OUTLINE

A. Preliminary
B. Introduction
C. Singly Reinforced Beam (Working Stress Design)
D. Doubly Reinforced Beam (WSD)
E. T Beam-Singly Reinforced (WSD)
F. Singly Reinforced Beam (Ultimate Strength Design)
G. Doubly Reinforced Beam (USD)
H. T Beams (SR and DR USD)
I. One Way Slab
J. Two Way Slab
K. Shear Reinforcement
L. Torsional Reinforcement
M. Short Columns
N. Long Columns
O. Serviceability Requirement
T.O.S.
Review
Introduction
Concrete
Concrete
Is a stone-like material obtained by permitting a
carefully proportional mixture of cement, sand and gravel or
other aggregate, and water to harden in forms of the shape and
dimension of the desired structure.
Material used in Concrete
Cement:
Concrete made with normal Portland cement require about
two weeks to achieve a sufficient strength to permit the removal of
forms and the application of moderate loads. Such concrete reach
their design strengths after 28 days and continue to gain strength at a
slower rate thereafter.

On some occasions, if it is desired to speed up construction, the use of

“high-early-strength cements” is used. Desired strengths are obtained
in 3 to 7 days rather than the normal 28 days.
There are several special types of Portland cement
available. The American Society for Testing and
Material (ASTM) recognizes five types of Portland
cement. A brief description of these cement types
follows

Type I-the common all-purpose cement used for general

construction work.
Type II-a modified cement which has a lower heat of
hydration than does Type I cement and which can
withstand some exposure to sulfate attack.
Types III-a high-early-strength cement which will
produce in the first 24 hours a concrete with a strength
about twice that of type I cement. This cement does have
a much higher heat of hydration.
Type IV-a cement used for concrete which are to be
exposed to high concentrations of sulfate.
Aggregates
the aggregates used in concrete occupy about
three-fourths of the concrete volume. They must be
strong, durable and clean. Should dust or other particles
be present, they may interfere with the bond between the
cement paste and aggregate.

The maximum-size aggregates that can be used in

reinforced concrete are specified in Section 3.3.2 of the
ACI Code. These limiting values are as follows:
-one-fifth of the narrowest dimension between the sides
of their form
-one-third of the depth of slabs, or
-three-fourth of the minimum clear spacing between
reinforcing.
Water
Water is an important component for mortar or
concrete. When the water is mixed in mortar, it reacts with
cement and forms a binding paste which fills small voids in
the sand. This creates a close cohesion of sand particles and
cement. In case of cement concrete the voids formed between
sand and coarse aggregate gets filled with the paste forming a
cohesive substance/concrete.

Note:
The quantity and quality of water have vital effect on the
strength of the concrete mix. Too much water will lessen the
concrete strength while too little amount of water makes the
workability of the mix difficult.
Admixtures:
materials added to concrete during or before
mixing are referred to as admixtures. They are used to
improve the performance of concrete in certain situations
as well as to lower the cost.
Several of the most common types of admixtures:
1.) Air-entraining admixtures (Conforming to the
requirements of ASTM C260 and C618)
-to increase concrete’s resistance to freezing and
thawing
-to provide better resistance to the deteriorating
action of de-icing salt
2.) accelerating admixtures (i.e. calcium chloride)
-accelerate early strength development
-reduce time required for curing and protection of
the concrete and early removal of forms.
3.) Retarding admixtures (various acids and sugar derivatives)
-slow the setting of concrete and retard the increase of
temperature
-prolong the plasticity of the concrete enabling a better
blending in successive pours
4.) Superplasticizers (Organic sulfonates)
-enables the reduction of the water content in concrete
while at the same time increasing the slump
-keep constant water-cement ratio while using less cement
to produce workable concrete with considerable higher strength
5.) Water proofing material (petroleum products)
-hardened concrete surface
-retard the penetration of water into porous concrete
Curing
-the process of controlling the conditions of humidity and
temperature.
Section 419;NSCP 2015
Concrete: Design and Durability
Requirements

419.1 Scope
419.1.1 this section shall apply to concrete including
a.) Properties to be used for design
b.) Durability requirements
Compressive Strength of Concrete; f ’c

Requirements ( for Normal weight

Concrete)
1.) 6”x12” Cylinder
2.) 28 days old
3.) kept under water or kept in a room with
constant temperature and 100% humidity
 Tensile Strength of Concrete

𝑓𝑡 < 0.2𝑓 ′ 𝑐

Flexural Tensile Strength of Concrete

/Modulus of Rupture
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑦𝑡 (Section 419.2.3.1 ;2015
𝑓𝑟 = ; 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐼𝑔 NSCP)
; 𝑓𝑟 = 0.7𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (2001 NSCP)
Where:
𝑓𝑟 =Modulus of rupture
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =Critical Moment
𝐼𝑔 =Gross Moment of Inertia
𝑦𝑡 =depth from NA to member extreme fiber
𝜆 =Modification Factor (Section 419.2.4.2;2015 NSCP)
 Hooke’s Law &
Modulus of Elasticity, E

𝜎
𝜖

𝜎𝛼𝜖
𝜎=𝑘𝜖
𝑘=𝐸
𝜎
𝜎 = 𝐸 𝜖 ;𝐸 =
𝜖
 Modulus of Elasticity (Section 419.2.2; NSCP 2015)
a.) Light Weight whose 𝑤𝑐 ranges from 1440 and 2560 kg/m^3
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐 1.5 0.043 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (in Mpa)
b.) Normal Weight
𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (in Mpa)

Coefficient of thermal expansion

7x10-6/°C ⟶ 12x10-6/°C

Poisson’s Ratio

0.15 ⟶ 0.20
Density of the Concrete (Conservative)
𝑘𝑔ൗ 𝑘𝑁ൗ
𝛾𝑐 = 2400 = 23.54
𝑚3 𝑚3
Steel
Steel
Any of various modified forms of iron, artificially
produced, having a carbon content less than that of pig iron and
more than that of wrought iron, and having qualities of
hardness, elasticity, and strength varying according to
composition and heat treatment: generally categorized as having
a high, medium, or low-carbon content.
Section 420;NSCP 2015
Steel Reinforcement Properties, Durability,
and Embedment

420.1 Scope
420.1.1 this section shall apply to steel reinforcement
and shall govern (a) through (b)
a.) Materials properties
b.) Properties to be used for design
c.) Durability requirements, including minimum
specified cover requirements
 Maximum Strength of Steel

Steel Grades fy fs
1.) Grade 33 228 MPa 124 MPa
2.) Grade 40 275 MPa 138 MPa
3.) Grade 60 414 MPa 207 MPa

fy=yield strength of steel

fu=ultimate/tensile strength of steel

fs=allowable/actual strength of steel

 Constant Values of Steel

• Coefficient of thermal expansion-11.6x10-6/°C

• Modulus of Elasticity- 200,000 MPa
• Modulus of Rigidity- 77-78 GPa
• Poisson´s Ratio- 0.3
• Unit Weight- 7850 kg/cu.m.
 Steel Bar Designation

Bar English Metric

Designation Size Diameter Size Diameter
No.2 1/4" 8mm
No.3 3/8" 10mm
No.4 1/2" 12mm
No.5 5/8" 16mm
No.6 3/4" 20mm
No.8 1" 25mm
No.10 1-1/4" 32mm
No.12 1-1/2" 40mm
No.16 2" 50mm
 Specified Concrete Cover
(Section 420.6.1; NSCP 2015)
Table 420.6.1.3.1
Specified Concrete Cover for Cast-in-Place Non Prestressed Concrete Members

Specified cover,
Concrete exposure Member Reinforcement
mm.
Cast against and
permanently in
contact with ground
All All 75
20 mm dia. through
Exposed to weather 58 mm dia. Bars 50
or in contact with All 16 mm dia. Bar,
ground MW200 or MD200
wire, and smaller
40
40 mm dia. And 58
Slabs, joists, and mm dia. Bars 40
walls 36 mm dia. Bar and
Not exposed to
weather or in contact
smaller 20
with ground Primary
Beams, columns,
reinforcement,
pedestals, and tension
ties
stirrups, ties, spirals, 40
and hoops
 Reinforcement Details
(NSCP 2015-Section 425)
425.1 Scope

425.1.1 This Section shall apply to reinforcement details, including:

a.) minimum spacing
b.) standard hooks, seismic hooks and crossties
c.) development of reinforcement
d.) splices
e.) bundled reinforcement
f.) transverse reinforcement
g.) Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers
425.2 Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement

425.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer,

clear spacing shall be at least the greatest of 50 mm, 𝒅𝒃 and 𝟒/𝟑 𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒈 .

425.2.2 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more

horizontal layers, reinforcement in the upper layers shall be placed directly
above reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear spacing between
layers of at least 25 mm.

425.2.3 For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestals, struts, and

boundary elements in walls, clear spacing between bars shall be at least
the greatest of 40 mm, 1.5𝒅𝒃 and 𝟒/𝟑 𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒈 .
Advantages of reinforced concrete as structural
material

1.) considerable compressive strength as

compared to most other material
2.) great resistance to the actions of fire and
water
3.) very rigid
4.) low-maintenance material
5.) has a very long service life (due to
solidification of the cement paste)
Disadvantage of reinforced concrete as structural
material
1.) very low tensile strength, require the use of tensile
reinforcement
2.) needs forms, falsework or shoring to hold concrete in
place until it hardens sufficiently
3.) low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to
heavy members (very important matter for long span
members where dead weight has great effect on bending
moments)
4.) low strength per unit of volume of concrete means
members will be relatively large (important
consideration for tall buildings and long span members)
5.) properties vary wildly due to variations in its
proportioning or mixing
6.) placing and curing is not as carefully controlled as is
the production of other material
 Design
Methodologies
 ASD/WSD
Member’s Actual Strength
𝒌𝒆𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕:
𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 ≥ 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
Member’s designed Strength
1.) Allowable Stress Design
To Ensure the safety of a structural member or
mechanical element, it is necessary to restrict the
applied load to one that is less than the load the member
can fully support.

Several reasons
-The intended measurements of a structure or machine
may not be exact, due to errors in fabrication or in the
assembly of its component parts.
-Unknown vibrations, impact, or accidental loadings can
occur that may not be accounted for in the design
-Atmospheric corrosion, decay, or weathering tend to
cause materials to deteriorate during service
-Some materials, such as wood, concrete, or fiber-
reinforced composites, can show high variability in
mechanical properties.
Design Criteria
𝑭𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍
𝑭. 𝑺. =
𝑭𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘
Where:
𝐹𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 = 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐹. 𝑆. = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦

Note:
𝐹𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 = 𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝐴
𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐴

then
𝝈𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍
𝑭. 𝑺. =
𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘
 Strength/USD
Method
Member’s Internal/Resisting loads
𝒌𝒆𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕:
𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 ≤ 𝑹𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅
External Designed loadings
Limit State Design/Load and Resistance Factor Design (LSD/LRFD)
In structural engineering there has been an increasing trend to
separate load uncertainty from material uncertainty. This method of
design is called limit state design or more specifically, in United States
it is called load and resistance factor design (LRFD).

Load Factors
Various types of loads can act on a structure or structural
member, and each is multiplied by a load factor that accounts for its
variability. The loads include dead load, which is fixed weight of the
structure, and live loads, which involve people or vehicles that move
about. Other types of live loads include wind, earthquake, and snow
loads.

Resistance/Reduction Factors
Are determined from the probability of material failure as it
relates to the material´s quality and the consistency of its strength.
These factors will differ for different types of materials. For example,
concrete has smaller factors than steel because engineers have more
confidence about the behaviour of steel under load than they do about
concrete.
Design Criteria

𝜮𝜸𝑹 ≤ ∅𝑹𝒏
𝑹𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑹𝒏
Where:
𝛾 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑅 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
∅ = 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑅𝑢 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
External and Internal Actions
1.) 𝑴𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑴𝒏

2.) 𝑽𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑽𝒏

3.) 𝑻𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑻𝒏

4.) 𝑷𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑷𝒏
Types of Applied
Loadings
 Section 203 (NSCP 2015)-Load Combination
203.2 Symbols and Notations

D=dead load
E=earthquake load set forth in Section 208.6.1
Em=estimated maximum earthqauke force that can be developed in the structure as set forth
in Section 208.6.1
F=load due to fulids with well defined pressures and maximum heights
H=load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
L=live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
Lr=roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
P=ponding load
R=rain load on the undeflected roof
T=self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from
temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials, movement
due to differential settlement, or combinations theroef
W=load due to wind load
 Load
Combinations
203.4 Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress or Allowable
Strength Design

203.4.1 Basic Load Combinations

D+F (203-8)

D+H+F+L+T (203-9)

D+H+F+(Lr or R) (203-10)

D+H+F+0.75(L+T(Lr or R)) (203-11)

D+H+F+(0.6W or (E/1.4)) (203-12)

 203.3 Load Combination using Strength Design or Load
and Resistance Factor Design

203.1 Basic Load Combinations

1.4(D+F) (203-1)
1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(Lr or R) (203-2)
1.2D+1.6(Lr or R)+(f1L or 0.5W) (203-3)
1.2D+1.0W+f1L+0.5(Lr or R) (203-4)
1.2D+1.0E+f1L (203-5)
0.9D+1.0W+1.6H (203-6)
0.9D+1.0E+1.6H (203-7)
Where
f1 =1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8kPa,
and for garage live load, or
=0.5 for other live loads
203.2 Other Loads

Where “P” is to be considered in design, the applicable load shall be added to Section
203.3.1 factored as 1.2P.
Let’s Get Started
 P

Cross
Section

h NA

b
L

3 Stages the member will encounter

1.) Uncracked Concrete Stage
2.) Concrete Cracked Elastic Stress Stage
3.) Ultimate Strength Stage
 Uncracked
Concrete Stage
 Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
b fc 𝝐𝒄
“Without rebar
installed”

h NA

𝝐𝒕
ft

Note: 𝑓𝑡 < 𝑓𝑟

Flexural Tensile Strength of Concrete

/Modulus of Rupture
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑦𝑡
; 𝑓 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (Section 419.2.3.1 ;2015
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑟
NSCP)
𝐼𝑔
; 𝑓𝑟 = 0.7𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (2001 NSCP)
 Uncracked Concrete Stage
Problem-Using the following values, check if the
beam shown in under uncracked stage.
f ’c=28MPa P=10kN
L=3m b=200mm
h=350mm 𝛾𝑐 =23.54 kN/m^3
P

h NA

b
L