03

Construction Material
(Metallic Materials)

Faridah Wahab

Address:
Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology

Contact Numbers:
04-9798085 HP : 013-4222225

Email Address:
faridah@unimap.edu.my

Semester 1, 2020/2021
BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS IS
DICTATED BY THE STRUCTURE
AND BONDING OF THE ATOMS
THAT ARE BUILDING BLOCKS
FOR ALL MATTER.
 RECAP
There are Primary bonds: form when 1. ionic bonds: transfer of electrons from
one elemental atom to another
two basic atoms interact to change the
number of electrons in their
categories outer shells so as to achieve a 2. covalent bonds: sharing of electrons
of bonds: stable and nonreactive electron between specific atoms
structure similar to that of a
noble gas.
3. metallic bonds: mass sharing of
electrons among several atoms

Secondary bonds: formed when Van der Waals: result from electrostatic
attraction of the dipoles of the atoms.
the physical arrangement of the These dipole interactions occur between
atoms in the molecule results induced dipoles or polar molecules that
in an imbalanced electric have permanent dipoles
charge; one side is positive and
the other is negative. The Hydrogen bond has only one proton and
one electron; thus, it tends to form a polar
molecules are then bonded molecule when bonded with other atoms.
together through electrostatic
force.
CLASSIFICATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
MATERIALS BASED ON PREDOMINANT TYPE OF
BOND

Metal Inorganic solids Organic solids

steel Portland cements concrete asphalt
iron bricks and cinder blocks plastic
aluminum glass wood
aggregates (rocks products)

Metallic Covalent and ionic Covalent bond

METALLIC MATERIALS
 IRON & STEEL
Now, steel is been used in
Introduction countless products from the
heaviest machine and structures to
Iron and steel have been paper clips and watch springs.
used worldwide during the Using steel, sheets, bars, angles,
second and third millennia wide-flange beams, heavy
B.C. Many said that the structural products, joists, decks,
original center of steelmaking screws, bolts, bearing, metal and
can be placed in India where buildings and other construction
the centers it is the centers of products are manufactured. Steel
production of steel more is one of the most versatile of
than 3000 years ago. human made construction
materials.
 IRON
Iron (besi) is the basic constituent
of steel (keluli). Iron presents a number
of advantages over
other building
Iron is widely available all materials.
over the world but only in
combination with other elements. It's more malleable
. than stone, and unlike
Iron is the most abundant metallic material in the other metals, it's
earth’s crust. incredibly strong.

It is found in the form of ores as oxides, carbonates,

silicates and sulphides.
 Where do iron come from?
Iron come from rocks in the ground called ORE

The ORE is mined from the ground

The iron must then be taken from
the Ore and a big Furnace does
this.
P
IRON AND IRON ORE
Iron comes from Iron Ore which is excavated from
the ground.
Limonite
Limonite (brown iron ore, Fe2O3.nH20), hematite
(red iron ore, Fe2O3) and magnetite (magnetic
oxide of iron, Fe3O4) are the most important
iron-bearing minerals or iron ores. The mined
ore is crushed to small particles of size 1 inch. Hematite
or smaller. These particles are further reduced
to fine powder, which is later converted to
pellets or sinters. Sintering is a process of
application of heat that results in the conversion
of fine ore into hard and porous lumps.
Magnetite
The furnace used to separate the Iron from the rocks is called a BLAST FURNACE
Blast Furnace operation: https://youtu.be/9N6uXQ8KRYc
Steel Production
https://youtu.be/otVFDo9YSM8

Refining pig
Reducing iron iron/ and Forming the steel into products
3 phase of steel production
ore to pig iron scrap to steel
Currently, steel and steel alloys are used widely in civil engineering applications. In addition,
wrought iron is still used on a smaller scale for pipes, as well as for general blacksmith work.
Cast iron is used for pipes, hardware, and machine parts not subjected to tensile or dynamic
loading.
WROUGHT IRON
• You melt pig iron, mix it with slag and hammer it
to eliminate most of the carbon (down to 0.3
percent) and create wrought iron.

• Good quality wrought iron contains 99.5 % iron,

less than 0.1 % of Silicon, 0.01 % of Sulfur, 0.07
% of phosphorus and 0.03 % of manganese.

• Wrought iron is the stuff a blacksmith works

with to create tools, horseshoes and so on.
When you heat wrought iron, it is malleable,
bendable, weldable and very easy to work with.
 WROUGHT IRON
PROPERTIES
Wrought iron is very
malleable and ductile

It is strong in compression but not so strong

as steel

It can be easily worked, welded and is tough

Its melting point is 1482°C

Wrought iron became pasty and very plastic at red heat and could be easily
forged at about 899°C
 Wrought Iron Application
Since mild steel has replaced the
wrought iron, therefore it is no
longer produced in large extent.
Still in use for roof sheets, wires
and metal ornaments etc.

P
 CAST IRON
Remelt pig iron with limestone and coke
in induction furnace. Depending on the
application, carbon and silicon content
are adjusted to the desired levels
Carbon content
2-3.5%
1-3% Silicon

If desired, other elements are then added to the

melt before the final form is produced by casting.

P
 Cast Iron Properties
It is brittle, non ductile, non malleable and
cracks when subjected to shocks

It cannot be magnetized

It does not rust

It is strong in compression but weak in tension

and shear

Its melting point is 1200°C

Its specific gravity is 7.5

 Cast Iron Application

Weak in tension → cannot be used in construction

Can be used for parts of pumps, motors, engines etc.

Because of corrosion resistance → can be used for

pipes to some extent
 The advantage of steel over
iron that has most of the iron is greatly improved
impurities removed Steel strength

Impurities like silica,

consistent concentration
phosphorous and sulfur
of carbon throughout (0.5
weaken steel tremendously,
percent to 1.5 percent).
so they must be eliminated.
 Steel Classification
Low carbon steel or High- carbon steel
Medium-carbon steel
mild steel
The carbon content is 0.25 Carbon content is
to 0.5 % above 0.5%
Stronger than the mild Harder and stronger
steel and slightly less than mild steel and
The carbon content 0.25% ductile medium carbon steel
Soft and ductile ► mostly Uses ►Shaft, coupling, Uses ► for making
used for construction crankshaft, gear and other tools like;
purpose high strength application Keys, hammer, knifes,
Uses ► Sheets, motor body, Rails, railway wheel, rail drills etc.
rods, wires, pipes, chains, axles
shafts etc. Forging, casting
 Properties
Ductile and malleable Low Carbon Steel
It corrodes quickly
It can be permanently magnetized
It is tough and more elastic than cast iron and wrought Medium-carbon Steel
iron and withstands shocks and impacts well
It is equally strong in tension, compression and shear
Increased carbon and manganese allow the
Its specific gravity is 7.8
medium-carbon steel to be quenched and
It is not much affected by Saline water
tempered to high strength level
Can be welded if properly pre-heated and
post heated

It’s structure is granular

It is more tough and elastic than mild steel
It is easier to harden and then to weld
High-carbon It is more difficult to forge and then to weld
Steel It can be permanently magnetized
Comparatively it is stronger in compression than in tension or in shear
P It withstands vibration and shocks
 Some properties of iron-bearing metals
Material Carbon Silicon (%) Manganese Melting point Tensile Tensile
content (%) (%) (°C) strength (MPa) modulus (GPa)

Pig iron 3.5 – 4.5 1 -2 0.25 – 1 1670

Pure iron 0.01 – 0.02 < 0.01 0.01 – 0.02 1535 335
Wrought iron 0 – 0.1 0.1 – 0.2 < 0.1 1482 310 – 380 200

Mild steel < 0.25 0.05 – 0.25 < 0.68 Varies with 450 207
carbon
content
High-carbon 1.4 < 0.8 < 1.5 Varies with 900 207
steel carbon
content
Cast iron 5.0 1.25 1 – 2.5 1140 110 103-152
24
Steel Alloy

Alloy metals can be used to alter the characteristics of steel.

Alloy agents are added to improve one or more of the

following properties:
• 1. hardenability
• 2. corrosion resistance
• 3. machinability
• 4. ductility
• 5. strength
Common Steel Alloying Agents (Budinski and Budinski, 2010)
(Reprinted with Permission of Pearson Education.) By altering the carbon and alloy content and
by using different heat treatments, steel
can be produced with a wide variety of
characteristics.

Low alloy High alloy

Low carbon
•Plain Tool
•High strength-low
alloy

Medium carbon
•Plain Stainless
•Heat treatable

Steels used for construction projects

High carbon are predominantly low- and medium-
•Plain carbon plain steels. Stainless steel has
•Tool
been used in some highly corrosive
applications, such as dowel bars in
concrete pavements and steel
components in swimming pools and
drainage lines.
The structural steel industry consists of four
components (AISC 2015*):
1. producers of 2. service centers
3. structural steel
structural steel that function as 4. erectors that
fabricators that
including hot- warehouses and construct steel
prepare the steel
rolled structural provide limited frames on the
for the building
shapes and preprocessing of project site
process
hollow sections structural material

Civil and construction engineers will primarily interact with the service centers
to determine the availability of products required for a project, the fabricators
for detail design drawings and preparation of the product, and the erectors on
the job site.
Classification of steel
products used in
construction:-
structural steel produced by continuous casting and hot
rolling for large structural shapes, plates, and sheet steel

Steel trusses and columns for the

cold-formed steel produced by cold-forming of sheet steel
into desired shapes structural support of a building.

fastening products used for structural connections,

including bolts, nuts and washers

reinforcing steel (rebars) for use in concrete reinforcement

miscellaneous products for use in such applications as

forms and pans
Steel rebars used to reinforce portland
cement concrete wall.