General

Biology 2
12
Quarter 3
Module 2
Recombinant DNA Application

14
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 2 of Grade 12 Module 2 on Recombinant DNA

Application!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools Division
Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with the Local
Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Vico Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners
as they do the tasks included in the module.

15
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 2 Module 2 on Recombinant DNA Application!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module. Ito po ang parts ng module

16
 EXPECTATION
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the different application of recombinant DNA in various

industries.
2. Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA technology

PRETEST

Directions: TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write
FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Write the answer on the separate sheet of paper.
________1. Insulin extracted from the animals are chemically similar but not
identical to human insulin
________2. Yeast have plasmid that can be used as gene vectors that can take up
foreign DNA and integrate it into their genome.
________3. A vaccine is a harmful variant of pathogen that is used to inoculate
an infectious disease.
______ 4. Recombinant DNA of the hepatitis B infection surface antigen is
created in yeast cells to be remembered for the antibody.
_______5. Golden rice is a transgenic variety with bacterial genes produces
grains that contains beta-carotene, which our body uses to make
vitamin A.

RECAP
Activity 2.1. Think Like a Scientist

Answer the following scenarios like you are the experts in the field of
genetic engineering. Write your answers below.

A molecular geneticist hopes to find a gene in human liver cells that

codes for an important blood-clotting protein. He knows that the nucleotide
sequence of a small part of the gene is GTGGACTGACA. Briefly explain how
to obtain the desired gene.

17
 LESSON

For the past decades, DNA technology including recombinant DNA

technology and other methods for studying and manipulating DNA have
change the future of human race. It open –up new opportunities in the fields
of mass production of gene product, pharmaceutical industry and medicine,
and agriculture.

Production of Gene Products

Recombinant cells and organisms modified by DNA technology are used

nowadays to manufacture many useful products. Bacteria are the best
candidate for manufacturing a protein product. Major advantages of bacteria
include the plasmid and the phages that are used as gene cloning vectors and
the fact that bacteria can be grown rapidly and cheaply in large tanks.
Bacteria are easy to be engineered to produce large amounts of particular
proteins. Engineered bacteria like the E. coli secrete the protein products in
the medium thus, it is easy for the scientist to collect and synthesize it.
Despite the advantages of bacteria, it is equally important to utilized
eukaryotic cells to produce protein products. The simplest and the most
recommended among the eukaryotic cells are the Saccharomycetes cerevisiae
or yeast. Similarly, yeast also have plasmid that can be used as gene vectors,
it can also take up foreign DNA and integrate it into their genome.

18
 Some protein products require mammalian cells, genes of these
products are often cloned in bacteria as a preliminary step, before it can be
transfer. Many proteins that mammalian cells normally secrete are
glycoprotein with chains of sugar attached. Because only mammalian cells
must be used for making these kind of products. Here are some of protein
products of recombinant DNA technology.

Pharmaceutical Industry and Medicine

DNA technology has already had a major impact on the pharmaceutical

industry and on human medicine. Recombinant DNA establish its influence
in the different field of medicine such as: therapeutic hormones; diagnosis
and treatment of disease and; development of vaccines.

19
 A. Therapeutic Hormones

Insulin and growth hormone (GH) were the first pharmaceutical

products made using recombinant DNA technology. Before 1982, the main
source of insulin were
pigs and cattle tissues
obtained from the
slaughterhouse. Insulin
extracted from the
animals are chemically
similar but not identical
to human insulin, thus it
causes harmful side
effects in some people.
Genetic engineering solved this problem by developing bacteria that actually
synthesize and secretes human insulin.

Growth hormone(GH) was harder to find, children with GH deficiency

had to rely on human cadavers to acquire such hormones. In 1985, scientist
made an artificial gene for GH
by joining human DNA fragment
to a chemically synthesized
piece of DNA. Using this gene,
they were able to produce GH in
E. coli.

Other hormones produce

because of the development of recombinant DNA technology are the;

20
Blood Clotting Factor VIII

Blood clotting elements assume a fundamental part in the

administration of patients that experience the ill effects of hemophilia, a
draining issue including the absence of capacity to deliver sufficient blood
clotting component VIII for blood coagulation to work as ordinary.

The capacity to make recombinant blood

coagulating factor VIII permits bigger amounts to
be utilized by and by and diminishes the
requirement for blood gift to get the factor
normally.

The promising effect of blood clotting factor VIII enables the scientist to
see the brighter future for people who are suffering from this kind of disease
through recombinant DNA technology.

B. Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease

DNA technology is likely to be used increasingly in disease diagnosis.

Recombinant DNA has been utilized in the advancement of the most well-
known analytic procedures for HIV and to recognize the presence of HIV in an
individual. The neutralizer test utilizes a
recombinant HIV protein to quantify
antibodies in the body that multiply when
there is an HIV contamination.

The DNA test utilizes turnaround record

polymerase chain response (RT-PCR) to identify
the presence of HIV hereditary material. This
method was created utilizing the rDNA of atoms
and investigating the genome successions.

21
 C. Vaccines

DNA technology is also helping medical scientist develop vaccines. A

vaccine is a harmless variant of a pathogen that is used to prevent an
infectious disease. When a potential host is inoculated, the vaccine stimulates
the immune system to develop lasting defenses against the pathogen.
Especially for the many viral diseases for which there is no effective drug
treatment, prevention by vaccination is virtually the only medical way to fight
the disease.

This method has been used

to make the vaccine against
hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B is a
disease of the liver that can be
forestalled with the hepatitis B
antibody. Recombinant DNA of the
hepatitis B infection surface antigen is created in yeast cells to be remembered
for the antibody. This is gainful as the hepatitis infection doesn't multiply in
vitro and recombinant DNA gives a technique to make the DNA expected to
control hepatitis B.

Agriculture and the Genetically Modified Organism

A growing concern of most people nowadays is the shortage of supply

of food around the world. Scientist concerned with feeding the growing human
population are using DNA technology to make genetically modified organisms
for use in agriculture.

Researchers can manipulate the DNA of a single somatic cells and then
grow a plant with a new trait from the engineered cells. Already in commercial
use are a number of crop plants carrying new genes for the desired traits like
delayed ripening, and resistance to spoilage and disease.

Many of the genetically modified(GM) plants have received genes for

herbicide resistance. For example, a number of varieties of soybeans and

22
cotton carry a bacterial gene that makes the plants resistant to herbicides.
Currently, the most common crops are the Bt cotton, Bt soybeans, Bt
eggplants and Bt corn that contains genes from Bacillus thuringiensis which
makes the crops resistant to certain insect pest.

The nutritional value of crop plants is also being improved. ‘Golden

rice,” a transgenic variety with daffodil genes produces grains that contains
beta-carotene, which our body uses to make vitamin A.

Today, scientist is also exploring the possibilities of making transgenic

farm animals, though at present only on an experimental basis. The goals
tend to be the same as those of traditional breeding to improve the quality of
farm animal products. However, the development of transgenic farm animals
is proceeding slowly due to some encountered problem with the animals such
as increased susceptibility to disease and low fertility.

ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 2.2.

Directions: Classify the different applications of recombinant DNA technology.

Write A- agriculture, PM – Pharmaceutical industry and medicine & GP -Production
of gene products

______1. Golden rice ______6. Human Growth Hormone

______2. Bt corn ______7. Bt cotton

______3. Hepatitis B ______8. Bt soybeans

______4. HIV ______9. Human Insulin

______5. Blood coagulating factor VIII ______10. Interferons

23
Activity 2.3: Practice writing scientific names. Change the following microbial
names to make them scientifically correct according to binomial nomenclature.
1. Bt –

2. E. coli –

3. yeast –

4. HIV –

5. golden rice -

WRAP–UP

Activity 2.4 Explain the following.

Recombinant DNA techniques are used to custom –build bacteria for two
main reasons: to make a multiple copies of desired genes and to obtain
useful proteins. Give an example of each of these applications in the field
of pharmaceutical, medicine and agriculture.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

24
 VALUING

Activity 2.5. Essay

Directions: In a minimum of 10 sentences, present your ideas about the condition

of recombinant DNA technology in our country today. Give situation to prove your
point.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

POST TEST

Direction: Read each question carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.

_________1. Which is a transgenic organism?

A. A bacterium that has received genes via conjugation.
B. A human given a corrected blood clotting genes.
C. A fern grown in cell culture from a single fern root cell
D. A rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes.
_________2. Which is not an application of recombinant DNA technology in medicine?
A. Growth Hormone C. golden rice
B. Insulin D. Blood clotting factor VIII
For questions 3-5
A. Bacillus thuringiensis
B. E. coli
C. Saccharomycetes cerevisiae

_________3. It is microbial organisms that has a gene that makes plants resistant to
herbicides.
_________4. It is a bacterial that contains plasmid use to produce desirable proteins
for human consumptions
_________5. It is a eukaryotic cells that contains also plasmids and use to produce
desirable proteins.

25
 26
Activity 2.2 PRETEST
1. TRUE
1. A 2. TRUE
2. A 3. FALSE
3. PM/GP 4. TRUE
4. PM/GP 5. FALSE
5. PM
6. PM
7. A POSTTEST
8. A 1. D
9. PM/GP 2. C
10. GP 3. A
4. B
Activity 2. 3 5. C
1. Bt – Bacillus thuringiensis
RECAP
2. E. coli – Escherichia coli Answers may
3. Yeast - Saccharomycetes cerevisiae vary
4. HIV - human immunodeficiency virus
5. Golden rice – Oryza sativa
Activity 2.4
Answer may vary
Activity 2.5
Answer may vary
KEY TO CORRECTION
 R E F E R E N CE S

Campbell N.A., Reece J.B., Mitchel L.G.,& Taylor M.R. (2003) Biology: Concepts &
Connections, Fourth Edition. Pearson Education Education Inc., San
Francisco, California 9411
Recombinant DNA Applications (news-medical.net)
Recombinant DNA Technology- Tools, Process, and Applications (byjus.com)
https://images.app.goo.gl/kxQv99o16z2GfQwD8
https://images.app.goo.gl/4yP28QFvQbUQ5Wus6
https://images.app.goo.gl/DgjAGCPRUhojUM8bA
https://images.app.goo.gl/VSExRdvLBRj71T5A8
https://images.app.goo.gl/dxckCaQJMYRctFdY7
https://images.app.goo.gl/Wv6mhVcRh7VZyMgG9
https://images.app.goo.gl/nuCiq2oDPQYLhdV96
https://images.app.goo.gl/uEaRs3ak3m6F67Yu6
https://images.app.goo.gl/6wApzmeNtMjzeo9m9
https://images.app.goo.gl/KmGDvmTFjGcBM5du6
https://images.app.goo.gl/zdRzLKKW2U3z8Y3n9
https://images.app.goo.gl/1nuRUvaAk4q9Rr42A
https://images.app.goo.gl/GJtCmR3Dngdy5wkp9
https://images.app.goo.gl/F19Qb5uTZu9mvpWQ6
https://images.app.goo.gl/8LUtEcyxNVNvBgec7
https://images.app.goo.gl/X2ZK1Nmg1xVMVRPc7
https://images.app.goo.gl/zSVDaJgaXm4T2RtX9
https://images.app.goo.gl/F19Qb5uTZu9mvpWQ6
https://images.app.goo.gl/dkHd4CpVfA8tXKJa7
https://images.app.goo.gl/L3sRMHVN1M8awd7b8
https://images.app.goo.gl/B9Vv6ERY1VymykNW9
https://www.britannica.com/science/genetic-engineering
https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/gm-plants/how-does-gm-differ-
from-conventional-plant-breeding/
https://you.stonybrook.edu/environment/sustainable-vs-conventional-
agriculture/ http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/education/summary.htm

27
General
Biology 2
12
Quarter 3
Module 3
Conventional Agriculture and
Genetic Engineering

28
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 2 of Grade 12 Module 3 on Conventional Agriculture

and Genetic Engineering!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools Division
Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with the Local
Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Vico Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners
as they do the tasks included in the module.

29
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 2 Module 3 on Conventional Agriculture and

Genetic Engineering!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after

completing the lessons in the module

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the

concepts to be mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills

that you understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and

applications of the lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the

learning competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from
the entire module. Ito po ang parts ng module

30
 EXPECTATION
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate conventional agriculture and genetic engineering

2. appreciate conventional agriculture and genetic engineering in improving the
lives of the people

PRETEST

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is
incorrect.
________1. The main purpose of conventional agriculture is to increase the
production of yielded crops.
________2. The use of synthetic chemicals is one of the practice of farmers that
utilizes GM crops.
________3. The rampant usage of synthetic chemicals increases the soil, water,
and even air pollutions.
________4. Hybridization highlights the positive traits of plants like high yields,
tolerance to drought etc.
________5. Conventional agriculture maintains the rich biodiversity of the
environment.

RECAP
Activity 3.1. Direction: Write a Five (5) sentence answer to the question below.

What is the function of the Ti plasmid in the creation of transgenic organism?

Explain your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

31
 LESSON

The main concern of scientist is to produce the optimal nutrition for human
health and development. To seek solution for the growing needs of our planet for food
and nutrition. However, adverse environmental conditions, such as drought,
flooding, extreme heat and so on, affect crop yields more than pests and diseases.
Thus, a major goal of scientists is to find ways to maintain high productivity under
stress as well as developing crops with enhanced nutritional value. Genetically-
modified (GM) crops can prove to be powerful complements to those produced by
conventional methods for meeting the worldwide demand for quality foods. Crops
developed by genetic engineering can not only be used to enhance yields and
nutritional quality but also for increased tolerance to various biotic and abiotic
stresses. Given all the advantages in using the GMO in the field of agriculture, we
still cannot disregard the contribution of conventional practices in the field of
agriculture. For the past decades, people develop their skills to make crops with the
desired characteristics using conventional methods and became successful in this
endeavor.

To provide balance representations of this topic this module will show you the
different conventional methods and practices in the field of agriculture and the recent
development in agriculture using recombinant DNA technology.

 Conventional agriculture vs Genetic Engineering

 For the past years, the main
purpose of Conventional
agriculture is to optimized the
production of yielded crops.
Which is therefore attained
through the practice of
synthetic chemicals. Synthetic
chemicals are made by
humans, resorting to other
known methods aside from
the natural way of its
composition and usage, but is
naturally derived from it.

32
Conventional agriculture, in terms of achieving a certain crop’s desired characteristics, trait, and
physical appearance, can easily be classified as a
Conventional type if any synthetic chemicals are
evident and its use is more frequent, compared
to how crops are normally raised using the
normal way of yielding, an example of synthetic
chemicals used in crops are pesticides, fungicides,
herbicides and a lot more. Which resulted to soil,
water, and even air pollutions because of the
rampant usage of this synthetic chemicals.

 Conventional breeding is entirely

perceived through the use of plants
crossing together, which is mainly
compromised with the needed or the
wanted characteristics, the selection of
the offspring is built up from the
combination of certain traits and
properties, giving leeway, for a
particular. We can refer to this as
hybridization process. This process
highlights the positive traits of plants
like high yields, tolerance to drought
etc..
 Despite the stated benefits
Conventional agriculture
possesses, this method neglects
the idea of having or
maintaining the rich biodiversity
plants and soil possess, soil
fertility and health are
deteriorating since the goal of
this method is to improve
farming capabilities but lays a
huge threat on the
environment.
 With the ever-growing
advancements in the field of
Genetic engineering,
innovations on numerous
accounts with regards to the
practical and theoretical aspects
of gene
function or formation and organization, have been continuously adding up
beneficially. Through the use of recombinant DNA techniques, bacteria that possess
the capability of synthesizing human Insulin is one example of the progress shown
by Genetic engineering over the times, human growth hormones, the creation of a
hepatitis B vaccine, the use of alpha interferon, and other medical applications.

33
  Plants can be genetically changed
to enable them in fixing nitrogen,
moreover, genetic diseases and
ailments can be corrected, replacing
dysfunctional genes with normal
disease-free genes. On the other
hand, concerns have been building up
for fear that they might result in the
introduction and manifestation of
adverse and most likely dangerous
traits into organisms that were
previously free with the condition, the
mass production of toxins, or in some
parts, the likeliness to cause a disease
which might furthermore enhance it
negatively and having the resistance
to anti-biotics.
 It has made the lives of many at ease with the continuing progression of Genetic
engineering, despite its countable drawbacks, it has still proven its worth and the
high usage rate it encompasses.































34


ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 3.2. Directions: Compare and Contrast Conventional Agriculture and
Use of Genetic engineering in the field of Agriculture.

Activity 3.3:

Directions: Complete the following sentences.

My chosen word is: ______________________________________________________________

(conventional agriculture, Genetic Engineering)

I know that I know

__________________________________________________________________________________
First, I know
__________________________________________________________________________________

In addition, I know
__________________________________________________________________________________

Now you know something that I know

__________________________________________________________________________________

35
 WRAP–UP

Activity 3.4. ESSAY: Complete the sentences below

There are three reasons why I

________________________________________________________________________

First,
________________________________________________________________________
In addition,
________________________________________________________________________
Then finally,
________________________________________________________________________
Write your own ending or conclusion. Refer to your opening statement
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

VALUING

Activity 3.5. What do you think!

Directions: In a minimum of 5 sentences, explain the quotes below.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

36
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

POST TEST

Direction: Read each question carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.

A. Hybridization B. Conventional Agriculture C. Synthetic chemicals

D. GMO E. Genetic engineering

_________1. It is the product of recombinant DNA technology that are grown in
agricultural fields

_________2. It is the field of study that includes genetic manipulation of different

species of organism.
_________3. It includes pesticides and fertilizers that are widely use in conventional
agriculture.
_________4. It is a combination of genes inherited from two parents and highlights all
the good characteristics of the organism.

_________5. It’s main purpose is to optimized the production of yielded crops.

KEY TO CORRECTION
may vary
1. ANSWERS
RECAP

5. B
4. A
3. C Activity may vary
2. E Activity 3.5
1. D
POSTTEST Answer may vary
Activity 3.4
FALSE 5.
TRUE 4. Answers may vary
TRUE 3. Activity 3.3
FALSE 2.
TRUE 1. Answers may vary
PRETEST Activity 3.2

37
 R E F E R E N CE S
Campbell N.A., Reece J.B., Mitchel L.G.,& Taylor M.R. (2003) Biology: Concepts &
Connections, Fourth Edition. Pearson Education Education Inc., San Francisco,
California 9411
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Recombinant-DNA
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Genetic-Engineering
https://miro.medium.com/max/2880/1*ptw5AybzVjWOJcGY5T_Wew.jpeg
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/artificial-selection/
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-selective-breeding
http://www.biologyreference.com/Ho-La/Hybridization-Plant.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/inbreeding
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/cloning/
https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/how-does-cloning-work/
https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2017/08/ligatron_2880x1400.jp
g https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/dog-breeds_med.jpeg
https://images.immediate.co.uk/production/volatile/sites/4/2021/01/clone_open
er_cmyk-hero- 1fafdb8.jpg?quality=90&resize=940%2C400
https://www.sbs.com.au/popasia/sites/sbs.com.au.popasia/files/styles/full/publ
ic/naruto-kage-bunshin-no- jutsu.jpg?itok=NcgNnFi3&mtime=1406698258
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Shetland_pony_i
nbred.jpg/350px-Shetland_pony_inbred.jpg
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-
maps/gene-splicing#
https://3dwarehouse.sketchup.com/warehouse/v1.0/publiccontent/403dc314-
fd3e-412c-8b25-eda62facf61e
https://sites.psu.edu/english202geneticengineering/genetic-engineering/how-it-
works/ https://www.biologydiscussion.com/dna/recombinant-dna-
technology/insertion-of-a-foreign-dna-fragment-into-a-
vector/37319#:~:text=Gene%20cloning%20is%20essentially%20the,and%20start%
20transcribing%20that%20gene.
Recombinant DNA Applications (news-medical.net)
Recombinant DNA Technology- Tools, Process, and Applications (byjus.com)
https://images.app.goo.gl/kxQv99o16z2GfQwD8
https://images.app.goo.gl/4yP28QFvQbUQ5Wus6
https://images.app.goo.gl/DgjAGCPRUhojUM8bA
https://images.app.goo.gl/VSExRdvLBRj71T5A8
https://images.app.goo.gl/dxckCaQJMYRctFdY7
https://images.app.goo.gl/Wv6mhVcRh7VZyMgG9
https://images.app.goo.gl/nuCiq2oDPQYLhdV96
https://images.app.goo.gl/uEaRs3ak3m6F67Yu6
https://images.app.goo.gl/6wApzmeNtMjzeo9m9
https://images.app.goo.gl/KmGDvmTFjGcBM5du6
https://images.app.goo.gl/zdRzLKKW2U3z8Y3n9
https://images.app.goo.gl/1nuRUvaAk4q9Rr42A
https://images.app.goo.gl/GJtCmR3Dngdy5wkp9
https://images.app.goo.gl/F19Qb5uTZu9mvpWQ6
https://images.app.goo.gl/8LUtEcyxNVNvBgec7
https://images.app.goo.gl/X2ZK1Nmg1xVMVRPc7
https://images.app.goo.gl/zSVDaJgaXm4T2RtX9

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https://images.app.goo.gl/F19Qb5uTZu9mvpWQ6
https://images.app.goo.gl/dkHd4CpVfA8tXKJa7
https://images.app.goo.gl/L3sRMHVN1M8awd7b8
https://images.app.goo.gl/B9Vv6ERY1VymykNW9
https://www.britannica.com/science/genetic-engineering
https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/gm-plants/how-does-gm-differ-
from-conventional-plant-breeding/
https://you.stonybrook.edu/environment/sustainable-vs-conventional-
agriculture/ http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/education/summary.htm

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