Patrick Dougher: God Body  

Tour Notes 
On View November 8, 2019 - December 22, 2019 
 
SUMMARY 
 
Featuring the works of mixed-media and portraiture artist Patrick Dougher, “God Body” is a 
call-to-action, a rallying cry to understanding that the ultimate source is within. Made of flesh and 
soulfulness that is beyond measure, Dougher’s work captures this iconic beauty — our richness, our 
fragility, and our bold audacity to inspire all. This exhibition is part one of a three-part series that 
explores spirituality in the African diaspora. 
 
FEATURED ARTIST 
 
Born and raised in Brooklyn New York, Patrick Dougher is a self-taught fine artist, musician, poet 
and actor. Patrick worked as an art therapist with HIV positive children at Kings County Hospital, a 
co-curator at the Museum of African Art, a youth counselor and teaching artist at Project Reach and 
Studio in a School and most recently as the Program Director of Groundswell, NYC’s premier 
community mural arts organization where he oversaw and directed over 300 public mural projects 
throughout the city. He is currently working as the Interim Director of Education for BRIC Arts Media 
and as a freelance consultant with The Center for Court Innovations. For over 20 years Patrick has 
used the arts to empower and support the socio-emotional growth of at-risk and disenfranchised 
youth of the city. Patrick’s art reflects his life’s mission to inspire and empower by honestly and 
fearlessly holding up a mirror to society’s inequity and injustices. Through his art he seeks to 
celebrate the noble beauty and divine spiritual nature of people of African descent and to connect 
urban African-American culture to its roots in sacred African art and ceremony. 
 

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 WHAT IS THE MEANING OF G
​ OD BODY​?  
 
According to artist Patrick Dougher, the title of the show, ​God 
Body​, refers to “the philosophy of the 5 Percent Nation of Gods 
and Earths. God Body being someone who has knowledge of self 
and recognizes their true Divine and God nature, In my belief God 
is within and without. Nature and sentient beings are pieces of the 
God force and even in an urban environment ‘pieces of God’ can 
be found in the discarded. This is the reasoning behind the found 
metal series ‘Brooklyn Talisman’ as well as ‘Art Cans’.”  
Right image is titled G
​ OD ABOVE IV​ by Patrick Dougher, acrylic and silver leaf on 
canvas, 30” x 40”.  
 
KEY TERMS  
 
SPIRITUALITY:​ an individual’s relationship with the concept of being, either involving God or 
not involving God 
 
RELIGION:​ a shared set of texts, beliefs, and traditions revolving around one’s relationship with 
God 
 
FIVE PERCENT NATION:​ also referred to as the “Nation of Gods and Earths” or “the Five 
Percenters”, this movement operates on the belief that Black were the first beings on planet 
earth. The fathers are the “Gods” and the mothers are the “Earths.” The main belief within the 
Five Percent Nation states that ten percent of the Earth’s population knows the “truth of 
existence” but seeks to keep the world ignorant. Eighty-five percent of the population is 
ignorant to the world’s truths. The remaining five percent know the truth and set out to educate 
the ignorant eighty-five percent.1  
 
GOD:​ God is often defined as the “supreme being” who creates all and controls all. In some 
religions, there are multiple Gods instead of just one.  
 
SELF ACTUALIZATION:​ to attain the highest form of self  
 
DIVINITY:​ Divinity has two meanings - the state of being divine or the study of theology  
 
AFRICAN DIASPORA:​ a term used to describe the dispersion of people of African descent 
across various communities  
 
NAMASTE:​ "the Divine in me honors the Divine in you" or “I bow to the divine in you”  
1
Johnson, Christopher. “God, the Black Man and the Five Percenters.” ​NPR,​ NPR, 4 Aug. 2006,
www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5614846.

2
 
QUESTIONS 
 
1. What does “spirituality” mean in the context of the black community and/or African 
diaspora? How has the meaning changed throughout history? 
2. What is the definition of “divinity”? 
3. How can individuals go about finding divinity within?  
4. What are the differences between interpretations of God throughout different religions?  
5. What are the similarities between interpretations of God throughout different religions?  
6. What is self-actualization and how is this concept attained? 
7. In which ways in spirituality used to reach self-actualization?  
8. How have Black people used spirituality as a healing practice throughout history?  
9. What are the connections between slavery and black spirituality? How was spirituality 
used and expressed during this time?  
10. What are the main principles within the ideology of the Five Percent Nation?  
11. How did the Five Percent Nation come to be?  
12. How did the Nations of Gods and Earth become such a force? What era? What's up 
with it now? 
13. What does “spirituality” in the context of the black community and/or African diaspora? 
How has the meaning changed throughout history? 
14. What is the definition of “divinity”? 
15. How can individuals go about finding divinity within?  
16. What are the differences between interpretations of God throughout different religions?  
17. What are the similarities between interpretations of God throughout different religions?  
18. What is self-actualization and how is this concept attained? 
19. In which ways in spirituality used to reach self-actualization?  
20. How have Black people used spirituality as a healing practice throughout history?  
21. What are the connections between slavery and black spirituality? How was spirituality 
used and expressed during this time?  
22. What are the main principles within the ideology of the Five Percent Nation?  
23. How did the Five Percent Nation come to be?  
24. How did the Nations of Gods and Earth become such a force? What era? What's up 
with it now? 

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EXHIBITION THEMES   
 
 
1. FIVE PERCENT NATION​ - ​also known as “Nation of Gods and Earths” or “Five Percenters” 
 
Overview  
 
The basic ideology behind the Five Percent Nation is that 85 percent of the global population is 
unaware of the world’s truths, 10 percent of the global population knows the truth, but is 
unwilling to share it in order to keep the masses ignorant, and the remaining 5 percent of the 
population knows the truth and seeks to share it to educate others. The Five Percent Nation is 
comprised of the five percent who are willing to share the truth.  
 
History  
 
Clarence 13 X founded the Five Percent Nation, also reffered to as Nation of Gods and Earths 
or Five Percenters, in 1963 after splitting from the Nation of Islam due to a disagreement 
regarding the identity and nature of God. According to Nation of Islam, W.D. Farad Muhammad 
was god, however, Clarence 13 X felt that Farad Muhammad as not “purely” black enough to 
be labeled as God. Clarence 13 X believed that each Black man has the potential to grow and 
develop his godliness through honorable lifestyle choices such as education, spiritual fitness, 
physical fitness, and meditation. Clarence 13 X eventually changed his name to Allah the Father 
and began spreading his message and promoting the fight for Black people’s rights.2  
 
Key Concepts  
 
The term​ Poor Righteous Teachers i​ s used within texts of the Five Percent Nation to describe  
"the poor, righteous Teachers, who do not believe in the teachings of the 10%, and are all-wise; 
and know who the Living God is; and Teach that the Living God is the Son of man, the supreme 
being, the (Black man) of Asia; and Teach Freedom, Justice and Equality to all the human family 
of the planet Earth."3 The “Poor Righteous Teachers” have achieved a level of self-actualization 
in which they are able to think for themselves and thus understand how the 10% attemps to 
trick the mislead 85%.  
 
 
 

2
Johnson, Christopher. “God, the Black Man and the Five Percenters.” ​NPR​, NPR, 4 Aug. 2006,
www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5614846.
3
Allah, Wakeel (2007). ​In the Name of Allah: A History of Clarence 13X and the Five Percenters, Vol. 1.​ Atlanta, GA:
A-Team Publishing.

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“​Supreme Mathematics​” is a system of numbers used within the Five Percent Nation ideology 
in which a specific number correlates with a specific word. It provides numbers with 
quantitative and qualitative value. See number meanings below4:  
 
1 = Knowledge   6 = Equality  

2 = Wisdom  7 = God 

3 = Understanding  8 = Build or Destroy 

4 = Culture or Freedom  9 = Born 

5 = Power or Refinement  0 = Cipher 

 
 
The “​Supreme Alphabet​” assigns meanings to letters from Latin script. For example5:  
A = Allah 
L = Love, Hell, or Right  
M = Master  
 
Principles and Beliefs  
 
“1.) That black people are the original people of the planet Earth. 
2.) That black people are the fathers and mothers of civilization. 
3.) That the science of Supreme Mathematics is the key to understanding man's relationship to 
the universe. 
4.) Islam is a natural way of life, not a religion. 
5.) That education should be fashioned to enable us to be self-sufficient as a people. 
6.) That each one should teach one according to their knowledge. 
7.) That the black man is God and his proper name is ALLAH — Arm, Leg, Leg, Arm, Head. 
8.) That our children are our link to the future and they must be nurtured, respected, loved, 
protected and educated. 
9.) That the unified black family is the vital building block of the nation.”6 
 
 

4
​Washington, Teresa (2014). ​Manifestations of Masculine Magnificence.​ Oya's Tornado. p. 97.
5
Allah, Wakeel (2007). ​In the Name of Allah: A History of Clarence 13X and the Five Percenters, Vol. 1.​ Atlanta, GA:
A-Team Publishing.
6
​Johnson, Christopher. “God, the Black Man and the Five Percenters.” ​NPR​, NPR, 4 Aug. 2006,
www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5614846.

5
Symbolism  
 

 
The Five Percent Emblem, also known as the Universal Flag of Islam is symbolic of “I,” the Self 
Lord and Master. In recent years, Jay-Z was seen wearing this emblem at performances and 
public appearances. Rapper Rakim also sported the symbol on his album, ​Follow the Leader​, 
with Eric B.  
 
Presence in Rap Music & Culture  
 
The Five Percent Nation became increasingly popular amongst rappers and rap groups in the 
1980’s and 1990’s​ such as Poor Righteous Teachers, Busta Rhymes, Wu Tang Clan, Lord 
Jamar of Brand Nubian, Nas, Jay-Z, Jay Electronica, Erykah Badu, and many more. Rap experts 
also claim that some of the original founders of hip-hop music such as K ​ ool Herc and Afrika 
Bambaataa studied the key concepts of the Five Percent Nation such as the Supreme Alphabet 
and Supreme Mathematics. ​Not only did these rappers discuss the Five Percent Nation ideology 
within their music, but they followed the ideology in their day-to-day lives through engaging in 
educational endeavors and attempting to attain divinity. ​So what’s up with the Five Percent 
Nation now?​ From the late 1990’s to the present day, the influences of the Five Percent Nation 
became overshadowed by the rise of materialism and consumerism in hip-hop. However, it’s 
powerful stance in hip-hop history and Black history will always stand strong. The ideology still 
influences artists today, whether blatant or subtle.  
 
2. SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGION IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY  
 
Spirituality vs. Religion: What’s the Difference?  
 
Spirituality​ is often defined as an individualistic endeavor in which one finds their inner purpose 
and discovers the meaning of life. There are no strict rules or beliefs when it comes to 
spirituality. R
​ eligion, o
​ n the other hand, is an organized set of beliefs or practices followed by a 

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group of people. Although different in definition, people can be both religious and spiritual, or 
just one or the other, or neither at all.  
 
Spirituality Across the African Diaspora  
 
The​ Yoruba ​religion is a system of religious and 
spiritual beliefs of the Yoruba people. The geographic 
area is known as modern day Southwestern Nigeria 
and some parts of Benin and Togo. Yoruba is the 
basis for many spiritual systems such as “Cuban 
Santeria, Haitain Vodou, Brazilian Candomble, and 
Trinidad & Tobago Shango.”7 When discussing the 
Yoruba religious system, there are specific key terms 
that must be defined8:  
 
AS​E​:​ so let it be/may it be so  
 
AYANMO:​ destiny or fate which all humans must pass through  
 
OLODUMARE: ​The divine creator or the energy source. This term can also refer to the state in 
which an individual becomes one with the divine creator/ energy source9  
 
ORISHA:​ deities or emissieries of the Yoruba faith who carry out communication between the 
people and Oludumare (God). The Orishas are as follows10.  
 
Gods and Divine Figures of Yoruba  
Elegba ​(​Èlegbara,  The messenger between the human and the divine, the owner of all roads 
Elegguá, or Èsú/eshu)  and doors. He gives permission for anything to occur between the two 
worlds. He is represented by the numbers 3 and 21 and the colors red and 
black or white.  

Ogún  God of war, labor, and iron. Represented by number 7 and colors green and 
black.  

Oshosi  Hunter, scout, and translator for Obatalá. Represented by colors are blue 
and yellow.  

Obatalá  Father of humanity and all orishas. Creator of humanity. Represents peace 
and compassion. Represented by the color white with accents of various 

7
​“The Yoruba Faith .” ​The Yoruba Faith,​ Howard University ,
www.howard.edu/library/reference/cybercamps/camp2002/YorubaFaith.htm.
8
Sawe, Benjamin Elisha. “What Is The Yoruba Religion? Yoruba Beliefs and Origin.” ​WorldAtlas​, WorldAtlas, 17 Apr.
2019, www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-yoruba-religion.html.
9
Bewaji, John A.I. “Olodumare: God in Yoruba Belief and the Theistic Problem of Evil.” ​African Studies Quarterly,​ vol.
2, no. 1, 1998.
10
“The Orishas.” ​The Orishas,​ Indiana University Bloomington, www.cs.indiana.edu/~port/teach/205/santeria2.html.

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 colors to represent different paths as well as Obatala’s ability to encompass 
various life possibilities.  

Oyá  Ruler of winds and gates of cemetery. Represented by the number 9, 
maroon, flowery patterns and nine different colors. 

Oshún  Ruler of streams, rivers, love, money, and fertility. ​Represented by colors 
yellow and gold, imagery such as vultures and peacocks, and the number 5. 

Yemayá  Ruler of seas, lakes, and maternity. The “Mother of All” or “​Mother Whose 
Children are the Fish.” She wears seven skirts of blue and white. Her little 
sister is Osh​ún.  

Shangó  Ruler of lightning, fire, thunder, drums and dance. He enjoys the pleasures 
of the world. He is represented by red and white, 4 and 6.   

Orunmila  The orisha of wisdom and divination. Bears witness to creation and destiny. 
Represented by colors green and yellow.  
 
 
Santeria ​is a religion of Yoruba origin developed by West African people during the Slave Trade 
in Cuba. Santeria, meaning “the worship of saints” also incorporates elements of Roman 
Catholicism. Santeria is a monotheistic religion, meaning there is one God, however, there are 
multiple deities or “Orishas” similar to the Yoruba system described above. During slavery in the 
17th century, slaves were not allowed to follow their religion so they disguised their orishas as 
Catholic saints. Approximately 80 percent of the Cuban population practices this religion. 
Babalawos, or Santeria priests, interpret God through “divination,” a ceremony involving music, 
rum, cigars, and sometimes animal sacrifice.11 ​ These ceremonies are often performed at home 
or in public places.  
 
West African​ Vodun​ is the basis for a variety of 
spiritual systems such as Haitian Vodou, Dominican 
Vud​ú​, Cuban Vod​ú​, Brazilian Vodum, Puerto Rican 
Vud​ú​, and Louisiana Voodoo. West African Vodun is a 
belief system based on Vodun spirits and divine 
beings who control the planet. Those who follow 
Vodun also believe that the deceased live side-by-side 
with the living, therefore ancestor worship is very 
important within this religion. Each family has a line of 
priesthood, based on matriarchs and daughters. 
Mawu​, also referred to as Mahu, is an elder female being who is the divine creator. She created 
seven children: S ​ akpata who is Vodun of the Earth, Xêvioso, or Xêbioso who is Vodun of 
Thunder and Divine Justice, Agbe who is Vodun of the Sea, Gû who is Vodun of Iron and War, 
Agê who is Vodun of Agriculture and Forests, Jo who is Vodun of Air, and Lêgba who is Vodun 

11
“Cuban Santeria Tradition and Practices.” ​Cuban Santeria Tradition and Practices,​ Anywhere,
www.anywhere.com/cuba/travel-guide/santeria.

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of the Unpredictable. In many Vodun religious rituals, herbal medicines and healing objects are 
used, often made into shrines to call specific Voduns.12  
 
Nation of Islam  
 
The Nation of Islam is a branch of Islam which combines the principles of black Nationalism 
with the Islamic faith. Founded in 1930, the Nation of Islam follows several traditional Muslim 
practices such as refusal to consume pork, alcohol, drugs and tobacco and an emphasis on 
family values. Perhaps the most well known early leader of the Nation of Islam is Elijah 
Muhammad who believed that White people were created by a Black scientist and their power 
was to run out by the year 1914. Muhammad advocated for the seperation of Black people 
from White people in order to support Black business and develop generational wealth within 
the black community.13 The creator the Five Percent Nation started as a follower of the Nation 
of Islam, but later created his own belief system based on what he felt the Nation of Islam was 
lacking. 
 
Christianity and The Black Church  
 
During the enslavement of Black people in the United States, black people often congregated in 
churches in order to develop a greater sense of community and hope. The church served as a 
place for celebration, prayer, and community building.14 Whether you view Christian and 
Catholic black churches as beneficial or detrimental to the black community as a whole, they 
were unarguably influential to the development of religion and spirituality within the black 
community, even still to this day. Moving into the civil rights era, churches played a significant 
role in the organization of protests and the fight for equal rights. Many civil rights leaders held 
community meetings within places of prayer as they were accessible to many black people at 
the time, as opposed to public predominantly white spaces which could be dangerous. To this 
day, churchgoers of every denomination use church to build community and morally guide them 
through life.15  
 
3. "THE KINGDOM OF GOD IS WITHIN" - Luke 17:21 
 
In Luke 17:20-21, Jesus says, ​“The kingdom of God does not come with observation; nor will 
they say, ‘See here!’ or ‘See there!’ For indeed, the kingdom of God is within you.” Jesus 
responds with this quote when the Kingdom of God will come. In relation to this exhibition, the 
quote is a testament to the presence of divinity or spirituality within oneself. One cannot wait 
for God to find them, rather, they should find Godliness within themselves. 

12
​Anthony B. Pinn (2017-10-15). ​Varieties of African American Religious Experience: Toward a Comparative Black
Theology​. Fortress Press. p. 7.
13
Lee, Martha F. ​The Nation of Islam: an American Millenarian Movement.​ Syracuse University Press, 1996.
14
Davis, Cyrrian. “Black Spirituality.” ​U.S. Catholic Historian​, vol. 8, no. 1/2, 1989, pp. 39–46. ​JSTOR,​
www.jstor.org/stable/25153864.
15
“‘The Black Church," a Brief History.” ​African American Registry,​ 1 Nov. 2017,
aaregistry.org/story/the-black-church-a-brief-history/.

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4. SELF ACTUALIZATION 
 
Self actualization is the recognition and fulfilment of one’s full potential. It is the​ highest level of 
Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which was developed by psychologist Abraham Maslow (see 
image on right). One can reach self-actualization through embodying healthy practices such as 
focusing on individual talents, receiving an education, remaining physically active, and engaging 
in positive endeavors. Self-actualization is a common topic when discussing spirituality as many 
use spirituality to guide them to self-actualization.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES & INFLUENCES 
MUSIC 
 
● Songs in the Key of Life​ - Stevie Wonder 
 
Released in 1976, Wonder’s ​Songs in the Key of Life ​came to be after Wonder considered 
quitting the music industry due to his frustration with the U.S. government. Instead, he signed a 
contract giving him full artistic control over his next seven LP’s. Wonder was in complete power 
over his sound and his message. This directly relates to the idea of self actualization - Wonder 
chose to put his career in his own hands instead of allowing a third party to control his money 
and image. This way, he could have a better hold of his legacy for future generations to come.  
 
 
● Vodou Adjae​ - Boukman Eksperyans 
 
Eksperyans’​ Vodu Adjae i​ s a 1991 Haitian album, bridging traditional Afro-Caribbean folk with 
modern pop sounds. The album incorporates religious drumming sounds of the Vodou faith. 
The inside of the album states: “​BOUKMAN was the slave leader who helped to launch the 
revolution that led to the overthrow of French colonialism and the birth of the first black republic in 
the world in 1804. BOUKMAN was also a priest of the new Afro-Haitian religion called Vodou that 
helped to unify the Haitian slave to carry out the revolution. BOUKMAN EKSPERYANS captures the 
experience embodied in the image of BOUKMAN: a blend of African and Christian spirituality, 
stubborn resistance to oppression, and a fierce pride in the people, history and culture of Haiti.​”​ This 
dedication to Boukman speaks to the topics of Black spirituality and the divine nature of the self 
within the exhibition. Boukman found power within himself to free his people. 
 
● I Against I ​- Bad Brains 
 
I Against I​ is a 1986 album combining harcore punk, sould, reggae, funk, and heavy metal. The 
title of the album is based on Rastafarian phrase “I and I” which unifies the speaker with the 
audience and Jah peacefully. Statements involving “I” are often present in Dougher’s paintings 
and sculptures. The combination of various genres also relates to the way in which Dougher 
combines materials.  
 
● To Pimp a Butterfly ​- Kendrick Lamar 
 
Lamar’s third studio album released in 2015 combines soul, spoken word, jazz, and 
avant-garde music with rap while exploring topics such as black culture, inequality, 
institutionalized racism, and mental health. Lamar encourages listeners to fight against 
adversity and reach their highest form of self despite the constant war against Black people.  
 
● Hail H.I.M.​ - Burning Spear 
 

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1980 reggae album incorporating philosophical elements and a push for militancy. The album 
also features nods to Marcus Garvey, a revolutionary figure in Black politics and activism who 
believed that all Black people should start their own nation, similar to the ideas of the Five 
Percent Nation which came years later.  
 
BOOKS 
 
● The Famished Road​ by Ben Okri 
 
The Famished Road i​ s a novel by Ben Okri which follows the story of a spirit-child named 
Azaro. The novel bridges together the spiritual world with the “real” world. The author argues 
that the intertwining of these two worlds is crucial to African traditional life.  
 
● Tao Te Ching​ by Lao Tzu 
 
A traditional Chinese text from 6th century sage Laozi and is a guide to Chinese Taosim. 
Dougher uses this book to inform the spiritual elements of his work. Taoism advocates for 
religious piety and humility. “Tao” is the substance of all existing beings. Once an individual 
becomes one with Tao, they can live an enlightened existence.  
 
● Warrior of the Light​ by Paulo Coelho 
 
This book is a companion to the book​ The Alchemist ​which encourages readers to embrace 
their dreams, welcome uncertainty, and become our best selves. This directly relates to 
Dougher’s concept that Godliness exists within all of us, we just have to find it.   
 
● Olodumare ​by​ God in the Yoruba Belief​ by E. Bolaji Idowu 
 
The Yoruba religion is a system of spiritual concepts of the Yoruba people. Within this religion it 
is believed that all humans hold “Ayanmo,” or destiny and over time should become one with 
Olodumare, the divine creator.  
 
● Siddhartha​ by Herman Hesse 
 
Siddhartha​ is a novel about the spiritual journey of Siddhartha who is alive during the existence 
of Gautama Buddha. The character goes on a journey of self-actualization and divinity in order 
to discover the meaning of life.  
 
MOVIES 
 
● The Last Black Man in San Francisco 
 

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Last Black Man in San Francisco f​ ollows Jimmie and Mont who attempt to reclaim a home that 
Jimmie’s grandfather built. The film deals with topics of home, friendship, and discovering one’s 
purpose. 
 
● Beasts of the Southern Wild 
 
Beasts of the Southern Wild s​ hows the life of 6-year-old Hushpuppy and her father Wink who 
must navigate rising waters in their remote Delta community. She goes about this journey on 
her own, discovering new worlds and new things about herself.  
 
● The Fall 
 
The Fall is a 2006 drama that follows two characters, one bedridden and one hospitalized, and 
a fantastical story set on a desert island. The film deals with the various ways that humans 
imagine and recount stories. Each character uses their own experience to envision the story 
that is being told.  
 
Questions? Comments? Concerns? 
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Works Cited  
 
Allah, Wakeel. I​ n the Name of Allah: a History of Clarence 13X and the Five Percenters​. Vol. 1, 
A-Team Pub., 2009. 

Bewaji, John A.I. “Olodumare: God in Yoruba Belief and the Theistic Problem of Evil.” ​African 
Studies Quarterly​, vol. 2, no. 1, 1998. 

“Cuban Santeria Tradition and Practices.” C

​ uban Santeria Tradition and Practices​, Anywhere, 
www.anywhere.com/cuba/travel-guide/santeria. 

Johnson, Christopher. “God, the Black Man and the Five Percenters.” N
​ PR​, NPR, 4 Aug. 2006, 
www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5614846. 

Lee, Martha F. ​The Nation of Islam: an American Millenarian Movement​. Syracuse University 
Press, 1996. 

“The Orishas.” T
​ he Orishas​, Indiana University Bloomington, 
www.cs.indiana.edu/~port/teach/205/santeria2.html. 

Pinn, Anthony B. V​ arieties of African American Religious Experience: toward a Comparative 

Black Theology​. Fortress Press, 2017. 

Sawe, Benjamin Elisha. “What Is The Yoruba Religion? Yoruba Beliefs and Origin.” ​WorldAtlas​, 
WorldAtlas, 17 Apr. 2019, www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-yoruba-religion.html. 

Washington, Teresa N. ​Manifestations of Masculine Magnificence: Divinity in Africana Life, 

Lyrics, and Literature​. Oya's Tornado, 2015. 

“The Yoruba Faith .” T

​ he Yoruba Faith​, Howard University , 
www.howard.edu/library/reference/cybercamps/camp2002/YorubaFaith.htm. 

“‘The Black Church," a Brief History.” ​African American Registry​, 1 Nov. 2017, 
aaregistry.org/story/the-black-church-a-brief-history/. 

*We do not own the images used in this article, except our MoCADA Logo 

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