ELEN 30104

Module 3
Transformer
Equivalent Calculations Using Short Circuit and Open Circuit Data
 Equivalent Calculations Using Short Circuit and Open Circuit Data

When the secondary of a transformer delivers power to a load, an equivalent amount of power is supplied to
the primary by the AC source; the power output is generally delivered at a voltage that is different from that of a
source. As previous discussions have shown, there are only two kinds of losses in a static transformer:
 Equivalent Calculations Using Short Circuit and Open Circuit Data

When the secondary of a transformer delivers power to a load, an equivalent amount of power is supplied to
the primary by the AC source; the power output is generally delivered at a voltage that is different from that of a
source. As previous discussions have shown, there are only two kinds of losses in a static transformer:
a. Copper losses in the primary and secondary windings which measured by wattmeter when the short circuit
test is performed.
 Equivalent Calculations Using Short Circuit and Open Circuit Data

When the secondary of a transformer delivers power to a load, an equivalent amount of power is supplied to
the primary by the AC source; the power output is generally delivered at a voltage that is different from that of a
source. As previous discussions have shown, there are only two kinds of losses in a static transformer:
a. Copper losses in the primary and secondary windings which measured by wattmeter when the short circuit
test is performed.
b. Hysteresis and eddy current losses in the laminated core which where Core loss is made up and is measured
when open circuit test is performed.
The efficiency of a transformer is given by,
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 𝑥100
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜
The efficiency of a transformer is given by,
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 𝑥100
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜

It can ,in fact, be shown that, because of these relationships, the efficiency of a transformer is a maximum
when the copper losses are equal to the iron losses.
The efficiency of a transformer is given by,
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 𝑥100
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜

It can ,in fact, be shown that, because of these relationships, the efficiency of a transformer is a maximum
when the copper losses are equal to the iron losses.
𝑃𝑐𝑜
𝐼𝑠2 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅𝑒
The efficiency of a transformer is given by,
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 𝑥100
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜

It can ,in fact, be shown that, because of these relationships, the efficiency of a transformer is a maximum
when the copper losses are equal to the iron losses.
𝑃𝑐𝑜
𝐼𝑠2 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅𝑒

𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝐼
𝑠 𝐹𝐿 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑃𝑐𝑜
1000
= 1000𝑥𝐼 𝑅𝑒
= 1000 2
𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑥𝑅𝑒
𝐹𝐿
The efficiency of a transformer is given by,
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 𝑥100
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜

It can ,in fact, be shown that, because of these relationships, the efficiency of a transformer is a maximum
when the copper losses are equal to the iron losses.
𝑃𝑐𝑜
𝐼𝑠2 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅𝑒

𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝐼
𝑠 𝐹𝐿 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑃𝑐𝑜
1000
= 1000𝑥𝐼 𝑅𝑒
= 1000 2
𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑥𝑅𝑒
𝐹𝐿

𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑓𝑙
where, 1000
𝑠 𝑠
= 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦; = 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟
1000
The efficiency of a transformer is given by,
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 𝑥100
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜

It can ,in fact, be shown that, because of these relationships, the efficiency of a transformer is a maximum
when the copper losses are equal to the iron losses.
𝑃𝑐𝑜
𝐼𝑠2 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅𝑒

𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝐼
𝑠 𝐹𝐿 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑃𝑐𝑜
1000
= 1000𝑥𝐼 𝑅𝑒
= 1000 2
𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑥𝑅𝑒
𝐹𝐿

𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑓𝑙
where, 1000
𝑠 𝑠
= 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦; = 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟
1000

𝑃𝑐𝑜
𝑘𝑣𝑎max 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑐𝑢
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 5 kva 2300/230 volt 60 cycle standard distribution transformer was tested, with the following results; short
circuit input= 112 watts, open circuit input= 40 watts. Calculate the efficiencies of the transformer for a power
factor of 0.8 for the following fractions of rated kilovolt ampere. (a) ¼ (b) ½ (c) 1 ¼
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 5 kva 2300/230 volt 60 cycle standard distribution transformer was tested, with the following results; short
circuit input= 112 watts, open circuit input= 40 watts. Calculate the efficiencies of the transformer for a power
factor of 0.8 for the following fractions of rated kilovolt ampere. (a) ¼ (b) ½ (c) 1 ¼
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝐸𝑝 = 2300 𝑉 𝐸𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑓 = 60 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 5 kva 2300/230 volt 60 cycle standard distribution transformer was tested, with the following results; short
circuit input= 112 watts, open circuit input= 40 watts. Calculate the efficiencies of the transformer for a power
factor of 0.8 for the following fractions of rated kilovolt ampere. (a) ¼ (b) ½ (c) 1 ¼
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝐸𝑝 = 2300 𝑉 𝐸𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑓 = 60 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
𝑃𝑐𝑢2 𝑆2 2 2; 𝑆2 2 112 2
a. = = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆 = 0.25 = 0.007 𝑘𝑤 𝑃𝑐𝑜1 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜2 = 0.04 𝑘𝑤
𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆1 1 1000
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑥0.8𝑥0.25 = 1 𝑘𝑤 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 x 100 = 1+(0.007+0.04) 𝑥100 = 95.51%
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 5 kva 2300/230 volt 60 cycle standard distribution transformer was tested, with the following results; short
circuit input= 112 watts, open circuit input= 40 watts. Calculate the efficiencies of the transformer for a power
factor of 0.8 for the following fractions of rated kilovolt ampere. (a) ¼ (b) ½ (c) 1 ¼
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝐸𝑝 = 2300 𝑉 𝐸𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑓 = 60 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
𝑃𝑐𝑢2 𝑆2 2 2; 𝑆2 2 112 2
a. = = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆 = 0.25 = 0.007 𝑘𝑤 𝑃𝑐𝑜1 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜2 = 0.04 𝑘𝑤
𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆1 1 1000
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑥0.8𝑥0.25 = 1 𝑘𝑤 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 x 100 = 1+(0.007+0.04) 𝑥100 = 95.51%
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑆2 2 112
b. 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆 = 0.5 2
= 0.028 𝑘𝑤 𝑃𝑐𝑜1 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜2 = 0.04 𝑘𝑤
1 1000
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑥0.8𝑥0.5 = 2 𝑘𝑤 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 x 100 = 2+(0.028+0.04) 𝑥100 = 96.712 %
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 5 kva 2300/230 volt 60 cycle standard distribution transformer was tested, with the following results; short circuit
input= 112 watts, open circuit input= 40 watts. Calculate the efficiencies of the transformer for a power factor of 0.8
for the following fractions of rated kilovolt ampere. (a) ¼ (b) ½ (c) 1 ¼
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝐸𝑝 = 2300 𝑉 𝐸𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑓 = 60 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
𝑃𝑐𝑢2 𝑆2 2 2; 𝑆2 2 112 2
a. = = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 = 0.25 = 0.007 𝑘𝑤 𝑃𝑐𝑜1 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜2 = 0.04 𝑘𝑤
𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆1 𝑆1 1000
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑥0.8𝑥0.25 = 1 𝑘𝑤 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 x 100 = 1+(0.007+0.04) 𝑥100 = 95.51%
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑆2 2 112
b. 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 = 0.5 2 = 0.028 𝑘𝑤 𝑃𝑐𝑜1 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜2 = 0.04 𝑘𝑤
𝑆1 1000
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑥0.8𝑥0.5 = 2 𝑘𝑤 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 x 100 = 2+(0.028+0.04) 𝑥100 = 96.712 %
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑆2 2 112
c. 𝑃𝑐𝑢2 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢1 𝑆 = 1000
1.25 2
= 0.175 𝑘𝑤 𝑃𝑐𝑜1 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜2 = 0.04 𝑘𝑤
1
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 5
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑥0.8𝑥1.25 = 5 𝑘𝑤 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = x 100 = 𝑥100 = 98.877 %
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 5+(0.175+0.04)
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. Using the data of the previous example , calculate the kva load (at a power factor of 0.8) when the efficiency
is a maximum and the maximum efficiency.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. Using the data of the previous example , calculate the kva load (at a power factor of 0.8) when the efficiency
is a maximum and the maximum efficiency.
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. Using the data of the previous example , calculate the kva load (at a power factor of 0.8) when the efficiency
is a maximum and the maximum efficiency.
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
𝑃𝑐 40
𝑘𝑣𝑎max 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 =5 = 2.988 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑠 112
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. Using the data of the previous example , calculate the kva load (at a power factor of 0.8) when the efficiency
is a maximum and the maximum efficiency.
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
𝑃𝑐 40
𝑘𝑣𝑎max 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 =5 = 2.988 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑠 112

𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 ,

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 2.988 𝑥 0.8
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 % = 𝑃 x 100 = (2.988𝑥0.8)+(0.04+0.04) 𝑥100 = 96.762 %
𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
All day efficiency of a transformer
 All day efficiency of a transformer

For most of the time, transformer is connected to a distribution line serving a particular load for 24 hours a
day, seven days a week unless it is being replaced for maintenance. From the derived equation from the power
losses using data test, the energy losses are shown by equation,
 All day efficiency of a transformer

For most of the time, transformer is connected to a distribution line serving a particular load for 24 hours a
day, seven days a week unless it is being replaced for maintenance. From the derived equation from the power
losses using data test, the energy losses are shown by equation,

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜

 All day efficiency of a transformer

For most of the time, transformer is connected to a distribution line serving a particular load for 24 hours a
day, seven days a week unless it is being replaced for maintenance. From the derived equation from the power
losses using data test, the energy losses are shown by equation,

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑃 𝑏𝑦 𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑊𝑐𝑢 + 𝑊𝑐𝑜
 All day efficiency of a transformer

For most of the time, transformer is connected to a distribution line serving a particular load for 24 hours a
day, seven days a week unless it is being replaced for maintenance. From the derived equation from the power
losses using data test, the energy losses are shown by equation,

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑃 𝑏𝑦 𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑊𝑐𝑢 + 𝑊𝑐𝑜
σ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦% = 𝑥 100
σ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 + σ 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
 All day efficiency of a transformer

For most of the time, transformer is connected to a distribution line serving a particular load for 24 hours a
day, seven days a week unless it is being replaced for maintenance. From the derived equation from the power
losses using data test, the energy losses are shown by equation,

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑃 𝑏𝑦 𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑊𝑐𝑢 + 𝑊𝑐𝑜
σ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦% = 𝑥 100
σ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 + σ 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

Where:

Wout-total energy output, kw.hr

Wcu-copper energy loss which is Pcu x t, kw.hr
Wco-core energy loss which is Pcu x 24, kw.hr
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. Using the rating of transformer in example no. 1,calculate its all day efficiency on the following loads,
1 hour, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 3 hour, full load, 0.75 pf; 3 ½ hour, 1 ½ load, 0.65 pf; 2 hour, 1 ¼ load, unity pf;
2 ½ hour, full load, 0.78 pf; 4 hour, ½ load, 0.85 pf; 3 hour, no load, unity pf; 5 hours, ¾ load, 0.8 pf.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. Using the rating of transformer in example no. 1,calculate its all day efficiency on the following loads,
1 hour, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 3 hour, full load, 0.75 pf; 3 ½ hour, 1 ½ load, 0.65 pf; 2 hour, 1 ¼ load, unity pf;
2 ½ hour, full load, 0.78 pf; 4 hour, ½ load, 0.85 pf; 3 hour, no load, unity pf; 5 hours, ¾ load, 0.8 pf.

Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝐸𝑝 = 2300 𝑉 𝐸𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑓 = 60 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. Using the rating of transformer in example no. 1,calculate its all day efficiency on the following loads,
1 hour, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 3 hour, full load, 0.75 pf; 3 ½ hour, 1 ½ load, 0.65 pf; 2 hour, 1 ¼ load, unity pf;
2 ½ hour, full load, 0.78 pf; 4 hour, ½ load, 0.85 pf; 3 hour, no load, unity pf; 5 hours, ¾ load, 0.8 pf.

Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝐸𝑝 = 2300 𝑉 𝐸𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑓 = 60 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑢 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2 𝑥 𝑡 = 0.112 𝑥 .752 𝑥1 + 0.112 𝑥 12 𝑥3 + 0.112 𝑥 1.52 𝑥3.5 + 0.112 𝑥 1.252 𝑥2

+ 0.112 𝑥 12 𝑥2.5 + 0.112 𝑥 0.52 𝑥4 + 0.112 𝑥 02 𝑥3 + 0.112 𝑥 0.752 𝑥5 = 9.03 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. Using the rating of transformer in example no. 1,calculate its all day efficiency on the following loads,
1 hour, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 3 hour, full load, 0.75 pf; 3 ½ hour, 1 ½ load, 0.65 pf; 2 hour, 1 ¼ load, unity pf;
2 ½ hour, full load, 0.78 pf; 4 hour, ½ load, 0.85 pf; 3 hour, no load, unity pf; 5 hours, ¾ load, 0.8 pf.

Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝐸𝑝 = 2300 𝑉 𝐸𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑓 = 60 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑢 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2 𝑥 𝑡 = 0.112 𝑥 .752 𝑥1 + 0.112 𝑥 12 𝑥3 + 0.112 𝑥 1.52 𝑥3.5 + 0.112 𝑥 1.252 𝑥2

+ 0.112 𝑥 12 𝑥2.5 + 0.112 𝑥 0.52 𝑥4 + 0.112 𝑥 02 𝑥3 + 0.112 𝑥 0.752 𝑥5 = 9.03 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑜 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝑥 24 = 0.04 𝑥 24 = 0.96 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. Using the rating of transformer in example no. 1,calculate its all day efficiency on the following loads,
1 hour, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 3 hour, full load, 0.75 pf; 3 ½ hour, 1 ½ load, 0.65 pf; 2 hour, 1 ¼ load, unity pf;
2 ½ hour, full load, 0.78 pf; 4 hour, ½ load, 0.85 pf; 3 hour, no load, unity pf; 5 hours, ¾ load, 0.8 pf.

Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝐸𝑝 = 2300 𝑉 𝐸𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑓 = 60 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑢 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2 𝑥 𝑡 = 0.112 𝑥 .752 𝑥1 + 0.112 𝑥 12 𝑥3 + 0.112 𝑥 1.52 𝑥3.5 + 0.112 𝑥 1.252 𝑥2

+ 0.112 𝑥 12 𝑥2.5 + 0.112 𝑥 0.52 𝑥4 + 0.112 𝑥 02 𝑥3 + 0.112 𝑥 0.752 𝑥5 = 9.03 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑜 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝑥 24 = 0.04 𝑥 24 = 0.96 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

෍ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ෍ 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥𝑝𝑓 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑥 𝑡 = 5 [ 0.8𝑥0.75𝑥1 + 0.75𝑥1𝑥3 + 0.65𝑥1.5𝑥3.5 + 1𝑥1.25𝑥2 + (0.78𝑥1𝑥2.5)

+ 0.85𝑥0.5𝑥4 + 1𝑥0𝑥3 + (0.8𝑥0.75𝑥5)] = 79.5625 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. Using the rating of transformer in example no. 1,calculate its all day efficiency on the following loads,
1 hour, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 3 hour, full load, 0.75 pf; 3 ½ hour, 1 ½ load, 0.65 pf; 2 hour, 1 ¼ load, unity pf;
2 ½ hour, full load, 0.78 pf; 4 hour, ½ load, 0.85 pf; 3 hour, no load, unity pf; 5 hours, ¾ load, 0.8 pf.

Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝐸𝑝 = 2300 𝑉 𝐸𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑓 = 60 𝑐𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 112 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Solution:
෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑢 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑2 𝑥 𝑡 = 0.112 𝑥 .752 𝑥1 + 0.112 𝑥 12 𝑥3 + 0.112 𝑥 1.52 𝑥3.5 + 0.112 𝑥 1.252 𝑥2

+ 0.112 𝑥 12 𝑥2.5 + 0.112 𝑥 0.52 𝑥4 + 0.112 𝑥 02 𝑥3 + 0.112 𝑥 0.752 𝑥5 = 9.03 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑜 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝑥 24 = 0.04 𝑥 24 = 0.96 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

෍ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ෍ 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥𝑝𝑓 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑥 𝑡 = 5 [ 0.8𝑥0.75𝑥1 + 0.75𝑥1𝑥3 + 0.65𝑥1.5𝑥3.5 + 1𝑥1.25𝑥2 + (0.78𝑥1𝑥2.5)

+ 0.85𝑥0.5𝑥4 + 1𝑥0𝑥3 + (0.8𝑥0.75𝑥5)] = 79.5625 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

σ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 79.5625
𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦% = 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 88.8445 %
σ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 + σ 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 79.5625 + (9.03 + 0.96)
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. A 25 kva, 4600/230 V distribution transformer is loaded for the duration of a day as follows,
1:00 to 4:00 am, no load, unity pf; 4:00 to 5:30 am, ½ load, 0.9 pf; 5:30 to 8:00 am, full load, 0.8 pf; 8 to 11:30
am, 1 ¼ load, 0.75 pf;
11:30 am to 2 pm,1 1/2 load, 0.65 pf; 2:00 to 5:30 pm, full load, unity pf; 5:30 to 8:00 pm, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 8:00
to 11:30 pm, ½ load, 0.95 pf; 11:30 pm to 1 am,1/4 load, unity pf.
If its core loss is 840 W and one third of it is the copper loss, calculate its efficiency,
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. A 25 kva, 4600/230 V distribution transformer is loaded for the duration of a day as follows,
1:00 to 4:00 am, no load, unity pf; 4:00 to 5:30 am, ½ load, 0.9 pf; 5:30 to 8:00 am, full load, 0.8 pf; 8 to 11:30
am, 1 ¼ load, 0.75 pf;
11:30 am to 2 pm,1 1/2 load, 0.65 pf; 2:00 to 5:30 pm, full load, unity pf; 5:30 to 8:00 pm, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 8:00
to 11:30 pm, ½ load, 0.95 pf; 11:30 pm to 1 am,1/4 load, unity pf.
If its core loss is 840 W and one third of it is the copper loss, calculate its efficiency,
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 25 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 840 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 0.84 𝑘𝑤
1
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 3 𝑥 0.84 𝑘𝑤 = 0.28 𝑘𝑤
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. A 25 kva, 4600/230 V distribution transformer is loaded for the duration of a day as follows,
1:00 to 4:00 am, no load, unity pf; 4:00 to 5:30 am, ½ load, 0.9 pf; 5:30 to 8:00 am, full load, 0.8 pf; 8 to 11:30
am, 1 ¼ load, 0.75 pf;
11:30 am to 2 pm,1 1/2 load, 0.65 pf; 2:00 to 5:30 pm, full load, unity pf; 5:30 to 8:00 pm, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 8:00
to 11:30 pm, ½ load, 0.95 pf; 11:30 pm to 1 am,1/4 load, unity pf.
If its core loss is 840 W and one third of it is the copper loss, calculate its efficiency,
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 25 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 840 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 0.84 𝑘𝑤
1
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 3 𝑥 0.84 𝑘𝑤 = 0.28 𝑘𝑤

Solution:
෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑢 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2 𝑥 𝑡 = 0.28 𝑥 02 𝑥3 + 0.28 𝑥 0.52 𝑥1.5 + 0.28 𝑥 12 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 1.252 𝑥3.5

+ 0.28 𝑥 1.52 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 12 𝑥3.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0.752 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0. 52 𝑥3.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0. 252 𝑥1.5 = 5.55625 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. A 25 kva, 4600/230 V distribution transformer is loaded for the duration of a day as follows,
1:00 to 4:00 am, no load, unity pf; 4:00 to 5:30 am, ½ load, 0.9 pf; 5:30 to 8:00 am, full load, 0.8 pf; 8 to 11:30
am, 1 ¼ load, 0.75 pf;
11:30 am to 2 pm,1 1/2 load, 0.65 pf; 2:00 to 5:30 pm, full load, unity pf; 5:30 to 8:00 pm, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 8:00
to 11:30 pm, ½ load, 0.95 pf; 11:30 pm to 1 am,1/4 load, unity pf.
If its core loss is 840 W and one third of it is the copper loss, calculate its efficiency,
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 25 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 840 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 0.84 𝑘𝑤
1
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 3 𝑥 0.84 𝑘𝑤 = 0.28 𝑘𝑤

Solution:
෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑢 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2 𝑥 𝑡 = 0.28 𝑥 02 𝑥3 + 0.28 𝑥 0.52 𝑥1.5 + 0.28 𝑥 12 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 1.252 𝑥3.5

+ 0.28 𝑥 1.52 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 12 𝑥3.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0.752 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0. 52 𝑥3.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0. 252 𝑥1.5 = 5.55625 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟
෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑜 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝑥 24 = 0.84 𝑥 24 = 20.16 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. A 25 kva, 4600/230 V distribution transformer is loaded for the duration of a day as follows,
1:00 to 4:00 am, no load, unity pf; 4:00 to 5:30 am, ½ load, 0.9 pf; 5:30 to 8:00 am, full load, 0.8 pf; 8 to 11:30 am, 1 ¼ load, 0.75 pf;
11:30 am to 2 pm,1 1/2 load, 0.65 pf; 2:00 to 5:30 pm, full load, unity pf; 5:30 to 8:00 pm, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 8:00 to 11:30 pm, ½ load,
0.95 pf; 11:30 pm to 1 am,1/4 load, unity pf.
If its core loss is 840 W and one third of it is the copper loss, calculate its efficiency,
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 25 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 840 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 0.84 𝑘𝑤
1
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑥 0.84 𝑘𝑤 = 0.28 𝑘𝑤
3

Solution:
෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑢 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑2 𝑥 𝑡 = 0.28 𝑥 02 𝑥3 + 0.28 𝑥 0.52 𝑥1.5 + 0.28 𝑥 12 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 1.252 𝑥3.5

+ 0.28 𝑥 1.52 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 12 𝑥3.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0.752 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0. 52 𝑥3.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0. 252 𝑥1.5 = 5.55625 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟
෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑜 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝑥 24 = 0.84 𝑥 24 = 20.16 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

෍ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ෍ 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥𝑝𝑓 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑥 𝑡 = 25 [ 1𝑥0𝑥3 + 0.9𝑥0.5𝑥1.5 + 0.8𝑥1𝑥2.5 + 0.75𝑥1.25𝑥3.5 + (0.65𝑥1.5𝑥2.5)

+ 1𝑥1𝑥3.5 + 0.8𝑥0.75𝑥2.5 + 0.95𝑥0.5𝑥3.5 + (1𝑥0.25𝑥1.5)] = 385.78125 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. A 25 kva, 4600/230 V distribution transformer is loaded for the duration of a day as follows,
1:00 to 4:00 am, no load, unity pf; 4:00 to 5:30 am, ½ load, 0.9 pf; 5:30 to 8:00 am, full load, 0.8 pf; 8 to 11:30 am, 1 ¼ load, 0.75 pf;
11:30 am to 2 pm,1 1/2 load, 0.65 pf; 2:00 to 5:30 pm, full load, unity pf; 5:30 to 8:00 pm, ¾ load, 0.8 pf; 8:00 to 11:30 pm, ½ load,
0.95 pf; 11:30 pm to 1 am,1/4 load, unity pf.
If its core loss is 840 W and one third of it is the copper loss, calculate its efficiency,
Given:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 25 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑃𝑐𝑜 = 840 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 0.84 𝑘𝑤
1
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑥 0.84 𝑘𝑤 = 0.28 𝑘𝑤
3

Solution:
෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑢 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑2 𝑥 𝑡 = 0.28 𝑥 02 𝑥3 + 0.28 𝑥 0.52 𝑥1.5 + 0.28 𝑥 12 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 1.252 𝑥3.5

+ 0.28 𝑥 1.52 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 12 𝑥3.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0.752 𝑥2.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0. 52 𝑥3.5 + 0.28 𝑥 0. 252 𝑥1.5 = 5.55625 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟
෍ 𝑊𝑐𝑜 = ෍ 𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝑥 24 = 0.84 𝑥 24 = 20.16 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

෍ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ෍ 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥𝑝𝑓 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑥 𝑡 = 25 [ 1𝑥0𝑥3 + 0.9𝑥0.5𝑥1.5 + 0.8𝑥1𝑥2.5 + 0.75𝑥1.25𝑥3.5 + (0.65𝑥1.5𝑥2.5)

+ 1𝑥1𝑥3.5 + 0.8𝑥0.75𝑥2.5 + 0.95𝑥0.5𝑥3.5 + (1𝑥0.25𝑥1.5)] = 385.78125 𝑘𝑤. ℎ𝑟

σ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 385.78125
𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦% = 𝑥 100 = 𝑥 100 = 93.7506 %
σ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 + σ 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 385.78125 + (5.55625 + 20.16)
Parallel Operation of Transformer
 Parallel Operation of Transformer

Several important conditions must be fulfilled if two or more transformers are to operate successfully in
parallel to deliver a common load. Theses important conditions are:
 Parallel Operation of Transformer

Several important conditions must be fulfilled if two or more transformers are to operate successfully in
parallel to deliver a common load. Theses important conditions are:
a. The voltage rating of both primaries and secondaries must be identical. This obviously implies that the
transformation ratios are the same.
 Parallel Operation of Transformer

Several important conditions must be fulfilled if two or more transformers are to operate successfully in
parallel to deliver a common load. Theses important conditions are:
a. The voltage rating of both primaries and secondaries must be identical. This obviously implies that the
transformation ratios are the same.
b. The transformers must be properly connected with regard to polarity.
 Parallel Operation of Transformer

Several important conditions must be fulfilled if two or more transformers are to operate successfully in
parallel to deliver a common load. Theses important conditions are:
a. The voltage rating of both primaries and secondaries must be identical. This obviously implies that the
transformation ratios are the same.
b. The transformers must be properly connected with regard to polarity.
c. The equivalent impedances should be inversely proportional to the respective kilovolt ampere ratings.
 Parallel Operation of Transformer

Several important conditions must be fulfilled if two or more transformers are to operate successfully in
parallel to deliver a common load. Theses important conditions are:
a. The voltage rating of both primaries and secondaries must be identical. This obviously implies that the
transformation ratios are the same.
b. The transformers must be properly connected with regard to polarity.
c. The equivalent impedances should be inversely proportional to the respective kilovolt ampere ratings.
d. The ratio of the equivalent resistance to the equivalent reactance of all transformers should be the same.
 Parallel Operation of Transformer

Several important conditions must be fulfilled if two or more transformers are to operate successfully in
parallel to deliver a common load. Theses important conditions are:
a. The voltage rating of both primaries and secondaries must be identical. This obviously implies that the
transformation ratios are the same.
b. The transformers must be properly connected with regard to polarity.
c. The equivalent impedances should be inversely proportional to the respective kilovolt ampere ratings.
d. The ratio of the equivalent resistance to the equivalent reactance of all transformers should be the same.

No load operation- When the secondary load is removed, the primaries will still be energized and the secondaries will
remain connected in parallel.
 Parallel Operation of Transformer

Several important conditions must be fulfilled if two or more transformers are to operate successfully in
parallel to deliver a common load. Theses important conditions are:
a. The voltage rating of both primaries and secondaries must be identical. This obviously implies that the
transformation ratios are the same.
b. The transformers must be properly connected with regard to polarity.
c. The equivalent impedances should be inversely proportional to the respective kilovolt ampere ratings.
d. The ratio of the equivalent resistance to the equivalent reactance of all transformers should be the same.

No load operation- When the secondary load is removed, the primaries will still be energized and the secondaries will
remain connected in parallel.
(𝑎1 −𝑎2 )𝐸𝑠
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑎
1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑚𝑝
𝑎1 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑎2 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑍𝑒2 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
Load operation –Equal Ratios of Transformation- When two transformers having equal ratios of transformation ratios
are connected in parallel, the total load current will divide between them inversely as their equivalent impedances.
Load operation –Equal Ratios of Transformation- When two transformers having equal ratios of transformation ratios
are connected in parallel, the total load current will divide between them inversely as their equivalent impedances.
𝐸𝑝
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑠 , 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡,
𝑎

𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2
𝐼1 𝑍𝑒2
Thus, 𝐼2
= 𝑍𝑒1
Load operation –Equal Ratios of Transformation- When two transformers having equal ratios of transformation ratios
are connected in parallel, the total load current will divide between them inversely as their equivalent impedances.
𝐸𝑝
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑠 , 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡,
𝑎

𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2
𝐼1 𝑍𝑒2
Thus, 𝐼2
= 𝑍𝑒1

It implies that when two transformer of different kVA ratings are connected in parallel, they divide the total load in
proportion to their respective kVA ratings only when their equivalent impedances are inversely proportional to their
respective ratings.
Where,
𝐼1 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐼2 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑍𝑒2 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
Load operation –Equal Ratios of Transformation- When two transformers having equal ratios of transformation ratios
are connected in parallel, the total load current will divide between them inversely as their equivalent impedances.
𝐸𝑝
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑠 , 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡,
𝑎

𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2
𝐼1 𝑍𝑒2
Thus, 𝐼2
= 𝑍𝑒1

It implies that when two transformer of different kVA ratings are connected in parallel, they divide the total load in
proportion to their respective kVA ratings only when their equivalent impedances are inversely proportional to their
respective ratings.
Where,
𝐼1 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐼2 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑍𝑒2 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
Load operation –Unequal Ratios of Transformation- When two transformers having unequal ratios of transformation
ratios are connected in parallel, the total load current will divide in accordance with the following equations.
Load operation –Equal Ratios of Transformation- When two transformers having equal ratios of transformation ratios are
connected in parallel, the total load current will divide between them inversely as their equivalent impedances.
𝐸𝑝
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑠 , 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡,
𝑎
𝐼1 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒2
𝐼1 𝑍𝑒2
Thus, 𝐼2
= 𝑍𝑒1

It implies that when two transformer of different kVA ratings are connected in parallel, they divide the total load in proportion
to their respective kVA ratings only when their equivalent impedances are inversely proportional to their respective ratings.
Where,
𝐼1 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐼2 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑍𝑒1 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑍𝑒2 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑜ℎ𝑚
Load operation –Unequal Ratios of Transformation- When two transformers having unequal ratios of transformation ratios are
connected in parallel, the total load current will divide in accordance with the following equations.

(𝑎2 −𝑎1 )𝐸𝑠 +(𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 𝐼𝑡 )

𝐼1 =
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2
(𝑎1 −𝑎2 )𝐸𝑠 +(𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 𝐼𝑡 )
𝐼2 =
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2

Where,
𝐼𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. The following information is given in connection with two transformer that are connected in parallel.
Determine the secondary circulating current.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

25 kva 35 kva

2360/230 volts 2300/230 volts

Ze=0.08 ohm, in secondary terms Ze=0.06 ohm, in secondary terms

 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. The following information is given in connection with two transformer that are connected in parallel.
Determine the secondary circulating current.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

25 kva 35 kva

2360/230 volts 2300/230 volts

Ze=0.08 ohm, in secondary terms Ze=0.06 ohm, in secondary terms

Solution:
2360 2300
𝑎1 = = 10.26 𝑎2 = = 10
230 230
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. The following information is given in connection with two transformer that are connected in parallel.
Determine the secondary circulating current.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

25 kva 35 kva

2360/230 volts 2300/230 volts

Ze=0.08 ohm, in secondary terms Ze=0.06 ohm, in secondary terms

Solution:
2360 2300
𝑎1 = = 10.26 𝑎2 = = 10
230 230
(𝑎1 −𝑎2 )𝐸𝑠 10.26−10 230
𝐼𝑐 = = = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟏 𝒂𝒎𝒑
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 10.26 0.08 +(10)(0.06)
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. The following information is given for two transformers connected in parallel and delivering a total load of
300 kva. Calculate the load current and kilovolt amperes delivered by each transformer.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

150 kva 250 kva

6900/230 volts 6900/230 volts
Ze=9.4 ohm, in primary terms Ze=5.8 ohm, in primary terms
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. The following information is given for two transformers connected in parallel and delivering a
total load of 300 kva. Calculate the load current and kilovolt amperes delivered by each
transformer.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

150 kva 250 kva

6900/230 volts 6900/230 volts
Ze=9.4 ohm, in primary terms Ze=5.8 ohm, in primary terms

300,000 𝑉𝐴 𝐼1 𝑍𝑒2 5.8 𝑍𝑒2 5.8

𝐼𝑡 = = 43.478 𝐴 = = ; 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 ; 43.478 =
6900 𝑉 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒1 9.4 𝑍𝑒1 9.4
5.8
𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼2 ; 𝐼2 = 26.888 𝐴
9.4
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. The following information is given for two transformers connected in parallel and delivering a total load of 300 kva. Calculate the
load current and kilovolt amperes delivered by each transformer.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

150 kva 250 kva

6900/230 volts 6900/230 volts
Ze=9.4 ohm, in primary terms Ze=5.8 ohm, in primary terms

300,000 𝑉𝐴 𝐼1 𝑍𝑒2 5.8 𝑍𝑒2 5.8 5.8

𝐼𝑡 = = 43.478 𝐴 = = ; 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 ; 43.478 = 𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼2 ;
6900 𝑉 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒1 9.4 𝑍𝑒1 9.4 9.4
𝐼2 = 26.888 𝐴
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑡 − 𝐼2 = 43.478 − 26.888 = 16.59 𝐴
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. The following information is given for two transformers connected in parallel and delivering a total load of 300 kva. Calculate the load
current and kilovolt amperes delivered by each transformer.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

150 kva 250 kva

6900/230 volts 6900/230 volts
Ze=9.4 ohm, in primary terms Ze=5.8 ohm, in primary terms

300,000 𝑉𝐴 𝐼1 𝑍𝑒2 5.8 𝑍𝑒2 5.8 5.8

𝐼𝑡 = = 43.478 𝐴 = = 9.4 ; 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 9.4 ; 43.478 = 𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 9.4 + 𝐼2 ; 𝐼2 = 26.888 𝐴
6900 𝑉 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒1 𝑍𝑒1
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑡 − 𝐼2 = 43.478 − 26.888 = 16.59 𝐴
𝑆1 = 6.9 𝑘𝑣 𝑥 16.59 𝐴 = 114.471 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑆2 = 6.9 𝑘𝑣 𝑥 26.888 𝐴 = 185.527 𝑘𝑣𝑎
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. The following information is given for two transformers connected in parallel and delivering a total load of 300 kva. Calculate the load
current and kilovolt amperes delivered by each transformer.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

150 kva 250 kva

6900/230 volts 6900/230 volts
Ze=9.4 ohm, in primary terms Ze=5.8 ohm, in primary terms

300,000 𝑉𝐴 𝐼1 𝑍𝑒2 5.8 𝑍𝑒2 5.8 5.8

𝐼𝑡 = = 43.478 𝐴 = = 9.4 ; 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 9.4 ; 43.478 = 𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 𝐼2 9.4 + 𝐼2 ; 𝐼2 = 26.888 𝐴
6900 𝑉 𝐼2 𝑍𝑒1 𝑍𝑒1
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑡 − 𝐼2 = 43.478 − 26.888 = 16.59 𝐴
𝑆1 = 6.9 𝑘𝑣 𝑥 16.59 𝐴 = 114.471 𝑘𝑣𝑎 𝑆2 = 6.9 𝑘𝑣 𝑥 26.888 𝐴 = 185.527 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝑆𝑡 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2 = 114.471 𝑘𝑣𝑎 + 185.527 𝑘𝑣𝑎 = 300 𝑘𝑣𝑎
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. The transformer of example 5 deliver a total load of 46 kva. Calculate the secondary currents and the kilovolt
ampere load of each one.
Transformer 1 Transformer 2
25 kva 35 kva
2360/230 volts 2300/230 volts
Ze=0.08 ohm, in secondary terms Ze=0.06 ohm, in secondary terms
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. The transformer of example 5 deliver a total load of 46 kva. Calculate the secondary currents and the kilovolt
ampere load of each one.
Transformer 1 Transformer 2
25 kva 35 kva
2360/230 volts 2300/230 volts
Ze=0.08 ohm, in secondary terms Ze=0.06 ohm, in secondary terms

Solution:
2360 2300 46000
𝑎1 = = 10.26 𝑎2 = = 10 𝐼𝑡 = = 200 𝑎𝑚𝑝
230 230 230
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. The transformer of example 5 deliver a total load of 46 kva. Calculate the secondary currents and the kilovolt
ampere load of each one.
Transformer 1 Transformer 2
25 kva 35 kva
2360/230 volts 2300/230 volts
Ze=0.08 ohm, in secondary terms Ze=0.06 ohm, in secondary terms

Solution:
2360 2300 46000
𝑎1 = = 10.26 𝑎2 = = 10 𝐼𝑡 = = 200 𝑎𝑚𝑝
230 230 230
(𝑎2 −𝑎1 )𝐸𝑠 +(𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 𝐼𝑡 ) 10.26−10 230+(10)(0.06)(200)
𝐼1 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝒂𝒎𝒑
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 10.26 0.08 +(10)(0.06)
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. The transformer of example 5 deliver a total load of 46 kva. Calculate the secondary currents and the kilovolt ampere load of each one.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2
25 kva 35 kva
2360/230 volts 2300/230 volts
Ze=0.08 ohm, in secondary terms Ze=0.06 ohm, in secondary terms

Solution:
2360 2300 46000
𝑎1 = = 10.26 𝑎2 = = 10 𝐼𝑡 = = 200 𝑎𝑚𝑝
230 230 230
(𝑎2 −𝑎1 )𝐸𝑠 +(𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 𝐼𝑡 ) 10.26−10 230+(10)(0.06)(200)
𝐼1 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝒂𝒎𝒑
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 10.26 0.08 +(10)(0.06)
(𝑎1 −𝑎2 )𝐸𝑠 +(𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 𝐼𝑡 ) 10−10.26 230+(10.26)(0.08)(200)
𝐼2 = = = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟒𝟓𝟐 𝒂𝒎𝒑
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 10.26 0.08 +(10)(0.06)
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. The transformer of example 5 deliver a total load of 46 kva. Calculate the secondary currents and the kilovolt ampere load of each one.

Transformer 1 Transformer 2
25 kva 35 kva
2360/230 volts 2300/230 volts
Ze=0.08 ohm, in secondary terms Ze=0.06 ohm, in secondary terms

Solution:
2360 2300 46000
𝑎1 = = 10.26 𝑎2 = = 10 𝐼𝑡 = = 200 𝑎𝑚𝑝
230 230 230
(𝑎2 −𝑎1 )𝐸𝑠 +(𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 𝐼𝑡 ) 10.26−10 230+(10)(0.06)(200)
𝐼1 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝒂𝒎𝒑
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 10.26 0.08 +(10)(0.06)
(𝑎1 −𝑎2 )𝐸𝑠 +(𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 𝐼𝑡 ) 10−10.26 230+(10.26)(0.08)(200)
𝐼2 = = = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟒𝟓𝟐 𝒂𝒎𝒑
𝑎1 𝑍𝑒1 +𝑎2 𝑍𝑒2 10.26 0.08 +(10)(0.06)
𝑆1 = 0.23 𝑘𝑣 𝑥 126.548 𝐴 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝒗𝒂 𝑆2 = 0.23 𝑘𝑣 𝑥 73.452 𝐴 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟗𝟒 𝐤𝐯𝐚