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    Lesson 13: Evolutionary Relationship of Organism

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    Arnio Saludario
    Evolutionary relationships between organisms can be determined through systematics, which includes taxonomy and phylogenetics. Taxonomy focuses on classification while phylogenetics determines evolutionary descent. Living things share biomolecules like DNA and proteins that can be analyzed to show similarities and differences, indicating closer or more distant relationships. One such molecule, cytochrome-c, is highly conserved and its analysis across species has been used to construct cladograms and evolutionary trees depicting how organisms are related through common ancestors. Basic anatomical structures can also be compared to infer relationships and plot them on cladograms.

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    Lesson 13: Evolutionary Relationship of Organism

    Uploaded by

    Arnio Saludario
    326 views13 pages
    Evolutionary relationships between organisms can be determined through systematics, which includes taxonomy and phylogenetics. Taxonomy focuses on classification while phylogenetics determines evolutionary descent. Living things share biomolecules like DNA and proteins that can be analyzed to show similarities and differences, indicating closer or more distant relationships. One such molecule, cytochrome-c, is highly conserved and its analysis across species has been used to construct cladograms and evolutionary trees depicting how organisms are related through common ancestors. Basic anatomical structures can also be compared to infer relationships and plot them on cladograms.

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    Evolutionary relationships between organisms can be determined through systematics, which includes taxonomy and phylogenetics. Taxonomy focuses on classification while phylogenetics determines evolutionary descent. Living things share biomolecules like DNA and proteins that can be analyzed to show similarities and differences, indicating closer or more distant relationships. One such molecule, cytochrome-c, is highly conserved and its analysis across species has been used to construct cladograms and evolutionary trees depicting how organisms are related through common ancestors. Basic anatomical structures can also be compared to infer relationships and plot them on cladograms.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    326 views13 pages

    Lesson 13: Evolutionary Relationship of Organism

    Uploaded by

    Arnio Saludario
    Evolutionary relationships between organisms can be determined through systematics, which includes taxonomy and phylogenetics. Taxonomy focuses on classification while phylogenetics determines evolutionary descent. Living things share biomolecules like DNA and proteins that can be analyzed to show similarities and differences, indicating closer or more distant relationships. One such molecule, cytochrome-c, is highly conserved and its analysis across species has been used to construct cladograms and evolutionary trees depicting how organisms are related through common ancestors. Basic anatomical structures can also be compared to infer relationships and plot them on cladograms.

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    of 13

    Lesson 13:

    Evolutionary
    Relationship of
    Organism
    How Do We Study Evolutionary Relationships?

    Systematics 
    is the part of science that deals with grouping organisms and determining how they are
    related. It can be divided into two main branches:
    I. Taxonomy 
    focuses on classifying, naming, and grouping organisms. A group, or taxon, can be a
    population, a species, a genus, or a higher-level grouping, such as family, order, class,
    phylum, kingdom, or domain. The plural of taxon is taxa.
    II. Phylogenetics
     is the study of determining evolutionary relationships, or patterns of descent of
    organisms.

    All of the species of organisms that are alive today have descended from ancestral species. This is
    due to evolution, or simply change over time. The evolutionary relationships of ancestral species
    and their descendants can be diagrammed using branching evolutionary trees. Just like your
    family tree, an evolutionary tree indicates which ancestors gave rise to which descendants.
     Living things share some biomolecules
    Inferring
    Inferring which may be used to prove relationship.
    relationship
    relationship These chemicals includes DNA and
    proteins. The building blocks of these
    from
    from chemicals may be analyzed to show
    evidencesofof
    evidences similarities and differences among
    organisms. The more the similarities, the
    Evolution
    Evolution closer the relationship.
     One of these is the Protein Cytochrome-c,
    an important enzyme found in virtually all
    organisms. It is a highly conserved protein
    which functions in the electron transport
    chain of the mitochondria which is needed
    for the release of energy from food. It also
    performs a role in apoptosis (programmed
    cell death) by being released into the cytosol
    activating the events of cell death.
    Diagram shows
    the structure of
    cytochrome c
    and its location
    to the inner
    mitochondrial
    membrane.
     Cladogram- A branching diagram of
    possible evolutionary relationship based on
    the anatomic structures of the animals.
     There are 104 amino acids in the human
    cytochrome-c, 37 of which have found at the
    same position at the cytochrome c that has
    been sequenced. The molecules are
    assumed to have descended to have
    primative microbial cytochrome that exist
    over two billion years ago.
    EVOLUTIONARY TREE
    How to Read an Evolutionary Tree
    • An evolutionary tree can also be called a phylogenetic tree, or just
    a phylogeny. There are many different ways to draw phylogenies,
    but they do all have certain parts that you must understand before
    you try to interpret them.
    • The root of a phylogeny represents the common ancestor of all the
    descendants in the tree. The descendant taxa are labeled at the tips
    of the tree. A node splits into two branches and indicates a
    divergence or speciation event. The node itself represents the
    common ancestor of any descendants that branch off of it. The two
    taxa that branch off at a node are called sister taxa. They share an
    immediate common ancestor. In this phylogeny, taxa B and C are
    sister taxa. They are both equally related to taxon A.
    The data can be
    tabulated to show
    the number of
    differences. A
    cladogram, or
    branching tree can
    then be made to
    show the
    relationship
    among organisms.
     Basic features (cells and anatomical
    structures) can also be used to infer
    relationship among organisms. The types of
    cells ( prokaryotic or Eukaryotic), presence
    and number of limbs, presence of wings or
    hair can be compared to show relationship
    which can be plotted into cladogram.
     Vertebrates possess common structures
    (Pharyngeal gill slits, Notocord, dorsal
    nerve cord, and post-anal tail) which are
    present in embryo stage and are lost,
    modified or become vestigial in adult forms.
    The presence of these structures implies
    descent from a common ancestor. A
    complex cladogram can then be created to
    show the positions of the organisms in the
    evolutionary tree.
    THANK YOU!

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