REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES

Design of Foundations

Dr. Irfan-ul-Hassan

Basic Concept
Forces acting on footing

Important Parameters

 Reaction under Column

 Allowable Bearing Capacity
 Pressure under footing

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 1

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

Reactions at Column Base

 From Analysis Results

 2-D
 Rz Rx My

 3-D
 Rx Ry Rz
 Mx My Mz

Important Reactions

 For Footing
 From Analysis Results
 2-D
 Rz Rx My

 3-D
 Rx Ry Rz
 Mx My Mz

Finding Area of Footing

 A = Total Load/ Allowable Bearing Capacity

 Allowable Bearing Capacity = qult/FOS

 Soil Report

 A = P/qa

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 2

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

Pressure Under Footing

 Different kinds of pressure is developed for different

cases
 Case-1
 Axial load only
 Load + Moment in 1-Direction P and M
 Load + Moment in 2 –Dir P and Mx and My

How Pressure vary for all

Cases
 Case-1
 Load only
 q = P/A

Pressure when Load and

Moment Acts
 Case-2
 q1 = P/A + My/I
 q2 = P/A – My/I
 P = Load
 A = Area of ftg BxL
 M = Moment about centroid
 Y = l/2
 I = BL^3/12

 L

 L
 B
9

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 3

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

Pressure when P & M Acts

10

10

Value of eccentricity and

Pressure


11

11

12

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DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 4

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

13

13

Pressure when P, Mx and My

Acts under column base


 q1,2 = P/A ± MyX/Iy ± Mx Y/ Ix

A

 P = LOAD
 Mx = moment about x axis B
 Y = Dist parallel to Y = B/2
 My = Moment about Y axis
 X = Dist parallel to X axis = L/2
 Ix = LB^3/12
 Iy = BL^3/12

 L
 Y

14

14

Vertical Pressure Variations

15

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DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 5

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

Footings

Definition
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and to transmit and distribute
their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded,
excessive settlement, differential settlement,or
rotation are prevented and adequate safety
against overturning or sliding is maintained.

16

Types of Footings
Wall footings are used to
support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.

17

Types of Footings
Isolated or single footings
are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.

18

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 6

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

Types of Footings
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or three
columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when tow columns are so close
that single footings cannot be
used or when one column is
located at or near a property
line.

19

Types of Footings
Cantilever or strap footings
consist of two single footings
connected with a beam or a
strap and support two single
columns. This type replaces a
combined footing and is more
economical.

20

Types of Footings
Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.

21

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 7

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

Types of Footings
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing usually
placed under the entire building
area. They are used, when soil
bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not used
and differential settlement must
be reduced.

22

Types of Footings
Pile caps are thick slabs
used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.

23

Distribution of Soil Pressure

When the column load P is

applied on the centroid of the
footing, a uniform pressure is
assumed to develop on the soil
surface below the footing area.
However the actual distribution of the soil is not uniform,
but depends on may factors especially the composition of
the soil and degree of flexibility of the footing.

24

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 8

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

Distribution of Soil Pressure

Soil pressure distribution in Soil pressure distribution in

cohesionless soil. cohesive soil.

25

Design Considerations

Footings must be designed to carry the column loads

and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable
bearing soil capacity
2. Two-way shear or punch out shear.
3. One-way bearing
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement
required

26

Design Considerations

Footings must be designed to carry the column loads

and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. Bearing capacity of columns at their base
2. Dowel requirements
3. Development length of bars
4. Differential settlement

27

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 9

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

Size of Footings

The area of footing can be determined from the actual

external loads such that the allowable soil pressure is
not exceeded.
Total load including self - weight 
Area of footing 
allowable soil pressure
Strength design requirements
Pu
qu 
area of footing

28

ALLOWABLE DISTORTION

The value of distortion normally allowed in design is

1/3300 for 𝑙 ⁄ℎ ≤ 3.0 in sandy soils, 1/2500 for
𝑙 ⁄ℎ ≤ 3.0 in clay.

1/2000 for 𝑙 ⁄ℎ ≥ 5.0 in sandy soils, 1/1400 for

𝑙 ⁄ℎ ≥ 5.0 in clay.

where
𝑙 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

29

29

Flow Chart for Design of Footings

Load

qa

qna

Af)req Sketch

qn, qu Joint Design

Mu, Vu φvVc d, h As)x, As)y

30

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DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 10

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

SHEAR

Footing may fail in shear as a wide beam or due to

punching. These are referred as one-way shear and
two-way shear respectively.

One-Way Shear or Beam Shear

Critical section for one-way shear is taken at distance “d”
from the face of the support.

If shear is not satisfied no extra shear reinforcement is

provided but the depth is increased.
31

31

ONE-WAY SHEAR OR BEAM SHEAR (CONT.)

L One-way shear is only calculated in longer

direction because it will be smaller along
the width. Applied one-way shear, Vu is
C2
d
B
given as
C1  L  C1  
Vu  qnu B  d
 2  
[(L-C1)/2-d]
One-way shear strength, Vc is given as
1 '
d
Vc  f c Bd
6
qu
Where
B = width of the footing 32

32

ONE-WAY SHEAR OR BEAM SHEAR (CONT.)

For a footing to be safe against one-way shear

following condition should be satisfied

Vu  vVc Where Φv = 0.75

If the above condition is not satisfied calculate

revised d from following

Vu
d
1
v '
fc B
6 33

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DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 11

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

TWO-WAY SHEAR OR PUNCHING SHEAR

It is a shear which acts all around

the perimeter such that column
punches down through
foundation slab and starts
settling.
It is very high in magnitude and d/2 d/2

most critical aspect in design of

column footing.
Punching shear normally controls
the depth of the column footing.
34

34

TWO-WAY SHEAR OR PUNCHING SHEAR (cont.)

Ref.:
[ARTHUR N. TALBOT, 1913]

35

35

TWO-WAY SHEAR OR PUNCHING SHEAR (cont.)

Critical section for two-way

shear is taken at a distance “d/2”
L
form the face of support in both
directions. d/2 d/2

d/2
Critical perimeter for two-way
shear is denoted by “bo”. C2
b2
B

d/2 C1
Critical perimeter “bo” is given
as b1

bo = 2(b1+b2)
bo = 2[(C1+d)+(C2+d)] 36

bo = 2(C1+C2+2d)

36

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 12

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

TWO-WAY SHEAR OR PUNCHING SHEAR (cont.)

Applied two-way shear “Vu” is given as

Vu  qnu ( Area outside the critical perimeter)
L

Vu  qnu ( L  B  b1 b2)

For a footing to be safe against
two-way shear following C2
b2
B

condition should be satisfied C1

b1

Vu  vVc Where Φv = 0.75

37

37

TWO-WAY SHEAR OR PUNCHING SHEAR (cont.)

Punching shear strength “Vc” is taken as

Lesser of following
1 '
1) Vc  f c bo d Where bo is critical perimeter
3
1  4 ' where  c 
longer col. side
2) Vc  2   f c bo d shorter col. side
12  c 
Where
1  d  '
αs = 40 for interior column
3) Vc   s  2 f c bo d αs = 30 for exterior column
12  bo  αs = 20 for38corner column

38

BENDING MOMENT AND STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Critical Section for Moment

The critical sections for moment are taken as (ACI 15.3
and 15.4.2)
•For footings supporting square or rectangular concrete
columns or walls, at the face of the column or wall.

•For footings supporting masonry walls, halfway

between the middle and edge of the wall.

•For footing supporting a column with steel base plate,

halfway between face of the column and edge of the
39
base plate.

39

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 13

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

BENDING MOMENT AND STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Critical Section for Moment (cont.)

[Ref.: PCA NOTES on ACI 318-08] 40

40

BENDING MOMENT AND STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Design Moment Calculation

L

Design moment is calculated considering

a unit strip of a cantilever fixed at column 1m

and free at edges in both directions. B C2

Design moment along length for unit C1

strip is given as
[(L-C1)/2]

 L  C1  1  L  C1 
Mu  qu    
 2  2 2 
1 qu

Mu  qu  L  C12
8
41 qu
[(L-C1)/2]

41

BENDING MOMENT AND STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Design Moment Calculation (cont.)

L

Design moment along width for unit strip

is given as C1

B C2

 B  C2  1  B  C2  [(B-C2)/2]

Mu  qu    
 2  2 2  1m

1
Mu  qu  B  C 2 2
8 qu

qu
42
[(B-C2)/2]

42

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 14

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

BENDING MOMENT AND STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Calculate area of steel corresponding to respective

moments.
Minimum flexural reinforcement is given as

As)min = 0.002bh for fy=300MPa

As)min = 0.0018bh for fy=420MPa

NOTE: Maximum spacing must not exceed 450mm.

43

43

FORCE AND MOMENT TRANSFER AT COLUMN BASE

The concentrated load in

the columns is transferred
to the footing by
COLUMN
BARS
1. Direct bearing of the
column over the
footing (Producing
bearing stresses at the DOWELS
interface)

2. By forces in the
dowels or column
main steel bars that 44

cross the joint.

44

FORCE AND MOMENT TRANSFER AT COLUMN BASE

• The maximum bearing load on the

concrete is defined by ACI 318-14 Sec.
10.14.1 “Design bearing strength on
concrete shall not exceed (0.85 fc'A1),
except when the supporting surface is
wider on all sides than the loaded area,
then the design bearing strength on the
loaded area shall be permitted to be
multiplied by but not more than 2.”
• The loaded area or the area of cross-
section of column is denoted by A1,
whereas, a larger area of footing may
be considered effective in resisting
the bearing stresses and is denoted
45

by A2.

45

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 15

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

FORCE AND MOMENT TRANSFER AT COLUMN BASE

• The area A2 at a certain depth

inside the footing is found by
spreading the area A1 at a slope of
lesser of 2 Hz. to 1 Ver. for solid
footings and actually available
steeper slope on each side.

• The concrete present in larger area

A2 around the loaded area A1
provides lateral confinement to the
concrete and causes increase in the
bearing strength.
46

46

3' 4' 2'-6"

1'-3"
1'-6"

7'

1' 1'
9'

6'
1'

1'

6'
47
9'

47

1'
1'

48

6'

48

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 16

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

FORCE AND MOMENT TRANSFER AT COLUMN BASE

Bearing strength at the base of the column is given as

Pn   (0.85 f c ' A1) Where φ  0.65
Were, 𝑓 ′ is the cylinder strength of the column concrete.
Bearing strength at the bottom of the footing is given as
A2
Pn   (0.85 f c ' A1)   2(0.85 f c A1)
'

A1
Were, 𝑓 ′ is the cylinder strength of the footing concrete.
The above expression is used to check the concrete in
the footing just below the column, without dowels
having development length beyond this region. 49

49

FORCE AND MOMENT TRANSFER AT COLUMN BASE

Dowel Bars
Excess force to be resisted by dowels, having
development length beyond the bottom of the footing is
Dowel Force  Pu  Pn
Area of steel required for dowels within the footing is
Pu  φPn
As  wh ere   0.65 (ACI 15.8.1.2 )
φf y

A minimum area of reinforcement of 0.005Ag (but

not less than four bars) has to be provided across the
interface of the column and footing. Ag is the gross 50

area of column cross section. (ACI 15.8.2.1)

50

FORCE AND MOMENT TRANSFER AT COLUMN BASE

Dowel Bars (cont).

However, if some of the column steel is discontinued at
the top of footing, the portion of the column just above
the footing will be lacking fully developed bars.

The bearing strength of this portion of the column is to

be checked. The continuing steel must provide a dowel
steel area to develop a force equal to 𝑃 − 𝜑0.85𝑓 ′𝐴 .

Area of steel required for dowels within the column is

Pu  φ0.85 f c ' Ag
As  where   0.65
φf y 51

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DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 17

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

FORCE AND MOMENT TRANSFER AT COLUMN BASE

Dowel Bars (cont).

Dowels must have diameter less than or equal to No. 35
and must extend into the supported member by a
distance equal to larger of

1. Development length in compression of the

column main steel bars.
2. Compression splice length of the dowels.

Similarly, these dowels must extend into the footing by

a minimum distance equal to the development length of
dowels in compression. (ACI 318-11 15.8.2.3) 52

52

DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICING OF STEEL

1. Development Length in Tension

fy
ld  0.63  d b  300mm for top bars and d b  No. 20
'
fc

fy
ld  0.485  d b  300mm for bottom bars and d b  No.20
'
fc

fy
ld  0.788  d b  300mm for top bars and d b  No. 20
'
fc

fy
ld  0.606  d b  300mm for bottom bars and d b  No.20
'
fc 53

53

DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICING OF STEEL

2. Development Length in Compression

fy '
ldc  0.24 d b  200mm for f c  31MPa
fc ' Where
'
db = Dia of bar
ldc  0.043 f y d b  200mm for f  31MPa
c

3. Tension Splice Length

Class B Splice  1.3ld  300mm

Where ld = Development length in tension

54

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DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 18

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICING OF STEEL

4. Compression Splice Length

Compression splice length  0.071 f y d b F  300mm for f y  420MPa

 (0.13 f y  24)d b F  300mm for f y  420MPa

where, if f c '  20 MPa, F  1.0, otherwise, F  1.3

When bars of different diameters are lap spliced in

compression, the required splice length is to be taken
larger of the development length in compression for the
larger diameter bar and splice length for the smaller
diameter bar. 55

55

PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING

Step1:
Collect all the required information i.e. allowable
bearing capacity, depth of footing, type of load coming and
decide type of footing.

Step2:
For service DL, LL and net allowable bearing capacity
find the size of the footing.

Step3:
Calculate the net factored contact pressure “qu” at the
interface of soil and concrete surface. 56

56

PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING

Step4:
Select or assume a suitable thickness of footing
satisfying two-way punching shear.

Step5:
Calculate one-way shear in longer direction and check
for its capacity.

Step6:
Calculate the moment in shorter and longer direction.

57

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DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 19

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING

Step 7:
Calculate the total amount of steel in shorter and longer
direction and find the spacing.

Step 8:
Check the bearing pressure at the bottom of column.

Step 9:
Check the development length for the steel provided.

Step 10:
Show reinforcement using neat sketches. 58

58

59

59

FOR RECTANGULAR FOOTINGS

According to ACI 15.4.4 — In two-way rectangular

footings, reinforcement shall be distributed in
accordance with ACI 15.4.4.1 and 15.4.4.2.
15.4.4.1 — Reinforcement in long direction shall be
distributed uniformly across entire width of footing.
15.4.4.2 — For reinforcement in short direction, a
portion of the total reinforcement, γsAs, shall be
distributed uniformly over a band width (centered on
centerline of column or pedestal) equal to the length of
short side of footing. Remainder of reinforcement
required in short direction, (1 – γs)As, shall be distributed
uniformly outside center band width of footing. 60

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REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

FOR RECTANGULAR FOOTINGS

2
𝛾 =
𝛽+1
Where
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝛽=
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

61

61

62
[Ref.: PCA NOTES on ACI 318-08]

62

63

[Ref.: PCA NOTES on ACI 318-08]

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DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 21

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

[Ref.: Structural Concrete, Theory and Design, 4th Ed.

by Nadim Hassoun] 64

64

[Ref.: Structural Concrete, Theory and Design, 4th Ed.

by Nadim Hassoun]
65

65

Problem 1

A 3.9 m × 3.9 m square footing with 825 mm

thickness supports a tied rectangular column having
dimensions 750 mm × 300 mm reinforced with 6-No.
25 longitudinal bars. For the following data, check
force transfer at interface of column and footing.
Footing flexural steel is #19@200 c/c (B.W.)

fc′ (column) = 35 MPa, normalweight concrete

fc′ (footing) = 20 MPa, normalweight concrete
fy = 420 MPa
Pu = 3825 kN
66

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DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 22

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

Problem 2
For the design conditions given below, check
for transfer of force between the column and
footing. 300 mm × 300 mm tied reinforced
column with 4-No. 43 longitudinal bars.
Footing Size 2800 × 2800 × 450 mm

fc′ = 28 MPa (column and footing),

Concrete = Normal weight concrete
fy = 420 MPa
PD = 890 kN
PL = 445 kN
67

67

68

68

Shear in longer direction strip

𝐿 − 𝐶1
𝑉 =𝑞 −𝑑 ×1
2
Shear in shorter direction strip

1m
𝑉 =𝑞
𝐵 − 𝐶2
2
−𝑑 ×1 𝑉 >𝑉
𝐵 − 𝐶2
−𝑑
2

d
B C2

1m
C1

𝐿 − 𝐶1
−𝑑
2
69

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DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 23

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

Vu  qu ( Area outside the critical perimeter)

Vu  qu ( L  B  b1 b 2) L

Vu  qu ( L  B)  qnu (b1 b 2)
C2 b2 B

C1

Pu  qu ( L  B ) b1

Vu  Pu  qu (b1 b 2)
70

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DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN 24