UNIT 11 METHODS OF INTEGRATION

Structure
11.1 Introduction
Objectives
11.2 Basic Definitions
Standard Integrals
Algebra of Integrals
11.3 Integration by Substitution
Method of Substitution
Integrals using Trigonometric Formulas
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Substitutions
Two Properties o f Definite Integrals
11.4 Integration by Parts 49
Integral of a Product of Two Functions

Evaluation of /eux sinbx dx and l e a cosbx dx

Evah@onot/ ~ai-r'dx. m d x . and / m d x

Integrals of the Type jex[f(x) + f (x)] dx

11.5 Summary
11.6 Solutions and Answers

11.1 INTRODUCTION
b

/
In the last unit we have seen that the definite integral f(x) dx represents the signed
a
area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b. The
Fundamental Theorem of Galculus gives us an easy way of evaluating such an integral, .
by first finding the antiderivative of the given function, whenever it exists. Starting from
this unit, we shall study various methods and techniques of integration. In this unit, we
shall consider two main methods: the method of substitution and the method of
integration by parts.'The next two units will cover some special integrals, which can be
evaluated using these two methods.

Objectives
After reading this unit you should be able to
define the indefinite integral of a function
evaluate certain standard integrals by finding the antiderivatives of the integrands
use the rules of the algebra of integrals to evaluate some integrals
use the method of substitution to simplify and evaluate certain integrals
integrate by parts a product of two functions.

11.2 BASIC DEFINITIONS

I t

We have seen in Unit 10, that the antideri;ative of a function is not unique. More
->--:--I-. L --.-"--- *I--* :s- s-.-- A:-- c :"a- --*:A-A..a*:..- -c s &L-- n ,-
 l
s notation here: We shall use the symbol f(x) dx to denote the class of all
antiderivatives of f. We call it the indefinite integral or just the integral off. You must

have noticed that we use the same sign 1 , here that we have used for definite integrals
in Unit 10. Thus, if F(x) is an antiderh stive of f(x) , then we can write
I f(x) dx = F(x) + F.
This c is called the constant of integration. As in the case of definite integrals, f(x) is
called the integrand and dx indicates that f(x) is integrated with respect to the variable
x. For example, in the equation

I (av+ b14 dv =
(av+ b)'
5a + c,
( a ~ + bis) the
~ integrand, v is the variable of integration, and (av+b)'
5a
+c is the
integral of the integrand ( a ~ + b ) ~ .
+
You will also agree that the indefinite integral of cosx is sinx c, since we know that
sinx is an antiderivative of cosx. Similarly, the indefinite integral of e2" is

I 1 e2'
e" dx = -
2
+ c, and the indefinite integral of x' + 1 i s l (x3f 1)dx = -
x4 + x + c.
4

You have seen in Unit 10 that the definite integral dx is a uniquely defined
red number whose value depends on a, b and the functidn f.

l
On the other hand, the indefinite integral f(x) dx is a class of functions which
differ from one another by constants. It is not a definite number; it is not even a definite
. function. We say that the indefinite integral is unique upto an arbitrary constant.
Unlike the definite integral which dependson a, band f, the indefinite integral depends
only on f.
b

I
All the symbols in the notation f(x) dx for the definite integral have an interpretation.
a

j
The symbol reminds us of summatioh, a and b give the limits for x for the summation.
f ( x ) dx shows that we are not considering the sum of just the function values, rather we
are considering the sum of function values multiplied by small increments in the value
of x.
I
In the case of an indefinite integral, however, the notation f(x) dx has no similar
interpretation. The inspiration for this notation iomes from the Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus.
Thus, having defined an indefinite integral, let us get acquainted with the various
techniques for evaluating integrals.

11.2.1 Standard Integrals

Integration would be a fairly simple matter if we had a list of integral formulas, or a
tabledintegrals, in which we could locate any integral that we ever needed to evaluate.
But thk diversity of integrals that we encounter in practice, makes it impossibleto have
such a table. One way to overcome this problem is to have a short table of integrals of
elementary functions, and learn the techniques by which the range of applicability of
thisshort table can be extended. Accordingly, we build upa table (Table 1) of standard
types of integral formulas by inverting formulas for derivatives, which you have already
studiqd in Block 1. Check the validity of each entry in Table 1, by verifying that the
derivative of any integral is the given corresponding function.
 Methods zf lntegratior
Table 1
I
S.No. Function Integral

xn
sinx
3. COSX sinx +c
4. sec2x tanx + c
5. cosec2x -cotx + c
6.
1 secxtanx 1 secx + c
7. cosec x cotx ,

8. 1
,/GF
tan-'x + c or
-cot-'x +c

sin hx coshx + c
coshx sinhx c+
sech2x tanhx c+
cosech2x
sechx tanhx
cosechx cothx

Now let us see how to evaluate some functions which are linear combinations of the
functions listed in Table 1.

11.2.2 Algebra of Integrals

You are familiar with the rule for differentiation which says
[ af(x) + bg(x) 1 = a d [f(x)l+ b$ [g(x)l
dx dx
There is a similar rule for integration :'

/
Rule 1 [af(x) + bg(x)]dx = a /f(x)dx + b lg(x)dx
This rule follows from the following two theorems.
Theorem 1 Iff is an integrable function, then so is kf(x) and

/kf(x)dx = k /f(x)dx

~ o o Let
f ]
f(x)dx F(X) + c.
=
Then by definition,- d [F(x)+c] = f(x)

' dx
" dx
[k{F(x) + c)] = kf(x)
Again, by definition, we have
I
Vc"c'- Theorem 2 Iff and g are two integrable functions, then f+g is integrable, and we have
I

1 \
Roof Lct f(x)dx = F(x) + c, g(x)dx = G(x) +c
Then,
[{F(x) + c} + {G(x) + c}] = f(x) + g(x)
dx

\
Thus, [f(x) + g(x)]dx = [F(x) + c] + [G(x) + c]
\
= f(x)dx + 1g(x)dx
Rule (1) may be extended t o include a finite number of functions, that is, we can write

= kl 1fl(x)dx + k21f2(x)dx + ............. + k, Ifn(x)dx

We can make use of Rule (2) to evaluate certain integrals which are not listed in Table 1.
\
Example 1 Let us evaluate (x + x)31 dx

We know that (i + ;l3 = x3 3x + + 4+ 1. x3

Therefore,

.........Rule 2
Using integral formulas 1 and 11from able 1, we have

+ 3% + 3c3 + c4 has been replaced by a single arbitrary constant c.

Note that cl

Example 2 Suppose we want to evaluate (2 + 3sinx + 4ex) dx

This integral can be written as

Note that \dx = \ldx = \xOdx = x +c

1

Example3 To evaluate the definite integral fix + 2x )2 dx, we first find the indefinite
0

integral (xj + 2x2)2 dx.

Thus, /(x + 2x2)' dx = \(x2 + 4x3 + 4x4) dx
 According to our definition of indefinite integral, this gives an antiderivative of
( x + 2 ~ ~ ) ~afgiven
o r value of c. By using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus we can
now evaluate the definite integral. mC says that if G (x) is an
-
antiderivative
h of f(x), then

1 f (XI
dx =G (41:
= G (b) - G(a).

Note that for the purpose of evaluating a definite integral, we could take the
antiderivative corresponding to c = 0,that is,
-1- 4 x 5 ,as the constant cancels out.
x3 + x4 + -
I
3 5
See if you can do these exercises now.
'
E E l ) Write down the integrals of the following using Table 1 and Rule 2.
a) (i) x4 (ii) xP3l2 (iii) 4x-' (iv) 3
b) (i) 1 - 2x + x2 (ii) (x - 1x l 2 (iii) (1 + x ) ~
c) (i) ex + e-* +4 (ii) 4cosx - 3sinx + ex + x (iv) 4sech2x + ex - 8x
Integral Cakulns

E2) Evaluate the following definite integrals.

6 2

a) (i) \x4 dx
5
(ii) 1
5
1
dx

You have seen that with the help of Rule 2 we could evaluate a number of integrals. But

I
still there are certain integrals like sin2x dx which cannot be evaluated by using
Rule 2. The method of substitution which we are going to describe in the next section
will come in handy in thes%cases.
11.3 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
In this section we shall study the first of the main methods of integration dealt with in
this unit: the method of substitution. This is one of the most commonly used techniques
of integration. We shall illustrate its application through a number of examples.
11.3.1 Method of Substitution
The following theorem will lead us to this method.

Theorem 3 If \f(v)dv = F(v) + c , then on substituting v by g(x), we get

/4g(.)l g' ( 4 dx = If(v)dv
Roof We shall make use of the chain rule for derivatives (Unit 3) to prove this

theorem. Since If(v)dv = F(v) + c, we can write = f ( v ) Now if we write v as a

function of x, say v = g(x), then

= fIg(x)] - since v = g(x)

= f[g (x>l . g'(x)
This shows that F[g(x)] is an antiderivative of f[g(x)gl(x). This means that

The statement of this theorem by itself may not seem very useful to you. But it does

simplify our task of evaluating integrals. For example. to evaluate J s i n ~ xdx. we could
take v = g(x) = 2x and get
sin 2x dx =-
1
2
I sin2x (2) dx
= I
2
I sinv dv by Theorem 3. since g(x) = 2r and g'(x) =2.

-
- -- cosv +
2
- - -cos2x +
2
We make a special mention of the following three cases which follow from Theorem 3.
Case i) If f(v) = v", n f -1 and v = g(x),, then, by Formula 1 of Tilble I.

Case ii) If f(v) = l/v and v = g(x).

then, by Formula 11 of Table 1

I
Case iii) 1f f(x) dx = F(r) + c. then
h g(h)

1 flg(x)l gt(x)dx=l f(v) dv, where v = g(x) (The limits of integration are g(a) and g(b)
g( ;I)
1~ ( h )

since x = a = > v = g(x) = g(a), and

x = b = > v = g(x) = g(b). ]
We shall be using these three cases very often. Their usefulness is evident from the
Example 4 Let us integrate (2x + l)(x2+ x + 1) '
-
For this we ob&rve that d (x2 +x+ 1) = 2x+ 1
dx
1
Thus, (2x+1) (x2+x+1)\x I
is of the form Mx)]" gr(x)dx and hence can be
evaluated as in i) above.

= d1x(x2+r+l)6 + c.
Therefore, /(2x+l) ( ~ ~ + x + l ) ~

Alternatively, to find [(2x+l) (x2+x+l)' dx, we can substitute x2+x+l by u.

This means
-
d" = 2x + 1
dx

I
Therefore, \(2x+ 1) (x2+x+ 1)' dx = us du by Theorem 3
= 1u6
6
+c by Formula 1 from Table 1.

E-* s k t us evaluate k a x + by dx.

f(ax + b)" dx = $ I a(ax+b)" dx

I
= a l(ax+b).
d (ax+b) dx

Therefore, when n f - 1,

and when n = - I ,

(ax+b)" dx = dx 1
= -In Jax+bl+ c
a

Example 6 Suppose we want to evaluate the definite integral

We put x2+2x+3 = u. his implies a

dx
= 2(x+1). Further,
when x = 0 , u = 3, and when x = 2, u = 11. Thus,
2 2 II
x+'
iX2+2x+l
d x = l I
2 0 dx
l
d U d x = T1I T idu-
~
--ilnlul]
3
I1

3
.

\ du
-
Example7 Toevaluate xe2"dx, we substitute 2x2 = u. Since dx = 4x, we can write,
 Methods oflntepration
E E3) Evaluate 3

a) J',~x-3 dx b) J(2x+l)"x C) J&

1
 Now we shall use the method of substitution to integrate some trigonometric func6ons.
Let's start with sin ax.

Example 8 To evaluate I sin ax dx, we proceed in the same manner as we did for

Isin 2x h.WL make the substitution ax = u.

This gives a
dx
= a. Thus,

= - -1 c o s a x + c
a
E E4) Proceeding exactly as in Example 8, fill up the blanks in the table below.

S.No. f(x) I f(X) dx

1. sinax --1 cosax

a +c
2. COS~X 1 sinax + c
-
a
3. sec2ax ........
4. . cosec2ax ........
5. secax tanax ........
6. cosecax cotax ........
7. eax ........
8. amx ........
Example 9 Suppose we want to evaluate

i) lcotx dx, ii) ltanx dx and iii) I cosec2x dx

i) We can write

I cotx dx = I cosx dx. Now, since d sinx = COSX.,

this integral falls in the category

of case ii) mentioned earlier, and thw, I cotx dx = In s i n x +c

ii) T o evaluate I tanx dx, we write

I tanx dx = ,,,
secx tanx dx

Isecx) + c, as -
= In d secx = secx tanx
dx
, iii) T o integrate cosec2x we write

Jcosec~xdx = -
2
1
J 2cosec2x(cosec2x -cot2x)
cosec2x - cot2x
dx

Here again, -d (cosec2x -cot2x) = 2cosec2x(cosec2x -cot2x)

dx
1
2 ln (cosec2x - cot2xl + c
This means jcosec2x dx = -

In this example we have used some 'tricks' to put the integrand in some standard form.
After you study various examples and try out a number of exercises, you will be able to
decide on the particular substitution or the particular trick which will reduce the given
integrand to one of the known forms. Let's look at the next example now.
 Example 10 Let us evaluate 1eGn2'sinZx dx

If we put sin2x = u, then a

dx
= 2sinx cosx = sin2x

1
Therefore. eanZxsin2rdr = 1eudu
= eU + c = esin2xCc
See if you can solve this exercise now.

E E5) Evaluate the following integrals

lrl2

a) j s e c x dr b) 1sin2x cosx dx
0
c) 1etanxsec2xdr
I
I lntegrrlCakuhw - ' 11.3.2 Integrals using Trigonometric Formulas
In this section, we shall evaluate integrals with the help of the fauowing trigonoq@!ric
formulas:

cos2x ='-1
- (1
2
+ cos2x)
sin" 3 sinx --1 sin 3x
=-
4 4
3 cosx +-1 cos 3x
cos3x = -
4 4
1 [sin(m+n)x
sinmx cosnx = - + sin(m-n)x]
2
1 [cos(m+n)x
cosmx cosnx = -
2
+ cos(m-n)x]
1 [cos(m-n)x
sinmx sinnx = -
2
- cos(m+n)x]
In each of these formulas vou will find that on the left hand side we have either a Dower
of a trigonometric functi6n or a product of two trigonometric functions. And dn the
right hand side we have a sum (or difference) of two trigonometric fuslctians. You d l
realise that the functions on the right hand side car& easily'integrated by making suitable
substitutions.
The f o M n g examples d l illustrate how we make we of theabove formulas in ,

evaluating certain integrals.

Example 11 To evaluate cos3ax &. We write

Example 12 Let us evaluate i ) jsin3r c d x dx and ii) lsinx s i d x sin3r dx

Here the integrand is in the fonn of a product of trigonometric functions. We shall write
it as a sum of trigonometric functions so that it can be integrated easily.

i) jsin3x d x dx = I (sin7x - sinx) dx

ii) To evaluate Jsim sin211 d x dx, again we express k c pmduct sinx sb2x &X
as a sum of trigonometric functions.
sinx sin2x sin3x = 1sinx (cosx - codx)
2
= -Isinx cosx --1 sinx codx
2. 2
 Therefore, lsinx sin2xsin3x d r

cos2x - - 1 cos4x + - 1 cos6x + c

= -3 16 , 24
Try to do some exercises now. You will be able to solve them either by applyirig the
trigonometric formulas mentioned in the beginning of this section or by using the
method of substitution. Don't be scared by the number of integrals to be evaluated. The
more integrals you evaluate, the more skilled you will become. You have to practise a
lot to be able to decide on the best method to be applied for evaluating any given
integral.

E E6) Evaluate each of the tollowing integrals,

a) i) jsin5xcosx dx ii) cosx ax iii) j cot2x coxc22x dx

rr16

iv) Isin20 ec0s2ed0 v) 7:in0(1 +cos40) d0

b) i) J ( l + c o s ~ ) ~ s de
in~ ii) I sec2ede
1-114 o (1 - ~ t a n 0 ) ~
iii) I sec0 tan0(l+sec0)~d0
0

c) i) ls!n40 do ii) !sin30 cos0 d0

1-112 rrl2

iii) cos50 cos0 d0 iv) jcos0 cos20 cos40 d0

0 O
Integral Calculus

-
E7) The cost of a transistor radio is Rs. 7001-. Its value is deoreciating with time 1
according to the formula *
dt
=
'
a,
(l+t2)
where Rs.v i~ its value t years after its
purchase. What will be its value 3 years after its purchase? (Don't forget the
constarit of integration! Think how you can find It with the help of the given
information.)

I
11.3.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Substitution
Various trigonometric and hyperbolic identities like sin28 + cos20 = 1,
1 + tan2@= sec26, tanhe = and so on, prove very useful while evaluating certain i
1
integrals. In this section we shall see how. /
1 A trigonometric or hyperbolic substitution is generally used to integrate expressions Methodsof Integration

involving d m , ,&&? or a2+x2. We suggest the following substitutions.

Expression involved Substitution
x = a sine
&z x = a tan0 0r.a sinhe
JzF x = a sece or a coshe
a2+ x2 x = a tan0

~ h u sto, evaluate dx , put x = a sine. Then we know that

3
Jz7
-$$ = a cose. This means we can write

1 = sin-' (xla) +c
similarly to evaluate I&, a2+x2
we shall put x = atan0

i Since = asec2e do, we get

C = 1 tan-' (xla) +c
We can also evaluate dx , by substituting x = atane

t This eives dX = asec20

We can also evaluate this integral by putting x = asinhe. With this substitution we get,

1 [ , dx -
J Ja'+xL
= sinh-'(xla) + c, and we know that
sinh-'(xla) = In. (see "nit 5)
a
+

i J JxL-aL
= In.
x + J Z F +c

I and
-x&2
dx 1
a

= - KC-'(x/li)
a
+C
Integral Calculus Let us put these results in the form of a table.
Table 3

Sometimes the integrand does not seem to fall in any of the types mentioned in Table
3, but it is possible to modify or rearrange it so that it conforms to one of these types.
We shall illustrate this through some examples.
2

Example 13 Suppose we want to evaluate -dx

- I
I J2x-x2
Let us try to rearrange the terms in the integrand to suit us. You will see that
2 2
j z 7
dx - dx
! J 2 2 - ! J m
Ifweputx-1 = v , & = 1 and
dx
2

. Note the new limits of integration.

This integral is finally in the form that we want and using the first formula in Table 3 weget
2

= sin-'l - 0 = iF .
- sin-I0 =
2 2
Example 14 The integrand in x2
l+xh
I-
dx does not again

fall into the types mentioned in Table 3. But let's see what wetan do.

Ifwe put x-7 = u, * dx

= 3x2, T ~ U S ,
I
x2

1
1

I
- -1
-
1- :u2 du, by Theorem 3
 Here the integrand -can be evaluated using formula 2 in Table 3
1+u2
Thus, we get

If you have followed this discussion, you will certainly be able to solve this exercise.

E E8) Integrate each of the following with respect to the corresponding variables.
i)
1 1 iii) -
1 iv) -1-
t J9-X29-X2 1+4x2 2x2+5
X
vi) -
t2
vii) -u2
t6+ 16 ,/=
viii) ix) 1 1
JzP
xi) -
X' (Hint:. -& = I - _) 1
I +x2' I+x2 I +x
r
Integral Calculus

11.3.4 Two Properties of Definite Integrals

We have already derived some properties of the definite integrals in Unit 10. These
are the

i) Constant Function Property : [cdx = c(b-a)

a
b h

ii) Constant Multiple Property :

a
/ k f(x) dx k If(x) dx
=
a
b c b

iii) Interval Union Property : / f(x) dx / f(x)dx +'If(x) dx

a
=
u c

iv) Comparison Property :~fcsf(x)sd+x~[a,b],

b

/
then, c(b-a) r f(x) dx s d(b-a) .
Now we shall use the method of substitution to derive two more properties to add to
this list. Let's consider them one by one.

0 0
1
v) \f(x) dx = jf(x) dx + f(a-x) dx for any integrable function f.
0

We already know that

a d2 a

0
\
0
/
/f(x) dx = f(x) dx + f(x) dx .
d2

Now if we put x = a-y in the second integral on the right hand side, then since

a 0 ai2 a12

/ f(x) dx = - / f(a-y) dy = /f(a-y) /

dy = f(a-x) dx,
a12 a12 0 1)
since x is a dummy vaiiable.
'
~ h u r / f ( x ) d x= /f(x)dx + / f(a-x) dx.
0 (I 0
 Met h a s of Inlel(rution

Example 15 Let us evalozte i) I

0
sin4xcos5xdx and ii) lcos3x dx
0

i) Using property v), we can write

sin ( a - X ) = b i n x. and
-
cos ( a X ) = -COSY

=2 cos'x dx
0
n12 n12

=
0
I
2 [ I CO$X dx + cos'fn-x) dx]
0
n12 nll

= 2 [ I cos'x dx -I cos'x dx ] = 0
I ' 0

Our next property greatly simplifiessome inregrals when the integrands are even or odd
functions.
vi) I f f is an even function of x, then

and i f f is an odd functicm, then,

This is also obvious from Fig. I (a) and (b)

Pig. I
We shall piove the result for even functions. The result for odd functions follows easily
and is left to you as an exercise. (see E 9) c)).
So let f be an even function of x in [-a,a], that is, f(-x) = f(x) V x c [-a,a].
Then,

If we put x = -y in the first integral on the right hand side, we get

0 0

-a
f(x) dx - lf(-Y) dY = jf(y) dy = ff(x) dx.
a 0 0
a a

Thus, f(x) dx = 2 lf(x) dx .

--a 0
Using this property we can directly say that

Try to gdve this exercise now.

E9j a) Evaluate
t

l
b) show that sin& in (tan x) & = 0
U

C) Prove that laf(x) dx = 0 iff is an odd function of r.

--a
In this section we have seen how the method of substitution enables ys to substantially
increase our list of integrable functions. (Here by "integrable function" we mean a
function which we can integrate!) We shall discuss another techniaue in the next
section.

11.4 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

In this section we shall evolve a method for evaluating integrals of the type
1u(x)v(x) dx, in which the integrand u(x)v(x) is the product of two functions. In other
words, we shall first evolve the integral analogue of
-d [u(x)v(x)] = u(x) d v(x) + v(x) - d u(x)
dx dx
and then use that result to evaluate some standard integrals.

11.4.1 Integrals of a-Productof Two Functions

We can calculate the derivative of the product of two functions by the formula
-
dx
a
d [u(x)v(x)] = u(x) d v(x) + v(x) - d u(x)
dx
Let us rewrite this as
d d d
/ u(x) - v(x) = - [u(x)v(x)] - v(x) u(x)
dx dx
Integrating both the sides with respect to x, we have

I d
U(X); (v(x) ) dx = u(x)v(x) - v(x) 1 d
((ux) ) dx ........... (1)
T o express this in a more symmetrical form, we replace u(x) by f(x), and put

d V(X)= g(x). This means v(x)

-
dx
I
= g(x) dx.

As a result of this substitution, (1) takes the form

This formula may be read as :

The integral of the product of two functions = First factor X integral of second factor
- integral of (derivative of first factor x integral of second factor)
It is called the formula for integration by parts. This formula may appear a little
complicated to you. But thqsuccess of this method depends upon choosing the first
factor in such a way that the second term on the right-hand side may be easy to evaluate.
It is also essential to choose the second factor such that it can be easily integrated.

The following examples will show you the wide variety of integrals which can be
evaluated by this technique. You should carefully study our choice of first and second
functions in each example'. You may also try to evaluate the integrals by reversing the'
order of functions. This will make you realise why we have chosen these functions the
way we have.

I
Example 16 Let us use the method of integration by parts to evaluate xe' dx.
In the integrand xeXwe choose x as the first factor and ex as the second factor. Thus,
we get .
-
 j
Example 17 To evaluate x2cos? dr, w e shall take x2 as the first factor and emx as the
0
second. Let us first evaluate the corresponding indefinite integral.

I 1
x2cow dx = x2 cosx dx - I{ I
d (x2) C O S X ~dx
-
dx
X)

G x2 sinx - 2xsinx dx

= x2 sinx - 2 1 xsinx dx

I
We shall again use the formula of integration by parts to evaluate xsinx dx. Thus,

jxsinx dx = x(-cosx) - j (1) (-cosx) dx (f(x) = x, g(x) = sinx)

= -xcosx I
+ cosx dx
= -xcosx + sinx + c
Hence,

x2 cosx dx = x2sinx + 2xcorx - 2rinx + c

Note that we have written the arbitrary constant as c instead of 2c.
nl2

NOW 1
0
x2cosx dx = (x2sinx + 2xcosx - 2sinx + e )

Example 18 Let us now evaluate x in 1x1 dx I

Here we take In(xl as the first factor since it can be differentiated easily, but cannot be
integrated that easily. We shall take x to be the second factor.

While choosing Inlxl as the first factor, we mentioned that it cannot be integrated eqsily.
The method of integration by parts, in fact, helps us in integrating lnx too.

Ex- j
19 We can find lnx dx by taking lnx as the first factor and 1as the semad
factor. Thus,

I lnx dx = 1 (lnx)(l) dx

= xlnx - J dx = xlnx - x + c
= xlnx - xlne + c since lne = 1
= xln(x1e) +c
The trick used in Example 19, that is, considering 1 (unity) as the second factor, helps
us to evaluate many integrals which could not be evaluated earlier. I
You will be able to solve the following exercises by using the method of integration by
parts.
 -

E10) Evaluate

a) Ix21nxdx 'ake
r
b) j (1 +x)ex dx Take f(x) = 1 +x and g(x) = ex

d) I x2sinx cosx dx Take f(x) = x2 and g(x) = sinx cosx

sir

I E E l l ) Evaluate the following integrals by choosing 1 as the second factor

E12) Integrate
a) xsin-'x b) 1n(l+x2)w.r.t.x.
 .I'eaxsinbxdx and S eaxcosbxdx
h l r lhedr or 111tt%riltih1

11.4.2 Evaluation of

To evaluate re" sinbx dx a n d l eaxcosbx dx, we use the formula for integration by parts.

J' e?"sinbx dx = (eax)( - -b1 cosbx) - I (aea") ( - -b1 cosbx) dx

= 1 e a xcosbx
--
b
+ 2b I e'"cosbx dx

1
= - - eaXcosbx
b
+ 2b [(em) (- b1 sinbx) - I (ea" : sinbx) dx

= 1 e"xcosb~+ aeaxsinbx - -
--
b b2
a2 edxsinbxdx
b2
I
Therefore, you will notice that the last integral on the right hand side is the same as the
integral on the left hand side. Now we transfer the third term on the right to the left
hand side, and obtain,

(1 + ------)
b2
- 1ea'sinbx dx = e'"
b2
1 cosbx)
(- a sinbx - -
b
This means,

I eaxsinbxdx = -enX(asinbx - bcosbx)

a2+ b2
+c
We can similarly show that

I eaxcosbxdx = -eax(acosbx + bsinbx)

a2+b2
+c
If we pht a = rcos0, b = rsin0, these formulas become

1 eaxcosbxdx =
J m
ea"cos (bx-0) + c, where 0 = tan- I -.b
il

Example 20 Using the formulas discussed in this sub-section, we can easily check that
i) l e x s i n x d x = 1- e ' s i n ( ~ - ~Tr) + ~
and
J

I
Example LI To evaluate c" sinx cos2x dx, wc shall first write
1 (sin3x - sinx) as in Sec. 3.
sinx cos2x = -
2
Therefore,

I e2"sinx cos2x dx =I
2
e"sin3x dx - e" sinx.dx
Mow the two integrals on the right hand side can be evaluated. We see that .

1 eixsin3x d r = -e2"sin (3x - tan-'

fl
2 )+ c
2
and

Jezxsinx dx = e2"sin (x - tan-' f) + c'

Hence fi
\e2%inx cos2xdx = e2"[
D
sin (3x - tan-';) - 1sin (X- tan-'
Js
t )1 + c
 E-pie I
22 Supp0se.w want to evahate x3 sin (alnx) dx.
Let lnx = u. This implies x = eUand dutdx = llx.

1 I
Then, x3 sin (alnx) dx = x4 sin (alnx) (llx) dx

= J eb sinau du
e4' sin (au - tan-'(al4)) +c
= J~GF

Why don't you try some exercises now.

E E13) Evaluate the following integrals

a) e 2 ' d x dx b) 1e3'sin3x dx c) 1
$'COSX cos2x dx

d) I e2'cos% dx e ) lcashax sinbx dx (write cashax in terms of

the exponential function)
f) xeasinbx dx

- -
11.4.3 ~valuntionof S dx, $ dx, and dx

In this sub-section, we shall see that integrals like 1Ja2-I 1

dr, dr
and 1 dx can also be evaluated with the help of the formula for integration by
parts and Table 3.

- JaL-xL
Shifting the last term on the right hand side to the left we get,

21-dx =I-+ a2j 1 dx2

4 a -x2

Using the formula,

dx
+ c, we obtain
,I = s i n 1( f )

Similarly, we shall have,

Example23 ~ eustevaluafe 1-
0
dx

Let x + 3= u, Then,
3/2

/,/=dx = 1-du
E14) Verify that

a) I J Z 2 d x = ~ x J Z G ? +2 ~ ~ Xn + Ja'+x'+c
a

In the next sub-section we shall consider another type of integrand which occurs quite
frequently in mathematics.

We first prove the formula

I
11.4.4 Integrals of the ~~kex[ f ( x ) + f' (x) ] dx -

ex [f(x) + fr(x)]dx = ex f(x) + c and see how it can be used in integrating some
functions.
By the formula for integration by parts

J exf(x) dx = J f(x) ex dx
= f(x) ex - J r(x) ex dx + c
This implies
 Methods of Integration
Example 24 Let us evaluate the following integrals.

We take up (i) first,

-
- 1 ex + c,
- since
2+x
Now * shall evaluate ii)
ii) 1+cosx
cos -
X - sin -
X
2 e-d2 dx '

Now

1 sec e-&dx = (set?) (-2e-R) - I 1

(? sec
x tan ?)
X
(-2e-") dx

= -2secA
2
e"Q + secJ -r tan $ e-'" dx
Thus,

= -set X e-*
2 +-z 1% 2
tan $ dx - I
2
sec
X
tan $ e-d2cIx

In this unit we have exposed you to various methods of integration, You have also had
a fair amount of practice in using these methods. We are now giving you some
additional exercises. You may like to try your hand at these too. T o solve these you will
have to first identify the method which will suit the particular integrand the best. This
is the crucial step. The next step where you apply the chosen method to get the answer
is relatively easy. If you have studied this unit thoroughly, neither of these steps should
pose any problem. So, good luck!
E15) EvaluateJhe following integrals

f, I (x2+2)" dx g) 1 sinx ecoSxdx

IntegralCalculus
 Methodsof lntcgretlon

E16) Prove that

and use it to evaluate x3 ninx dx

Before we end this unit, here are some general remarks about the existence of integrals.
The result
b

where F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x), will make sense only if f(x) exists at every point
of the interval. Hence we have to be careful in using this result.
Thus,

But llx is not defined at x = 0, and In 1x1 is also not differentiable at x = 0. As such, at
this stage, we should use the result only if the interval [a,bl does not include x = 0
Thus,
2

l+dx=ln-- IZ1 - In 2 is not valid.

- 1-11

Again, consider
1

We have used this in Example 3. However does not exist at x = 1, and sin-'x is
JTsr;Tr
not differentiable at x = 1. sin-'x)' exists at x = 1,but sin-'x)' does not exist, since
sinL'x itself does not exist when x > 1.
However, the above result is true in some sense. This sense will be elear to you in your
course on analysis.
The antiderivative of every function need not exist, i.e., it need not be any of the
functions we are familiar with. For example, there is no function known to us whose
b

j
derivative is eeX2.However, the value of the definite integral f(x) dx of every
a
function, where f(x) is continuous on the interval [a,b], can be found out by numerical
methods to any degree of approximation. You can study these methods in detail if you
take the course on numerical analysis. You will study two simple numerical methods in
2
Block 4100. Thus, we cannot find the antiderivative of e" ,but still, we can find
the approximate value of
b

e-" dx, for all real.values of a and b. In fact, this integral is every important in
a

probability theory and you will use it very often if you take the course on probability
and statistics.
That brings us to the end of this unit. Let us summarise what we have studied so far.

1.5 SUMMARY
In this unit we have covered the following points.
1) If F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), then the indefinite integral (or simply, integral)
of f(x) is

I f(x) dx = Fix) + e, where e is an arbitrary constant.

 k, I I
f,(x)dx + k2 f2(x)dx + ..... + kn fn(x)dx1
3) 'The method of substitution gives :
b

]f[g(x)] g'(x) dx =gr:(u) du. if u = g(x). ,

a da)

In particular,

\[f(x)l.ff(x) dx = 'f(x)ln+'
n+l + c, n + - 1, and

x) dx, iff is even

-a
0, iff is odd.
4) Standard formulas :

5) Integration-of a product of two functions (integration by parts) :

I U ( X ) V ( X )=
~ Xy(x) I v(x)dx - I
{u'(x) v ( x ) ~ xdx
)

This leads us to:

I eaxsinbx d r =
vL2+b2
eaxsin (bx - tan-' z)+ c

\ eaxcosbx dx = ,
1
a2+ b2
a +c
e" cos (bx - tan-' b)

11.6 SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS

E 11 a\ i1 &+r ii\ -3x-'I2 A c iiii A ,- 1 -
 iii) x + x + x 3
2
+3
4
+c
c) i) ex - e" + 4x + c ii) 4sinx + 3cosx + ex + 2
2
+L
iii) 4 tanhx + ex - 4x2 + c
d) i) 2sin-'x + 51nlxl + c

= -cotx + tanx - 2x +c
iii) 6x + - 4 x3/2 - -
3x2 - - 2 xsn +c
2 3 5

b) i) ii) 15
12

S.No. f(x) 1Rx) dx

1. sin ax --a1 cos ax + c

2. cos ax -1 sin ax + c
a
3. secZax 1 tan ax + c
-
a
4. cosec2 ax --al cot ax +c
sec ax tan ax 1
-
5. a sec ax +s.
6 C O S ~ Cax cot ax - 1 cosec ax + c

a eax + c
7. e ax 1
-
8. amx --
1 amx+
m Ina
 b) 7
0
sin" ]=I2- - 1
sin2x cosx dx = -

-
0

C) I f u = tanx, a
dx
secZx

I
+ J eta"" sec2x dx = I e" du = e" + c = eta"' + c
i
E6) a ) i ) M + c ii)- -2 + c

I 6
n/3

I
sin2x
n/3

I
1 cot2x (2cosec2 2x) dx
iii) cot2x cosec22x dx = -
I n/h
2 .n/6

iv) Put cos20 = u. Then *

de
= -2sin20
* I

ii) -1
10 (I-5tan0)

= ~8 / d 0 - ~ 1 c o s 2 0 d 80 - ~cos20
1 d0 + -81/ c o d 0 d0

= 2 . g - T T1 sin20
8
, 8 sin40
1
4
+

= 1(20 1 sin40) + c
- sin 20 + -
4 2 8

ii) 1sin30 cos0 d0 =

1 [ l s i r ~ 0d0 + Jsin20 do]
 iii) lcos50 core dB = sin40 sin60
--
0 12
WR
-. 19
iv) lcose coS20 c o d 0 dB -
0

v(0) = 700 = -500 tand10+ c = c

*c=700.
v(3) = 700 - 500 tan-'3.
E8) For solution, see P. 104
w WR -12

b) lsin2x In tanx dx = fsin2x h tanx dx

0 0

= jrin2x In tanx dx + j sin2x In c o b dx

0 0
I
EIO) a) Ix21nxdx = lnxIx2dx - ] ( + I x2 dx) dx
I

EIZ) a) lxsin-'x dx = 2 1I -
sin-'x - - x2 dx
) 2 ./--
I,
Put x = sinu in I JI-;;T
x2 d x = I S B m S u d u
COSU

--7 u1- - s i n 1
2u+c=- 1 u - 1 sinu cosu +c
4 2
= 1 [sin-',
2
- xcos(sin-'x)] +c

.'. lxsin:'x dx -2
-
1
x2 sin-'x - - [sin-' x - x
4 m ] +c
b) I1n(l+x2) cix = I 1.1n (1+x2) dx

= xln (l+x2) - cix

1+x2
= xln (1+x2) - ]2[1- 1-l +1x 2 dx

= xln (l+x2) - 2[x - tan-'x] + c

El3 a) 1 2 x(2cos4x + 4sin4x) + c

c) I e4' cosx m s h dx = 1
2
1 + coax) cix
e4x (COS~X
 8 e2. (2cos~x+ ~ s i n ~ +
=L{L x )1-
1 e2'] +c

e) \ cosh ax sinbx dx \ (
=
eax+e-ax
) sinbx dx

= 1 [ \ eY sinbx dx + \ ea sinbx dx]

2
=- [em (asinbx-bcosbx) + e" (-asinbx-bcosbx)] + c
(a2+b2)

f) \ xeaxsinbx dx = \
4 eax sinbx dx

- \- eY (asinbx - beosbx) dx
-
-- eU (asinbx - bcosbx)
a2+b2

beY(acosbx+bsinbx) ] +c
h) -!-tan-'
3
(3x) +c
sinx cosx dx
i, i ~ s
=
i [ -dt~

= I [ j t7 dt - 2 j t6 dt]
2

= - 0 cos0 + j c o d d0 (integration by parts)

m) Put x = tan0 in j ms-' (-)11-x2

+x2
dx

Answer = 2 [ 0 tan0 + lnlcos0l ] +-c

n) 1ex (lnsinx + cotx) dx I ex In sinx dx + ex cotx dx

=

= In sinx ex - I cot; ex dx + ex cotx dx

= ex In sinx.

j x 3 s i n x d x = l x3 -d2 (-sinx) dx
dx2
= - x3cosx + 3x2 sinx -6 1x sinx dx
= - x3cosx + 3x2 sinx - 6 [ -xcou + 1cosx dx]
= - x3cosx + 3x2sinx + 6(xcosx - sinx) + c