac akvirdebian, garkveul safuZvelze aRmocendeba.
ar SeiZleba daviwyoT erTdroulad yvelgan da yvelafriT, aramed unda daviwyoT saidanme da
raimeTi. Cven vmoZraobT im sazRvrebSi, sadac vimyofebiT da gamomdinare iqidan, rac marTebu­
lad, mniSvnelovnad, sasargeblod da udavod migvaCnia. ra Tqma unda, Cveni Sexedulebebi SesaZ­

2 mas, visac surs Rrmad Caufiqrdes am Temas, vurCevT waikiTxos Thomas S. Kuhl. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago,
University of Chicago Press. (1962) am brwyinvale kvlevam gasul wlebSi didi gavlena iqonia sazogadoebaTmcodneebis
Sexedulebebze.

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loa mcdaric iyos. garkveuli azriT isini yovelTvis mcdaria, vinaidan yoveli `WeSmariti~ mtki­
cebulebis paralelurad arsebobs uamravi aseve WeSmariti mtkicebuleba. swored ase ibadeba
Secdoma.
zogierTebi miiCneven, rom aseTi riskis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia Teoriis gareSe. is,
vinc dascinis `brZnul Teoriebs~ da urCevnia yoveldRiur gamocdilebasa da saR mosazrebebs
daeyrdnos, sinamdvileSi xSirad aRmoCndeba saeWvo da usafuZvlo hipoTezebis tyveobaSi. maga­
liTad, gazeTSi daibeWda werili pensilvanieli axalgazrda qalbatonisa, romelic aRmoCnda
narkotikebis mwevel mozardTa jgufSi, Semdeg daorsulda da avadmyofi bavSvi gauCnda. saWiro
gaxda operaciis gakeTeba. gazeTis mimomxilvelma, romelic axalgazrdebis siyvarulis prob­
lemebs aSuqebda, es magaliTi imis dasturad gamoiyena, Tu ra mZime Sedegebi mohyveba marixuanas
mowevas.
SesaZloa es marTlac ase iyos. magram warmovidginoT, rom werilis avtors sxvanairad dae­
wera, magaliTad: `pistburg stislersma~ moigo superTasi, xolo `filadelfia flaiersma~ ki
stenlis Tasi~. nebismiers SeuZlia SekamaTeba, rom amgvar movlenebs araferi saerTo ara aqvT
mozardTa jgufis mier narkotikebis gamoyenebasTan. saidan viciT es? Tuki mxolod is faqti,
rom ubedureba, romelic gogonas narkotikis moxmarebis Sedegad daemarTa, warmoadgens mize­
zob­rivi kavSiris Sedegs, ratom ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT raime mizezobrivi kavSiri stisler­
sisa da flaiersis SemTxvevaSi?

araviTari Teoria niSnavs cud Teorias

es sakiTxi martivia, magram mniSvnelovania. SeuZlebelia mizezobrivi kavSiris arsebobis aR­
moCena, damtkiceba an varaudi, Tu mxedvelobaSi raime Teoria ar gavqvs. faqtobrivad Cveni war­
modgena samyaroze mTlianad TeoriiTaa ganpirobebuli da mxolod misi daxmarebiT SegviZlia
gamovitanoT azri bgerebisa da ferebis Tavsdatexili kakafoniidan. sinamdvileSi dakvirvebebi­
dan viRebT codnis mxolod mcire nawils da isic wyvetilad – raRacas aq davakvirdebiT, raRacas
sxvagan mivxvdebiT. danarCens avsebs CvenTvis cnobili Teoriebi – didi Tu patara, bundovani Tu
mkafio, kargad Semowmebuli Tu daumtkicebeli, zogadi Tu specialuri, saguldagulod dasab­
uTebuli Tu Zlivs aRiarebuli.
cnobili britaneli ekonomisti i.m.d. liTli garkveuli drois manZilze britaneTis xazinis
mrCevlad muSaobda. mogvianebiT man gamoaqveyna naSromi, romelSic, gviziarebda ra Tavis gamoc­
dilebas, exeboda ekonomikuri Teoriebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs politikuri gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis sferoSi. ai, saintereso nawyveti am naSromidan:
`ekonomikuri Teoriebi gviCveneben, Tu rogor arian dakavSirebulebi erTmaneTTan ekonomi­
kuri sidideebi da ramdenad rTuli da gadaxlarTulia es urTierTkavSirebi. araekonomistebi
Cveulebriv zedmetad akademiurebi arian. isini Zalian abstragirdebian realuri samyarosagan.
ekonomikuri problemebis ganxilvisas, maT ar SeuZliaT damoukidebeli sistemis Camoyalibeba.
Mmeore mxriv, gamoucdel Teoretikoss midrekileba aqvs Camoayalibos metismetad kerZo Teoria,
romelic saSualebas ar aZlevs, dainaxos yvela SesaZlebloba, an is mimarTavs Zvel, metad ga­
martivebul Teorias, romelic sadRac an viRacisgan aqvs gagonili. amasTan me vfiqrob, rom is am
koncefcias metad gulubryvilod uyurebs. `Post hoc ergo propter hoc3~ – ekonomikaSi iSviaTia dama­
jerebeli axsna. me xSirad gaocebuli viyavi imiT, Tu rogori gulubryvilo TavdajerebiT izi­
arebdnen uaiT-holSi ekonomikuri analizis sakmaod sadavo daskvnebs. ra Tqma unda, ekonomiste­
bi SeiZleba zedmetad akademiurebi iyvnen sxva mimarTebaSi – isini albaT jerovnad ver afaseben
administraciul siZneleebs an akliaT politikuri SesaZleblobebis SegrZneba, magram am
SemTxve­vaSi arc imis saSiSroeba arsebobs, rom es faqtorebi daviwyebas miecema4~.
`araekonomistebi xSirad metad akademiurebi arian. isini zedmetad abstragirdebian realuri
samyarosgan~. dagveTanxmebiT, rom aseTi mosazrebis mosmena metad uCveuloa. magram liTli, ro­
gorc Cans, marTalia. `me araferi mesmis am brZnul ekonomikaSi~... iwyebs Tavis TavSi darwmunebu­

3 sityvasityviT niSnavs `amis Semdeg niSnavs amis gamo~. logikuri Secdoma, romelic gamomdinareobs im daSvebidan,
rom Tu a drois mixedviT win uswrebs b-s, maSin a unda iyos b-s mizezi. magaliTad gamodgeba pensilvanieli qalis
argumentebi
4 I.M.D. Little, `The Economist in Whitehall~, Lloyds Bank Review (April 1957)

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