Chutes Part 1: General information

DRAINAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUE

Low Gradient Velocity Control Short Term ✔

Steep Gradient ✔ Channel Lining Medium-Long Term ✔
Outlet Control [1] Soil Treatment Permanent [2]
[1] Chutes can act as stable outlet structures for Catch Drains and Flow Diversion Banks.
[2] The design of permanent chutes may require consideration of issues not discussed here.

Symbol

Photo 1 – Permanent, grouted-stone Photo 2 – Temporary batter chute lined

batter chute with filter cloth

Key Principles
1. The critical design components of a chute are the flow entry into the chute, the maximum
allowable flow velocity down the face of the chute, and the dissipation of energy at the base
of the chute.
2. The critical operational issues are ensuring unrestricted flow entry into the chute, ensuring
flow does not undermine or spill out of the chute, and ensuring soil erosion is controlled at
the base of the chute.
3. Most chutes fail as a result of water failing to enter the chutes properly. It is critical to control
potential leaks and flow bypassing, especially at the chute entrance.

Design Information
The material contained within this fact sheet has been supplied for use by persons experienced
in hydraulic design.
Drainage chutes are hydraulic structures that need to be designed for a specified design storm
using standard hydrologic and hydraulic equations. The hydraulic design can be broken down
into three components:
• Inlet design: flow conditions may be determined using an appropriate weir equation. It is
important to ensure that the water level upstream of the chute’s inlet will be fully contained
by the associated Flow Diversion Banks.
• Chute lining: selection of an appropriate chute lining is governed by the estimated flow
velocity, which can be determined on long chutes through use of Manning’s equation.
• Outlet design: a suitable energy dissipater or outlet structure is required at the base of the
chute. The design of these structures is usually based on the use of standard design charts.

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Inlet design:
A basin spillway is just one type of chute. If the length of the approach channel is short, then
friction loss upstream of the chute crest can be ignored and the upstream water level (relative to
the crest invert) can be determined directly from the appropriate weir equation. Figure 1 shows
the flow profile of a typical emergency spillway chute. It is noted that flow conditions
approaching a roadway batter chute may be significantly different from that shown below.

Figure 1 – Hydraulic profile for spillway crest where only minor friction loss occurs
within the approach channel

In cases where the approach channel is short, the upstream water level (H) relative to the chute
crest can be determined from an appropriate weir equation presented in Table 1.

Table 1 – Weir equations for short spillway crest length where only minor friction loss
occurs within the approach channel

Weir cross sectional profile Side slope (H:V) Weir equation

Rectangular (b = base width) vertical sides Q = 1.7 b H 1.5
Triangular m:1 Q = 1.26 m H 2.5
Parabolic (T = 3.3(Y)0.5) N/A Q = 2.06 H 1.5
Trapezoidal 1:1 Q = 1.7 b H 1.5 + 1.26 H 2.5
where : b = base width 2:1 Q = 1.7 b H 1.5 + 2.5 H 2.5
and m = side slope 3:1 Q = 1.7 b H 1.5 + 3.8 H 2.5
4:1 Q = 1.7 b H 1.5 + 5.0 H 2.5
m:1 Q = 1.7 b H 1.5 + 1.26 m H 2.5

Figure 2 – Inlet profile of a trapezoidal chute

Tables 2 and 3 provides the Head–Discharge relationship for a parabolic weir (T = 3.286(Y)0.5),
and a trapezoidal weir with 2:1 (H:V) side slopes and base width (b).

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 Table 2 – Inlet weir capacity for various parabolic and trapezoidal chutes [m;/s]

Head (H) Parabolic Crest width (b) of a trapezoidal chute [1] (m)
upstream of the top width =
chute inlet (m) 3.3(y) 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.1 0.065 0.024 0.035 0.062 0.089 0.115
0.2 0.184 0.091 0.121 0.197 0.273 0.349
0.3 0.338 0.208 0.264 0.404 0.543 0.683
0.4 0.521 0.384 0.470 0.685 0.900 1.115
0.5 — 0.626 0.746 1.047 1.347 1.648
0.6 — 0.940 1.098 1.493 1.888 2.283
0.7 — 1.332 1.531 2.029 2.527 3.024
0.8 — 1.807 2.051 2.659 3.267 3.875
0.9 — 2.372 2.662 3.388 4.114 4.839
1.0 — 3.030 3.370 4.220 5.070 5.920
[1] Flat crested, trapezoidal weir profile with 2:1 (H:V) side slopes (m = 2).

Table 3 – Trapezoidal chute inlet weir capacity [1] [m;/s]

Head (H) required Crest width (b) of a rectangular chute (m)
upstream of the
chute entrance (m) 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
0.1 0.14 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.33
0.2 0.43 0.50 0.65 0.81 0.96
0.3 0.82 0.96 1.24 1.52 1.80
0.4 1.33 1.55 1.98 2.41 2.84
0.5 1.95 2.25 2.85 3.45 4.05
0.6 2.68 3.07 3.86 4.65 5.44
0.7 3.52 4.02 5.02 6.01 7.01
0.8 4.48 5.09 6.31 7.52 8.74
0.9 5.57 6.29 7.74 9.19 10.65
1.0 6.77 7.62 9.32 11.02 12.72
[1] Flat crested, trapezoidal weir profile with 2:1 (H:V) side slopes (m = 2).

Table 4 provides the head–discharge relationship for a rectangular weir with base width (b).

Table 4 – Rectangular chute inlet weir capacity [m;/s]

Head (H) required Crest width (b) of a rectangular chute (m)
upstream of the
chute entrance (m) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
0.1 0.054 0.108 0.161 0.215 0.269
0.2 0.152 0.304 0.456 0.608 0.760
0.3 0.279 0.559 0.838 1.117 1.397
0.4 0.430 0.860 1.290 1.720 2.150
0.5 0.601 1.202 1.803 2.404 3.005
0.6 0.790 1.580 2.370 3.160 3.950
0.7 0.996 1.991 2.987 3.983 4.978
0.8 1.216 2.433 3.649 4.866 6.082
0.9 1.451 2.903 4.354 5.806 7.257
1.0 1.700 3.400 5.100 6.800 8.500

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If the flow path upstream of the chute consists of erodible material, then it is important to ensure
adequate scour protection exists. Such scour protection should extend upstream of the chute’s
crest a distance of at least 5 times the depth of approaching flow (Figure 3). This scour
protection should be suitably recessed into the ground to allow the free flow of water.

Figure 3 – One option for controlling scour at the chute entrance

A Flow Diversion Bank may be required adjacent the inlet to control flow entry. If a raised bank
is used, then the height of the bank should allow for a minimum freeboard of 0.15m.

Dimensions and geometry:

• Minimum recommended chute depth of 300mm. Shallower depths may be appropriate for
smooth chutes (i.e. minimal splash) with very low flow depths.
• Freeboard of 150mm, or the equivalent of the flow depth, whichever is smaller. A greater
freeboard may be required if it is necessary to contain any splash.
• The chute must be straight from inlet to outlet (i.e. no bends or curves).

Figure 4 – Typical profile of the face of the chute

Chute linings:
Refer to the Parts 2 to 5 of this fact sheet for relevant design information.
Warning: it is essential that rock-lined chutes have a gradient significantly less than the natural
angle of repose of the rock, usually around 38 degrees (1 in 1.3) for smooth round rock, to 41
degrees (1 in 1.2) for angular rock.
Flexible chute linings should be adequately anchored to the foundations to avoid slippage. A
maximum spacing of 3 metres is recommended between anchor points down the chute.
If splash is expected down the chute, then the sides of the chute should be lined with suitable
scour protection such as 300mm wide turf strips.

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Outlet structures for temporary drainage chutes:
The following design procedure is not appropriate for the design of energy dissipaters at
the base of Sediment Basin spillways.
Recommended mean (d50) rock sizes and length (L) of rock protection for minor chute are
presented in Tables 5 and 6. These rock sizes are based on information presented within ASCE
(1992) rounded up to the next 100mm increment, with a minimum rock size set as 100mm.

Table 5 – Mean rock size, d50 (mm) for batter chute outlet protection [1]

Depth of Flow velocity at base of Chute (m/s)

approach
flow (mm) [2] 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
50 100 100 100 200 200 200 300
100 100 100 200 200 300 300 400
200 100 200 300 300 400 [3] [3]
300 200 200 300 400 [3] [3] [3]
[1] For exit flow velocities not exceeding 1.5m/s, and where growing conditions allow, loose 100mm rock
may be replaced with 75mm rock stabilised with a good cover of grass.
[2] This is the flow depth at the base of the chute as it approaches the outlet structure. The flow depth is
based on the maximum depth, not the average flow depth.
[3] Consider using 400mm grouted rock pad, or a rock-filled mattress outlet.

The pad lengths provided in Table 6 are suitable for temporary, rock-lined outlet structures only.
These rock pad length will not necessarily fully contain all energy dissipation and flow
turbulence; therefore, some degree of scour may still occur downstream of the outlet structure.

Table 6 – Recommended length, L (m) of rock pad for batter chute outlet protection

Depth of Flow velocity at base of Chute (m/s)

approach
flow (mm) 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
50 1.0 1.5 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.2
100 1.3 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.1 4.8 5.5
200 2.1 2.7 3.4 4.3 5.2 6.1 7.0
300 2.7 3.6 4.3 4.8 5.8 6.8 7.9

Figure 5 – Typical layout of a recessed rock pad for a chute (plan view)

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As indicated in Figures 5, 6 and 7, outlet structures for minor chutes should be recessed below
the surrounding ground level to promote effective energy dissipation. The recommended recess
depth (Z) can be determined from Table 7.

Table 7 – Recommended recess depth, Z (m) for batter Chute outlet protection

Depth of Flow velocity at base of Chute (m/s)

approach
flow (mm) 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
50 0.13 0.20 0.28 0.36 0.43 0.50 0.60
100 0.14 0.23 0.32 0.42 0.50 0.60 0.70
200 0.12 0.21 0.31 0.42 0.50 0.60 0.70
300 0.07 0.16 0.25 0.35 0.44 0.55 0.65

Figure 6 – Typical arrangement of recessed outlet structure for chutes

Figure 7 – Typical profile of recessed outlet structure for chutes

Note: In circumstances where the outlet structure is located downstream of a smooth surface
chute, e.g. concrete-lined, then the rocks should be grouted in place to avoid displacement.

Reference:
ASCE 1992, Design and construction of urban stormwater management systems. ASCE
Manuals and Reports of Engineering Practice No. 77, and Water Environment Federation
Manual of Practice FD-20, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.

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It is important to ensure enters the chute properly (Photos 3 and 4), and in a manner that does
not cause water to bypass along or around the edge of the chute.

Photo 3 – Sandbags (temporary) used to Photo 4 – Geotextile socks used to control

control flow entry into grass chute flow entry into temporary batter chute

To ensure appropriate flow entry into a chute, the chute must have a well-defined profile (either
rectangular or trapezoidal) with adequate depth to fully contain the design discharge.

Photo 5 – Spillway chute with well-defined Photo 6 – Turf chute with poorly-defined
inlet profile inlet profile causing flow bypass

The chute must also have sufficient depth and/or scour controls to prevent any erosion resulting
from splash.

Photo 7 – Severe erosion along edge of Photo 8 – Erosion caused by inadequate

chute caused by water spilling out of the rock size and water bypassing around the
chute poorly located boulders

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Design example – Chute outlet structure:
Design the outlet protection for a temporary, trapezoidal chute lined with filter cloth on a 3:1
batter slope with a base width of 1.0m, side slopes of 2:1, and design discharge of 600L/s.
Solution
Adopting a Manning’s roughness of, n = 0.022 for the filter cloth, the flow conditions at the base
of the chute can be determined from Manning’s equation as:
Discharge, Q = 0.6m3/s
Manning’s roughness, n = 0.022 (based on an expected flow depth > 0.1m)
Channel slope, S = 0.333 (m/m)
Bed width, b = 1.0m
Channel side slope, m = 2:1
Flow depth, y = 0.1m
Flow top width, B = b + 2my = 1.8m
Hydraulic radius, R = 0.083m
1 2 / 3 1/ 2 1
Velocity, V = R S = (0.083 ) 2 / 3 (0.333 )1/ 2 = 5.0m / s
n 0.022
From Table 5 the mean rock size, d50 = 200mm
From Table 6 the length of the rock pad, L = 2.0m
From Table 7 the recommended recess depth, Z = 0.42m
From Figure 6 the upstream width of the rock pad, W1 = B + 0.6 = 2.4m
From Figure 6 the downstream width of the rock pad, W2 = B + 0.4L = 2.6m
If it is assumed that the largest rock is likely to be around 1.5 times the size of the average rock
size, i.e. d50/d90 approximately equals 0.67, then we can estimate the required depth of rock
protection as, T = 1.8(d50) = 0.36m. In any case, a minimum of two layers of rock should be
specified on the construction plans.
__________________________________

Figure 8 – Typical components of a temporary drainage chute

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Description Site Inspection
A steep, open channel passing down a Check flow entry conditions to ensure no
slope. The channel gradient is usually bypassing, undermining, sedimentation or
steeper than 10%. erosion.
Temporary chutes are usually lined with Ensure the chute is straight.
fabrics such as filter cloth. Permanent
Check for erosion around the edges of the
chutes can be constructed from materials
chute (top and sides).
such as turf, rock, rock-filled mattresses or
concrete. Ensure the outlet is appropriately stabilised.

Purpose
Chutes are used to transport concentrated
flow down steep slopes. They are most
commonly used on constructed slopes such
as road batters.
The emergency spillways of a Sediment
Basin is a special form of chute.

Limitations
Local topography must allow safe collection
and passage of water into the chute.
Bitumen or asphalt is generally not suitable
as a permanent chute liner.

Advantages
Temporary chutes can be both quick and
cheep to construct.
Chutes typically have a flow capacity
significantly greater than most Slope
Drains.

Disadvantages
Some chute linings have a short service
life.
Significant damage can result from
overtopping flows.
The chute lining may be subject to slippage
caused by poor foundations.

Common Problems
Inappropriate inlet geometry can cause
inflow to bypass or undermine the chute.
Severe rilling along the sides of the chute
can be caused by splash or lateral inflows
being deflected by the edge of the chute.
Erosion at the base of the chute caused by
inadequate energy dissipation.

Special Requirements
Flow Diversion Banks are often required to
control inflows.
Good subsoil drainage and foundations are
required to stabilise the chute lining.

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General specifications for chutes:

Installation
Maintenance
1. Refer to approved plans for location
and construction details. If there are 1. During the construction period, inspect
questions or problems with the location all chutes prior to forecast rainfall, daily
or method of installation, contact the during extended periods of rainfall, after
engineer or responsible on-site officer significant runoff producing storm
for assistance. events, or otherwise on a weekly basis.
Make repairs as necessary.
2. Construct the subgrade to the
elevations shown on the plans. Remove 2. Check for movement of, or damage to,
all unsuitable material and replace with the chute lining, including surface
stable material to achieve the desired cracking.
foundations.
3. Check for soil scour adjacent the chute.
3. If the chute is temporary, then compact Investigate the cause of any scour, and
the subgrade to a firm consistency. If repair as necessary.
the chute is intended to be permanent,
4. When making repairs, always restore
then compact and finish the subgrade
the chute to its original configuration
as specified within the design plans.
unless an amended layout is required.
4. If the chute is to be lined with rock, then
avoid compacting the subgrade to a Removal
condition that would prevent the rock
1. Temporary chutes should be removed
lining from adequately bedding into the
when an alternative, stable, drainage
subgrade.
system is available.
5. Ensure the subgrade is firm enough to
2. Remove all materials and deposited
minimise water seepage.
sediment, and dispose of in a suitable
6. On fill slopes, ensure that the soil is manner that will not cause an erosion
adequately compacted for a width of at or pollution hazard.
least one metre each side of the chute
3. Grade the area in preparation for
to minimise the risk of soil erosion,
stabilisation, then stabilise the area as
otherwise protect the soil with suitable
specified in the approved plan.
scour protection measures such as turf
or erosion control mats.
7. Place and secure the chute lining as
directed.
8. If concrete is used as a lining, then
keep the subgrade moist at the time
concrete is placed. Form, cut-off walls
and anchor blocks as directed in the
approved plans.
9. Install an appropriate outlet structure
(energy dissipater) at the base of the
chute (refer to separate specifications).
10. Ensure water leaving the chute and the
outlet structure will flow freely without
causing undesirable ponding or scour.
11. Appropriately stabilise all disturbed
areas immediately after construction.

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Specifications for rock pad outlet
9. Ensure the upper surface of the rock
structure:
pad does not cause water to be
deflected around the edge of the rock
Materials (Rock outlet pads)
pad.
• Rock: hard, angular, durable, weather
10. Immediately after construction,
resistant and evenly graded with 50%
appropriately stabilise all disturbed
by weight larger than the specified
areas.
nominal rock size and sufficient small
rock to fill the voids between the larger
Maintenance
rock. The diameter of the largest rock
size should be no larger than 1.5 times 1. While construction works continue on
the nominal rock size. Specific gravity the site, inspect the outlet structure
to be at least 2.5. prior to forecast rainfall, daily during
extended periods of rainfall, after
• Geotextile fabric: heavy-duty, needle- significant runoff producing rainfall, and
punched, non-woven filter cloth, on at least a weekly basis.
minimum bidim A24 or equivalent.
2. Replace any displaced rock with rock of
Installation (Rock outlet pads) a significantly (minimum 110%) larger
size than the displaced rock.
1. Refer to approved plans for location
and construction details. If there are Removal
questions or problems with the location,
dimensions or method of installation 1. Temporary outlet structures should be
contact the engineer or responsible on- completely removed, or where
site officer for assistance. appropriate, rehabilitated so as not to
cause ongoing environmental nuisance
2. The dimensions of the outlet structure or harm.
must align with the dominant flow
direction. 2. Following removal of the device, the
disturbed area must be appropriately
3. Excavate the outlet pad footprint to the rehabilitated so as not to cause ongoing
specified dimension such the when the environmental nuisance or harm.
rock is placed in the excavated pit the
top of the rocks will be level with the 3. Remove materials and collected
surrounding ground, unless otherwise sediment and dispose of in a suitable
directed. manner that will not cause an erosion
or pollution hazard.
4. If the excavated soils are dispersive,
over-excavated the rock pad by at least
300mm and backfill with stable, non-
dispersive material.
5. Line the excavated pit with geotextile
filter cloth, preferably using a single
sheet. If joints are required, overlap the
fabric at least 300mm.
6. Ensure the filter cloth is protected from
punching or tearing during installation
of the fabric and the rock. Repair any
damage by removing the rock and
placing with another piece of filter cloth
over the damaged area overlapping the
existing fabric a minimum of 300mm.
7. Ensure there are at least two layers of
rocks. Where necessary, reposition the
larger rocks to ensure two layers of
rocks are achieved without elevating
the upper surface above the pipe invert.
8. Ensure the rock is placed in a manner
that will allow water to discharge freely
from the pipe.

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