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MEC322 Chapter 1
MEC322 Chapter 1
AND
INSTRUMENTATION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM
2
DEFINITION OF CONTROL SYSTEM
SYSTEM
3
EXAMPLE 1
SYSTEM
4
Example 2
SYSTEM
5
Example 3
SYSTEM
6
1.1 BASIC CONCEPT, TERMINOLOGY AND PRINCIPLES OF
CONTROL SYSTEM
1.1.1 What is control systems ?
CONTROL SYSTEMS
INSTRUMENTATION
Example 4
CONTROL SYSTEMS
INSTRUMENTATION
Example 5 SYSTEMS
CONTROL
INSTRUMENTATION
1.1.2. Control Systems application ?
Control Variable:
It is the quantity or condition that is measured and controlled.
Normally, the control variable is the output of a system.
Manipulated Variable:
It is the quantity or condition that is varied by the controller
to change the value of the control variable. Control means
measuring the value of the control variable of the system and
applying the manipulated variable to the system to correct or
limit the deviation of the measured value from a desired
value.
Plants:
A plant may be a component of equipment, such as a set of
machine parts functioning together, whose purpose is to
perform a particular operation. Examples such as heating
furnace and chemical reactor.
Processes:
A process may be defined as a progressively continuing
operation that consist of a series of controlled actions or
moments systematically directed towards a particular result
or end. Examples of processes include chemical, mechanical,
economic and biological processes.
Systems:
A system is a combination of components that act together to
attain a uniform objective. A system may be physical or
virtual.
Disturbances:
A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect the
value of the output of a system.
Feedback Control:
It is an operation by which the output of a system is
controlled by comparing with reference input.
Flight speed control during autopilot mode
1.1.4. Principle of control system.
Why?:
1. Soaking, washing and rinsing operate on time basis.
2. Does not measure the cleanliness of clothes as the output.
Close Loop Control System:
The actuating error signal which is the difference between the
input signal and the feedback signal is fed to the controller so
as to reduce the error and bring the output of the system to a
desired value.
Why?:
1. Air speed sensor will detect and calculate the exact air
speed and send the information to auto pilot controller.
2. Auto pilot controller will reduce or increase engine thrust
to compensate the different between the real and desired
air speed value.
Block diagram of open-loop control system
SYSTEM
18
• Checks the
weather
• Adjusts the
faucet
19
The input is
dependent on the
output
SYSTEM
20
Always approaching
desired output
SYSTEM
CONTROLLER SENSOR
Computes for error & Measures the
adjusts the input output 21
CONTROLLER SENSOR
Adjusts the faucet Check moisture
accordingly content in the soil 22
CONTROLLER SENSOR
Turns OFF faucet The soil is moisture
enough 23
AUTOMATICALLY
CONTROLLER SENSOR
Turns ON faucet The soil is TOO
DRY 24
Closed –loop control
Open-loop control system
system
• Possible to use • It is not possible to use
inaccurate and inaccurate components.
inexpensive components • Stability is not a major
to obtain the accurate problem.
control of a given plant. • It is advantageous for
• Stability is a major known disturbances.
problem. • Lower power.
• It is advantageous for • The number of
unknown disturbance. components used is
• Higher power. small.
• The number of
components used is large
1.2. Instrumentation.
Assignment 2:
List at least 4 characteristics of transducer element while
selecting a transducer for a particular application.
1.4.2 Signal Conditioning Element
Drawback: Loading error may have happen and interfere with the
state of the measured quantity.
Advantages Disadvantages
• Automatically carry the complex task. • Cannot design the program by itself.
• Have signal condition element and • The input data must be in digital
display which are compact and form. Need ADC.
reliable. • Fast technology progress and need a
• Built in fault detection and auto lot cost to maintain up to date.
correct function. • Virus and security problem.
• Function in real time (on-line).
• Can be control by remote control.
• Lower cost, higher accuracy and
flexible.
• Small in size and portable.
• Low power consumption.
1.7. Standard and Calibration.
c. Secondary standards.
1. Basic reference standards employed by industrial
measurement laboratories.
2. Maintained by the concerned laboratory.
3. Can be used by ordinary user of instruments for calibration
of working standards.
d. Working standards.
1. High accuracy devices that used to calibrate laboratory
instruments. (Block gauge)
1.7.2 Calibration
b. Secondary calibration.
1. Secondary calibration devices are used widely in general
laboratory .
2. Example: Standard cell used for calibrating voltmeter.
c. Direct calibration with known input source.
1. In general of the same order of accuracy as primary
calibration.
2. Calibrated device also can be employed as secondary
calibration device.
d. Indirect calibration.
1. Based on the equivalence of two different devices that can
be employed for measuring a certain physical quantity.
e. Routine calibration.
1. Visual inspection of the instrument for physical defect.
2. Proper installation as manufacturer specification.
3. Zero setting of all indicators.
4. Levelling.
5. Checking for calibration validation.
REFERENCES