CLOSED LOOP PROPORTIONAL RESONANT

CONTROLLED SINGLE-PHASE VIENNA RECTIFIER

FED DC DRIVE

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AJAY PRITHIVI (21141610500)

AJITH T (211716105024)

DHIVAGAR K (211716105035)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the

degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 600 123

 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL-2020
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “CLOSED LOOP PROPORTIONAL

RESONANT CONTROLLED SINGLE-PHASE VIENNA RECTIFIER FED DC

DRIVE” is the bonafide work of “AMARNATH V (211716105002),

NARMADHA T (211716105024), RANJITH KUMAR S (211716105035),

VENKATA SRIKANTH P S (211716105047)” who carried out the project work

under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Mr. B MANIMARAN, M.E., (Ph.D)
SUPERVISOR Assistant
Dr. C. KAMALAKANNAN, M.E., Ph.D., Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering,

Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology,

Kuthambakkam (PO) Chennai-600 124 Kuthambakkam (PO) Chennai-600 124

Certified that the candidate was examined in the viva-voce held on

_______________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our gratitude towards our chairperson Dr. (Mrs).

THANGAM

MEGANATHAN, Ph.D., our chairman Mr. S. MEGANATHAN, B.E., F.I.E.,

and our vice chairman Dr. HAREE SHANKAR, M.B.B.S who have
constantly

encouraged us in all aspects to become as a successful

engineer.

We express our heartfelt thanks to our principal Dr. M. VELAN, M.E.,

Ph.D., for his kind co-operation and encouragement for the
project.

We are grateful to Dr. C. KAMALAKANNAN, M.E., Ph.D., professor

and head, department of electrical and electronics engineering for giving

valuable

guidance, constant support and encouragement to complete our project

successfully.

We would like to extend our sincere thanks to our project coordinator

Dr. K. SUNDARARAMAN, M.S., Ph.D., professor, department of electrical

and electronics engineering for giving encouragement and suggestion to

complete

our project.

We are highly indebted to our project guide

Mr. B. MANIMARAN, M.E., (Ph.D)., Assistant professor, department of

electrical and electronics engineering for his valuable guidance and

suggestions

in every stage of our project and to make our project a successful

one.

Also we thank all the other teaching faculty and non-teaching faculty
of

the department of electrical and electronics engineering for their

constructive

comments and suggestions during review meetings and for their timely
help

throughout the project.

Also we thank our parents for their full support towards our project
and

timely help throughout the project.

ii

ABSTRACT

This work deals with the modelling, analysis, design &

simulation

of PI and PR controlled closed loop Single-Phase Vienna Rectifier Fed DC

Drive

system. Simulation is done for PI (Proportional integral) & PR (Proportional

resonant controller) controlled closed loop systems using veinna rectifier &
the

outcomes are compared. The comparison is done in terms of time domain

parameters like settling time and steady state error. The outcomes
represent the

superior performance of PR controlled closed loop veinna rectifier.

Hardware is
fabricated and results are
presented.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER.NO. TITLE PAGE

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II

ABSTRACT III

TABLE OF CONTENT IV

LIST OF FIGURES VII

LIST OF TABLES X

LIST OF ABBREVIATION XI

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 3

1.1 Vienna Rectifier Topologies 5

1.2 Modelling and Control of Vienna rectifier 10

3. VIENNA RECTIFIER 30

3.1 Introduction to Vienna Rectifier 30

3.1.1 PWM Vienna Rectifier with 30

Three-Phase Three
loads

3.2 Circuit Schematic 33

3.3 Working Principle of Vienna Rectifier – 39

Single-Phase
 3.4 Vienna Rectifier System 41

3.4.1 Operation of Vienna Rectifier 41

4. CONTROL TECHNIQUES 51

4.1 PI Controller 51

iv
4.2 Proportional Resonant Control 52

5. MATLAB AND SIMULINK REAULTS 54

5.1 Introduction to MATLAB 54

5.2 Simulation results 56

5.2.1 Open Loop Vienna Rectifier With 56

Source Disturbance

5.2.2 Closed Loop Vienna Rectifier With 58

PI Controller

5.2.3 Closed Loop Vienna Rectifier With 61

PR Controller

6. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 General 66

6.2 Power Supply Circuit 66

6.3 PIC Controller 67

6.3.1 Features of PIC-Microcontroller 69

 “PIC16F84A”

6.3.2 Oscillator Types 71

6.3.3 Reset 72

6.3.4 Power on Reset (POR) 72

6.3.5 Power-up-Timer (PWRT) 73

6.3.6 Interrupt 73

6.4 Driver Unit (Optocoupler) 75

6.4.1 IR 2110-High and Low Side Driver 77

6.4.2 Lead Definitions 78

6.4.3 Applications 79

6.5 MOSFET 81

6.5.1 Introduction 81

6.6 Experimental Results 82

v
7. CONCLUSION 85

7.1 Summary of the Findings 85

7.2 Scope of the Future Work 85

8. REFERENCE 86
vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Unidirectional AC-DC Converter 34

3.2 Inductors on AC Side 35

3.3 Applications of Synchronously 36

Controlled Transistors

3.4 Diodes in the Circuit Legs 37

3.5 (a) & (b) Vienna Rectifier having Unity Power 38

Factor PWM

3.6 Working principle of Vienna Rectifier – 40

Single-phase

3.7 Alternative Construction of Vienna 41

Rectifier

3.8 Current direction when input current is 43

positive & ‘Sa’ is OFF

3.9 Current direction when input current is 44

positive & ‘Sa’ is ON

3.10 Current direction when input current is 45

negative & ‘Sa’ is OFF

3.11 Current direction when input current is 45

negative & ‘Sa’ is ON

vii
3.12 Current path in alternate construction 49

in all switches OFF

3.13 Current path in alternate construction 50

in all switches ON

3.14 Simulation Block Diagram 50

4.1 Structure of PI controller 51

4.2 Block Diagram of Current Controller 52

5.1 Circuit Diagram of open loop Vienna 56

Rectifier with Source Disturbance

5.2 Input Voltage 57

5.3 Voltage across Motor Load 57

5.4 Motor Speed 57

5.5 Current Through Motor Load 58

5.6 Motor Torque 58

5.7 Circuit Diagram of closed loop Vienna 59

Rectifier with PI Controller

5.8 Input Voltage 59

5.9 Voltage across Motor Load 60

5.10 Motor Speed 60

5.11 Current Through Motor Load 60

5.12 Motor Torque 61

viii
5.13 Circuit Diagram of closed loop Vienna 62

Rectifier with PR Controller

5.14 Input Voltage 62

5.15 Voltage across Motor Load 63

5.16 Motor Speed 63

5.17 Current Through Motor Load 63

5.18 Motor Torque 64

5.19 Bar chart of Time Domain parameter 65

using PIC and PRC

6.1 Power Circuit 66

6.2 Block Diagram of “PIC16F84A” 70

6.3 Pin Diagram of “PIC16F84A” 70

6.4 A popular op-amp relaxation oscillator 71

6.5 Optocouplers 75

6.6 Pin Diagram 78

6.7 Control Circuit 80

6.8 Hardware Snap Shot 82

6.9 Input Voltage 83

6.10 Switching pulse of Vienna Rectifier S1 83

6.11 Output Voltage 84

 ix
LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE PAGE

3.1 Possible Combinations of Switches State 46

at ia>0, ib, ic<0

3.2 Possible Combinations of Switches State 46

at ib>0, ia, ic<0

3.3 Possible Combinations of Switches State 47

at ic>0, ia, ib<0

3.4 Possible Combinations of Switches State 47

at ia, ib>0, ic<0

3.5 Possible Combinations of Switches State 48

at ib, ic>0, ia<0

3.6 Possible Combinations of Switches State 48

at ia, ic>0, ib<0

5.1 Comparison of time domain parameter using 64

PIC and PRC

x
LIST OF ABBREVIATION

PI Proportional Integral Controller

PR Proportional Resonant Controller

PEC Power Electronic Converters

DSP Digital Signal Processing

DTC Direct Torque Control

PMSG Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

WECS Wind Energy Conversion System

IMD Induction Motor Drive

MIPT Multi Inter-Phase Frame Hybrid

DFHVC Dual Frame Hybrid Vector Control

OCC One Cycle Control

MOCC Modified One Cycle Control

NPP Neutral-point-Potential

NPC Neutral-point Clamped

CMC Current Mode Control_

MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect

Transistor

THD Total Harmonic Distortion

CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer

xi
RISC Register Instruction Set Register

POR Power on Reset

PWRT Power-up Timer
xii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter emphasizes the significance of the harmonics and the

poor

power factor created by the power electronic converters and the need for
Active

Power Factor Correction (APFC). It also provides a brief introduction on the

VIENNA Rectifier for the APFC application. A review of the literature

pertaining

to the current study is also briefed

out.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In the recent days, there is a growing awareness on the power factor

and

the harmonics injected into the mains. This has led to the formulation of
new

standards by the Electricity regulatory bodies. The major source of the

harmonics

and the poor power factor is the Power Electronic Converters (PEC).
These
converters act as non-linear loads to the mains. They pollute the mains by
drawing

non-sinusoidal currents. The result is increased RMS current that heats up

the

conductors and calls for increased conductor size. With the introduction of
fast

switching devices and high throughput microcontrollers/ Digital Signal

Processors (DSP), PECs have become handy and are utilized in almost
every

industrial equipment and consumer electronic appliances. This results in

mains

pollution owing to the injected

harmonics.

1
To mitigate this issue, earlier, bulky passive harmonic filters were
used.

With the advancement in the power processing techniques, they are

replaced by

active filters or APFC. These APFC circuits invariantly use the boost
rectifiers

that draw continuous current from the mains. Good power factor and
harmonics

are achieved by modulating the switching pattern. The output of these

boost

rectifiers are naturally higher than the peak of the maximum input voltage.
To

obtain necessary output voltage and galvanic isolation these rectifiers are

followed by a DC to DC converter with an intermediate high frequency

transformer. Hence, these rectifiers are also termed as

pre-regulators.

There are many three-phase APFC converter topologies available in

the

literature. Of these, the VIENNA Rectifier is one of the simplest converter

with

least component count. It is a three-phase, three-level boost converter. The

three-

level structure facilitates the use of low voltage switches. The advantage of
using

the low voltage switches is reduced conduction and switching losses. The
power
circuit is also available as a monolithic module with some semiconductor

manufacturers, making the realization

simple.

VIENNA Rectifier has many challenges both in terms of modeling

and

control. The power transfer function of the VIENNA Rectifier is highly

complex,

as it is a fifth order system. This calls for high expertise in control design
and

requires intricate controller design procedure. Implementation involves

multiple

equations to be solved within a switching period to achieve real time

realization.

2
For example, Youssef et al. developed a small signal model that has twenty

transfer functions. In the large signal model developed by Youssef et al.,

three

controllers are used in addition to one controller for voltage balancing, and

comprises of transformation from abc/dqo and inverse transformation from

dqo/abc frame. Both the controls involve enormous computation,
necessitate the

use of high speed DSP, and, require a complex algorithm. Real time control

cannot be achieved if the computations take more than one switching

period.

Switching frequency of only 2.04 kHz was used with d SPACE due to
complex

calculations and algorithms involved in both the cases. These issues are
addressed

in this study. A simplified model of the VIENNA Rectifier is developed and a

simple control is designed using k factor approach. Various configurations

of the

VIENNA Rectifier is also presented, and is analytically compared for a 10

kW

power rating in terms of current rating of the device used, losses involved,

efficiency and the number of active and passive devices used. A complete

working model of a 10 kW VIENNA Rectifier is designed, built and tested

for

the full range of input and output conditions. A Boundary Conduction Mode

(BCM) of the VIENNA Rectifier is also proposed and the circuit diagram for
realization of the control using analog controller is
presented.

3
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

This section highlights the various work so far carried out in the
following

area. ❖ VIENNA Rectifier

topologies

❖ Model ling and Control of VIENNA Rectifier

❖ Design and fabrication of VIENNA Rectifier

❖ Boundary Conduction Mode control of VIENNA

Rectifier

Hao Chen et al. (2013) analysed a Wind Energy Conversion System

(WECS) with a combination of Permanent-Magnet synchronous generator

(PMSG) and a VIENNA Rectifier, and proposed a control strategy for

maximum

efficiency. It was proved by the simulation results that this configuration is

efficient compared to a six-switch two-level converter and the viability of the

proposed system was demonstrated by the experimental

results.

Amirhossein Rajaei et al. (2013) studied the effects of the VIENNA

Rectifier voltage vectors on the instantaneous PMSG torque of the WECS

and 4

derived the stator flux. Direct Torque Control (DTC) of the PMSG by the

VIENNA Rectifier was implemented, taking into account the constraints of

the

VIENNA Rectifier. DTC of the generator in the WECS has many

advantages like

fast torque response, elimination of the rotor position sensor, insensitivity to

the

PMSG model and the associated parameters, and reduced

computations.
 4
Sandeep Madishetti et al. (2012) implemented the VIENNA Rectifier
for

improving the power quality in a DTC based Induction Motor Drive (IMD) at
the

front end. The design, modeling, simulation were carried out and
implemented

on a hardware using a
DSP.

2.1 VIENNA RECTIFIER TOPOLOGIES

M ́arcio Silveira Ortmann et al. (2015) presented a Multi-State

Switching

Cells for the VIENNA Rectifier through Multi Inter-Phase Transformers

(MIPT).

The operation and control strategies, the intrinsic benefits, the reduction of

passive components and the overall losses were presented. Design

guidelines for

the magnetic components including the boost inductors, and the power

semiconductor devices were given. A 7.5 kW four legs per phase lab
prototype
was demonstrated for an efficiency of 98% from 40% load and
IEC61000-3-2

requirements.

Bachir Kedjar et al. (2014) used the VIENNA Rectifier for power
quality

added function and demonstrated it for compensating reactive power and

to

cancel the input current harmonics drawn by the nonlinear loads connected
to the

same point of common coupling. The controller uses an augmented model

that

was developed in the d–q frame and was experimentally validated from the
results

obtained at a 20-kHz switching frequency with a DSP based DS1103

controller.

Friedli et al. (2014) evaluated comparatively four types of active

three-

phase PFC rectifiers; the active six-switch buck-type PFC rectifier, the
active six-

5
switch boost-type PFC rectifier, the SWISS Rectifier and the VIENNA
Rectifier

(VR). Typical feed-back control strategies and the equations for current

calculations of the power semiconductors were provided. The rectifier

systems

were assessed and evaluated based on the efficiency, semiconductor

stresses and

the required semiconductor chip area, the DM and CM conducted EMI

noise

levels and the volume of the main passive components. Two variants, one
with

the SiC JFETs and SiC Schottky diodes and the other using Si IGBTs and
SiC

Schottky diodes, were considered. VR systems were optimized for

efficiency

and/or power density and were also compared, that helps to establish the
trade-

off between the power density and efficiency. Roland Greul et al. (2007)

proposed and analyzed a Y rectifier formed by the star-connection of three

single-

phase boost rectifier modules, for the power factor correction application,
without
a neutral point connection. The main advantages of this rectifier over the

VIENNA are the low DC output voltage and have a high degree of
modularity.

There is a large reduction in the input current ripple, when compared to the
three

single-phase rectifiers connected to a three-phase supply with neutral. It

was

shown that high quality input current with low ripple can be achieved similar
to

that of the VIENNA Rectifier. Based on the analytical expression derived

for the

coupling coefficients, a controller was designed with the reduced

calculation

effort to provide symmetric loading of the phase modules and to maintain

the

balance of the DC link voltages. A control concept for the two-phase

operation,

which occurs during a mains phase failure, was also provided in the
analysis. The

6
theoretical and simulated results were provided and validated by a digitally
controlled experimental 5.4-kW
prototype.

Thomas Nussbaumer & Johann W Kolar (2007) proposed two new

types

of converter and compared it for its performance and efficiency. The first
one was

a buck + boost rectifier system formed by series connection of a

three-switch

buck-type rectifier input stage and an integrated DC/DC boost converter

output

stage, while the second was a three-phase boost + buck rectifier system
consisting

of a boost-type VR input stage followed by a DC/DC buck converter output

stage.

Both the rectifiers draw sinusoidal current from the input mains and
provides

wide output voltage. Comparison was carried out on a 6 kW rectifier

operating at

400 Vrms line-to-line input and for different output voltages from 200 to 600
V.

Based on the evaluation it was concluded that the buck + boost approach
was
superior considering the overall system complexity, the volume and weight
of the

system and the efficiency.

Dehong Xu & Bo Feng (2007) extended the concept of Compound

Active-

Clamping (CAC) and Minimal Voltage Active Clamping (MVAC) to the

three-

phase PFC including VR, to suppress the diode reverse recovery losses
and

proposed a novel Zero Voltage Switching Space Vector Modulation

(ZVS-SVM).

It uses two inductors in series with the freewheeling diodes with two
auxiliary

switches and two capacitors to clamp the voltage. All the switches turn-on
under

zero voltage condition thereby improving the

efficiency.

7
Dan Carlton & William G Dunford (2001) studied the features and

analyzed the cost performance of the VR and showed that it belongs to a

multi-

level converter family. Several features such as the current ripple,

common-mode

voltage and controllability angle were investigated. While any phase angle

between the AC voltage and current can be achieved for bidirectional

converters,

unidirectional converters have a limited adjustment range. But, significant

savings on the semiconductor make the unidirectional 7 converters

attractive for

the power factor correction application. A cost performance analysis was

done

and the VR was found to be the most cost effective for the low power
applications.

Minibock & Kolar (2001) conducted theoretical and experimental

analysis

on the power semiconductor voltage stress of VR. A turn-on snubber was

proposed which improved the efficiency by 0.3% and was verified by

experimental measurements. This snubber has a coupled inductor and a

diode in

series, connected across the freewheeling diodes on both the sides. The
coupled
inductor was chosen such a way that the freewheeling diode current dies
within

the off-time of the power transistor and results in low reverse recovery
current of

the auxiliary diodes. The switching behavior with and without the turn-on

snubber were analyzed through measurements. Power losses were also

measured

and efficiency was calculated and compared with and without the snubber.
It was

observed that the total efficiency of the converter operating at a switching

8
frequency of 25kHz improved by 0.3% in the presence of the proposed
turn-on

snubber.

Kolar et al. (2000) proposed a technique to reduce the common

mode noise

introduced between the mains neutral point and the centre point of the
output
voltage in a Three-level Three-phase PWM rectifier systems due to the
switching.

This noise creates disturbances in the control circuit. It can be suppressed

by

simply connecting the neutral to the output centre point. But this leads to
use of

the 4-wire system and results in high zero-sequence currents. The

modulation

index range also gets limited to one. So to maintain the advantage of the
three-

wire operation, the formation of common-mode noise was analysed and

discussed

for the VR through digital simulation and a procedure for selection of the
filter

components was given. Common-mode noise measurements were verified

by

EMI measurements taken on an 8 experimental 10kW prototype.

Advantages and

disadvantages of the proposed filtering concept were also

compiled.

Johann W Kolar et al. (1999) proposed a new single-stage VR with

galvanic isolated output. It draws continuous sinusoidal input current from
the

mains and provides high-frequency isolation of the output voltage. The

structure

of this system was realized by removing the DC-link capacitor from the
regular

VR and replacing it with a DC-DC converter that operates on the

impressed

current rather than with the impressed voltage, thereby removing the
requirement

of the inductor at the output of the DC-DC converter. The complexity of

9
realization is low compared to a conventional two stage system. The
functionality

of the new rectifier and the conduction states occurring within a pulse
period was

explained. A Space Vector based control was proposed which assures a

symmetric magnetization of the transformer, while drawing a sinusoidal

phase

currents in phase with the phase voltages. The proposed rectifier was
digitally

simulated to verify the operation. The stresses on the semiconductor

devices were

studied and calculated. The operation of the rectifier was verified on an

experimental 2.5-kW prototype. The advantages and disadvantages of the

proposed converter are also

provided.

2.2 MODELING AND CONTROL OF VIENNA RECTIFIER

Lijun Hang et al. (2015) proposed a natural-frame-based control for

the VR

to reduce the output voltage ripple and the DC component of the reactive
power

under the unbalanced input conditions. The positive and

negative-sequence

voltage components were derived by direct de-coupled synchronization

method.

From the model of the VR under unbalanced input conditions, a

natural-frame-

based current control was designed that reduces the algorithm complexity.
The

stationary region of operation was analysed, and found to work beyond the
operation region with large unbalance. The 9-dynamic response under the

unbalanced input and the comparison with the traditional controller were
given.

June-Seok Lee & Kyo-Beum Lee (2015) proposed a Carrier Based

Discontinuous Pulse Width Modulation (CB-DPWM) method, which is

simpler

10
than the Discontinuous PWM (DPWM) method for the VIENNA Rectifiers,

based on the space vectors. Just adding the offset voltage to the three
sinusoidal

reference voltages as in the existing CB-DPWM method does not satisfy

the

requirement of same sign of the current and the input voltage. Hence, a
new CB-

DPWM method was considered for the VR, where the reference voltage
that does

not satisfy the requirement was clamped to zero. This was achieved by
adding a

modified offset voltage that is different from the offset of the CB-DPWM
method,
to the reference
voltages.

Lijun Hang et al. (2014) analysed the SVM of the VIENNA Rectifier
and

the implementation of the equivalent carrier based PWM is deduced within

each

separated sector. The voltage balancing ability of DC link on the uneven

distribution of short vectors was analysed and proposed an adaptive and

robust

controller that can work for a wide range of unbalanced load. The
maximum

unbalanced load versus the modulation index was deduced and tested on
an

experimental prototype of 2.5 kW.

Thiago B Soeiro & Johann W Kolar (2013) presented hybrid rectifiers

for

highly efficient three-phase power-factor correction. These were obtained

by the

parallel connection of a two or three-level unidirectional PWM rectifier with

a

series connected three-phase diode-bridge rectifier and a DC-DC boost

converter.

Control schemes for preserving the high power factor operation, while
sharing

power with the paralleled rectifier and to handle a phase loss, without
changing

11
the controller structure were proposed. The efficiency of the hybrid systems

presented are high, while they require 10 less silicon area when compared
to the

single PWM rectifiers, which were demonstrated through experimental

results.

Lijun Hang et al. (2013) proposed a feed forward compensation

method for

the VR to minimise the effect of the switching between the DCM and CCM
that

occurs during a load or input variation. The theoretical analysis of the

proposed

method and the control design were given and validated through the
experimental

results.
 Lijun Hang & Ming Zhang (2014) studied the constant power control

method for the VR under severe unbalanced load and analysed the
theoretical

operation area. Control methods like Dual Frame Hybrid Vector Control

(DFHVC) are good at alleviating the input power ripple under the light

unbalanced grid. It generates a common current reference to maintain

constant

input power and gets rid of ripples in the dc-link voltage. For large
unbalances a

compromised control method was proposed that injects a small amount of

input

power ripple to arrive at a trade-off between the output voltage ripples and
the

working area. It has an expanded operation area under the unbalanced

grid. Under

the light unbalanced condition, it eliminates the ripples of the output

DC-link

voltage and input power, while it decreases the ripple under severe
unbalanced

conditions. This leads to reduction of the DC link electrolytic

capacitor.
 12
Lijun Hang et al. (2013) proposed a robust controller for the output
voltage

balancing under the unbalanced load for different modulation indices using
the

space vector modulation. The maximum unbalance for different modulation

indices was theoretically calculated. The theoretical analysis was verified

by the

results from the prototype. Ming Zhang et al. (2013) proposed a novel
control

method for the unbalanced grid after analysing the theoretical operation
area of

the constant 11 power control method that can work under the severe
unbalanced

grid by injecting a small part of the input power ripple and balance the
working

area performance and the output DC voltage ripple. Controls like the dual
frame

hybrid vector control, can perform well under the light unbalanced grid, but
fails

under the severe unbalanced grid. The proposed control method was
validated by

experimental results.

Zheng Wei et al. (2013) proposed the saddle PWM obtained by

injecting

third harmonics into the current feedback of the One Cycle Control (OCC)
and

analysed the fluctuation in the Neutral-Point-Potential (NPP). This Modified

OCC (MOCC) scheme improves the utilisation of DC bus voltage and

mitigates

the ripple in the DC-link, retaining the advantages of the conventional OCC

scheme, like fixed switching frequency and no phase locked loop. The
theoretical

analysis was verified by the simulation and experimental results on a 5-kW

prototype. Zheng Wei et al. (2013) proposed a MOCC for the VIENNA
Rectifier

fed by a high frequency power line such as the aircraft power systems,
where the
 13
switching frequency to the power line frequency ratio becomes low. Here
the drop

across the input inductor is considerable and cannot be neglected. The

conventional OCC cannot be adopted without scarifying on the current

shaping.

The control equation of the MOCC taking into account the voltage drop
across

the inductor was derived and the theoretical analysis was verified by the

experiments on a 2.5 kW VIENNA Rectifier.

Sensen Liu et al. (2013) introduced a novel natural frame based

control for

the Vienna type rectifier that works on the unbalanced input. The positive/

negative sequence voltage components were derived by the direct

decoupled

synchronisation method. To simplify the algorithm and based on the model

of the

VR under the unbalanced input, a natural abc frame-based 12 current

control
loops was suggested. This also reduces the size of the reactive
components and

loss. The static operation region of the rectifier was analysed and derived.
The

proposed control scheme was verified and compared with the traditional

controller through the experimental

results.

Freddy Flores-Bahamonde et al. (2013) proposed a sliding-mode

controller

for the VIENNA Rectifier in a wind mill application. The rectifier was
modelled

as a tetra port Loss Free Resistor (LFR), with three decoupled input ports
and one

output port, assuming equal input conditions and the DC mid-point

connected to

the neutral. The sliding dynamics were demonstrated to be globally stable

and the

control was implemented through an analog multiplier, operational

amplifiers and

14
digital logic circuits. The theoretical predictions were validated by the

experimental results obtained from a low power wind generator for different

powers and frequencies.

Ansari et al. (2011) presented an analytical approach to minimize the

phase

in the closed loop systems for the VR by proper selection of the output
functions

to be regulated. Two adaptive control methodologies were developed

based on

the input output linearization. In the first methodology, three output

functions

were imposed to zero by three feedback laws. Based on the states to be

regulated,

four cases were considered and were shown that only one case has
resulted in a

one-dimensional zero dynamics with an asymptotically stable equilibrium

point.

In the second methodology, two output functions were imposed to zero and

solved with two control inputs. Of the eighteen different cases studied, only
one

was feedback linearizable. Stability of the adaptive systems were analysed

and

the proposed adaptive controllers are capable of regulating the output with
input

current shaping in the presence of parametric and non-parametric

uncertainties.

Burgos et al. (2008) presented a new mathematical model for

nonregenerative VR using the equivalence of this topology with three-level

13

Neutral-Point-Clamped (NPC) converters. The rectifier’s model was based

on its

operation using a positive and one negative-rail switching function as

normally

done for NPC converters. This equivalent modelling turns into structurally
time

invariant state space model of Vienna-type rectifiers, facilitating it to

translate

15
into the synchronous d-q frame, and averaging it over a switching cycle.
This

model is valid for half of the switching frequency. A detailed small-signal

analysis was presented. Simulation and experimental results for a 20 kW
motor

drive and a 2 kW experimental prototypes were used for validation. The full

frequency range was obtained by modelling the converter phase-leg

operation as

an NPC converter and using the correct modulating signals to comply with
the

topological constraints of the non-regenerative three-level converter. The

proposed model retains its time variant dynamics inherent to the pulsating
power

transfer between its input and output, due to its DC bus mid-point
clamping. The

converter input admittance is periodic over 180o and the converter output

impedance is time invariant, enabling its direct use for the DC stability
studies.

Loop-gain transfer functions like the d-q frame current loop and, the dc bus
and

midpoint voltage loops are periodic over

60o.

Rolando Burgos et al. (2008) proposed a fast space vector modulator

built
on the principle of the equivalence between the two and three level
converters for

the VR. It enables to improve the operating range by over modulation

schemes.

The proposed algorithm was simplified by deriving its carrier-based

equivalent

implementation and exploits it by the direct correspondence between the

zero-

sequence vectors of the three-level rectifiers and the zero state vectors of
two-

level converters. This has resulted in an algorithm that is also capable of

controlling the rectifier neutral point voltage. Experimental evaluation of a 2

kW

16
digital signal processor–field programmable gate array controlled VIENNA

Rectifier was presented and 14 verified the performance attained by the

proposed

carrier-based space vector

modulator.
 Youssef et al. (2008) developed a large signal model of the VR using
the

state space averaging technique. This has resulted in a fifth order system
with

time varying inputs. The model was established in rotating abc frame and
then

converted to the synchronous stationary dqo frame to eliminate the time

dependence. Multi-loop PI controller was used and the stability was verified
for

a wide operating range. The system stability is proved by the convergence

of the

phase trajectories for any initial conditions. It was also verified on a 1.5 kW

prototype. DS-1104 board of dSPACE was used to control the experimental

model. Switching frequency of only 2.04 kHz was used due to the
limitations on

the processing speed and the quantum of calculations required. The

controller

function includes the transformation of three phase voltage and current

quantities

to the rotating frame, PLL calculation, and four numbers of PI controller

calculations, one inverse transformation and PWM
generation.

Youssef et al. (2008) applied a multi loop nonlinear control scheme to

the

1.5 kW VR controlled by DS-1104 board of dSPACE. It was based on the

dq

nonlinear averaged model of the rectifier. The nonlinearity of the system

was

linearized by applying the input to output transform to both the output

voltage

and inner current control loop. The controller was tuned by linear pole
placement

17
method and was evaluated by experiments. The results were also
compared with

the PI controller based

control.

Youssef et al. (2008) proposed a nonlinearity compensation control of

the

VR. The output and input voltages and were numerically estimated by an
extended Kalman filter and the converter averaged model. Only two current

sensors were used unlike the traditional nonlinear control approach, thus

improving the reliability and reducing the cost. A multi-loop nonlinear 15

control

technique was applied to the rectifier. The estimated partial DC bus

voltages and

the measured currents were controlled by the inner loops. The total output
DC

bus voltage was regulated by an outer loop considering the power balance.
The

proposed method was verified on a 1.5 kVA prototype of the rectifier and

established that the implemented nonlinear observer exhibits a high

precision of

estimation and was carried out within an acceptable response time,

ensuring

satisfactory operation of the converter in the steady

state.

Youssef et al. (2008) suggested a multiple-input, multiple-output

linear

control technique based on a small-signal model for the VR. Averaging and
local
linearization techniques were applied to obtain the dynamic model in the
dqo

reference frame. The resulted transfer functions were discretized for the
digital

controller design. The control consists of inner current feedback loops that

discard the interactions between the dq components and currents. The

outer

voltage loop was designed to ensure the output voltage regulation by

modifying

18
the references for the inner current loops. Also the output voltage
unbalance was

controlled by the inner loops. The model and control approaches were
simulated

and validated on a 1.5kW prototype. The results obtained prove the

accuracy of

the proposed model and its dependability for the control design and
dynamic

analysis. The nominal static point was determined from the converter
nonlinear
state-space averaged model and local linearization was performed. This
dynamic

model obtained has 20 transfer functions between the supply voltages,

duty cycles

and the output voltages. Simulation and the implementation with DSP
using the

small-signal perturbation technique were presented. Bode plots of the

transfer

functions were provided.

Youssef & Al-Haddad (2007) applied a model reference adaptive

control

to the inner loops of the VR, to maintain a balanced output, while the 16
other

parameters like output voltage control and current shaping were achieved.
The

control was applied to the over parameterized dqo nonlinear multi-input

multi-

output state space model. The system was sufficiently linearized and
controlled

based on the Lyapunov parameters adaptation scheme. Inner current

control loop
shapes the input current through the dq control and maintains the output
voltage

balance while the outer loop regulates the total output voltage and was
evaluated

on a 1.5 kW prototype.

Bel Hadj-Youssef et al. (2007) has developed a new small-signal

modeling

technique for the VIENNA Rectifier and validated it through simulation and

19
experiments. The physical variables obtained in the stationary frame were
locally

linearized around the nominal operating point from the state

space-averaged

model and the converter steady state and dynamic models were
elaborated and

then transformed into dqo rotational frame. Twenty input to output transfer

functions were obtained. The model was numerically verified using the
averaged

state space model and the converter model was built in

SIMULINK/MATLAB.
Experimental validation of the transfer functions was carried out on a 1.5
kW

laboratory prototype that has utilized the DS 1104 controller board of

dSPACE.

The results obtained were quantified and were compared through Bode
plots. It

was concluded that the proposed small-signal model was accurate and can
be

utilized further for dynamic characteristic analysis, numerical simulation

and

controller design.

Bingsen Wang et al. (2007) proposed a new control scheme that

eliminates

the current sensors. This aids in reduced cost and space. The proposed
approach

controls both the amplitude of the synthesized voltage and the phase angle
and

results in a high-quality input current. The output of the output voltage

controller

becomes the phase angle difference between the source and pole
voltages. The
modulation index space vector was calculated based on the phase angle

difference. The phase angle of the modulation index 17 space vector is

typically

small and the amplitude of the modulation index vector varies marginally
during

the steady state operation. The power flow is mainly controlled by the
phase

20
angle, though the unity power factor and input current shaping is achieved

through proper amplitude. The control transfer function results for the VR

features a third-order angle control. This is in contrast with the classical

control

approaches exhibiting a right-half plane zero. The control was simulated in

SABER and compared with the experimental results. The match between
the two

validates the new approach. The main disadvantage of this approach is

protection

against overload, for which current sensor is necessary. Also the

elimination of
current sensor has led to too many calculations including transformations,

multiplication, division and inverse

transformations.

Bel Hadj-Youssef et al. (2006) analysed and studied the influence of

the

control saturation phenomenon on the steady state performance of the

converter.

The aim was to arrive at an appropriate value of the inductor that has the
minimal

value to limit the ripple current and capable of withstanding the current

modulation and limits the control saturation. The digital controller

parameters

were tuned to reduce the control saturation, while maintaining satisfactory

control

and input current shaping. A pre-established small signal model was

adopted and

an asymptotically approximated discretized version was considered. A

MIMO

linear control was adopted. Controller gains were computed by discrete

poles

imposition method. The plot of variation of the control saturation angle for
various line inductor sizes and variation of the saturation angle, THD and
PF with

21
respect to DC voltage unbalance were reported. It can be observed that
the

saturation angle increases as line inductor

increases.

Jarno Alahuhtala & Heikki Tuusa (2006) presented a four-wire VR

and

proposed a control for balancing the partial DC link voltages in both the 18

balanced and unbalanced loads. The digital control system was realized
with the

Motorola MPC555 microcontroller. The need for the DC link voltage

balancing

is significantly higher for a four wire VR compared to that of the three-wire

VR,

due to the asymmetry of the split load. If the load resistors are considerably

different in size, the rectifier input currents have to be uneven to obtain

balanced
DC link voltages. The control was achieved by getting the initial amplitude

reference of the phase currents from the voltage PI controller. To balance

the DC

link voltages, the balancing term was obtained from the balance
PI-controller and

multiplied by the signs of the mains voltages obtained from phase-locked

loop

and were added to the preliminary reference forming the peak current
references

The measured currents were then subtracted from the references and the
current

error signals were fed to a P-controller, giving an approximation for the filter

voltages. These were subtracted from measured phase voltages and the
rectifier’s

voltage reference was obtained. Reference voltages were brought to the

modulator along with the information of the DC link capacitor voltages and
the

signs of the measured phase currents to generate the required PWM

signals. The

proposed control scheme was verified by simulations and experimental

 22
measurements on a 10 kW prototype with a DC link voltage of 700 V. The

simulation results were found to be in accordance with the measured

results and

the rectifier was able to maintain balanced DC link voltages in both load

conditions. In symmetrical load the rectifier draws balanced and sinusoidal

currents from the utility network. During a constant asymmetrical load the
line

currents become unbalanced and the number of even harmonics of the

phase

currents increases
significantly.

Grzegorz RADOMSKI (2005) felt that the direct current control

methods

were not proper, as it generates improper control sequence and have

suggested

voltage space vector modulation technique and presented its limitations.

He has

derived a mathematical model of the VR and has defined 19 the voltage

space

vector and its dependence to the phase currents. The maximum voltage
space

vector and the range of the phase displacement angle vs the phase
displacement

angle was drawn for sinusoidal SVM. The mathematical model was verified
by

simulation.

Dalessandro et al. (2005) proposed a novel hysteresis current control

technique by virtually decoupling the VIENNA Rectifier. This was achieved

by

a virtual connection between the output centre point and the neutral
connection,

and is established by adding a zero sequence current to the actual phase

current,

which is generated by the integration of the measured zero sequence

voltage. This

zero sequence voltage is obtained from the output voltage of a three phase
diode

23
bridge. This results in retaining the advantages of the classical hysteresis
control

in addition to a better switching pattern and stability of the canter point. It

also

provides a full utilization of the modulation range. This strategy was

compared

to the conventional control methods. Digital implementation and the

experimental results are

presented.

Peter Ide et al. (2005) proposed an optimized modulation and control

for

DCM operation of VIENNA Rectifier. DCM operation normally occurs at the

high input voltage and at low load currents. In PFC application, this occurs
even

at the medium loads near the mains voltage zero crossings. Under the
DCM

operation, the input current total harmonic distortion is poor and requires

additional measures for the improved behaviour. A detailed analysis of the

associated states in DCM was performed to determine the location of the

error

voltages, from which the basic rules for the location of error voltages can
be

formulated. This has led to an optimized modulation and control scheme

that

facilitates designs without additional inductance. The simulation and the

measurement results provided prove the enhanced modulation

technique.

Minibock & Kolar (2005); Minibock et al. (2001) in Part I proposed a

control technique that eliminates the necessity of multiplier that generates

the

input current reference from the mains AC phase voltage and the output
voltage

controller output. This has also featured a reduced input ripple current and
third

harmonic current that flows into the output mid-point. The control was
achieved

24
by modifying the amplitude of the carrier signal in accordance with the
voltage

controller output and changing its polarity to that of the input voltage.
Another
scheme, which does not rely on the input voltage polarity, was also
presented.

Realization of the control circuit and the experimental verification on a 5

kW

prototype was also provided. In Part II, a conventional scheme that utilizes
a

multiplier has been compared with the multiplier free scheme, for operation
in

highly unbalanced phase voltages and in the phase loss conditions.

Conventional

control concept was briefly discussed and compared with the size of the
control

realization, power factor and harmonics. Below one-third of the rated

power, the

proposed control exhibits a marginal advantage over the conventional one.

But

considering the accuracy of the measuring instruments and the marginal

variation

between the two, the performance can be considered almost

similar.

Chongming Qiao & Keyue Ma Smedley (2003) proposed an Unified

Constant-Frequency Integration (UCI) controller for the VR. It is based on
the

one-cycle control, which is simple and reliable. An integrator with reset

control,

along with three flips-flops and comparators form the control circuit. It does
not

require the multipliers or the input voltage sensing as in many other control

approaches. Additional advantage of this controller includes fixed switching

frequency operation. Current feedbacks can be obtained either from the

inductor

or the switch current. The proposed control is supported by experimental

results.

25
Franz Stogererjo et al. (2001) proposed a novel control concept for
the

VIENNA Rectifier under heavily unbalanced mains voltage conditions. An

average current-mode controller with an inner input current control loop for
each
phase and an outer output voltage loop was employed. The output voltage

difference was controlled by the input current reference zero sequence

component

values. The current control loop uses a mains voltage pre-control signal
that

contains a zero sequence quantity for extending the modulation limit. A

P-type

controller is sufficient to achieve a high quality input current shape with this

mains voltage pre-control signal. The input current reference values were
derived

from the input conductivity reference value considering the output voltage

controller output as output power demand. The input conductivity was

limited to

maintain the limit on the peak value of the input currents. The input current

reference values were derived from the product of the input conductivity
and the

measured input voltages. An economical solution was achieved by

implementing

the control using a combination of a low cost micro-controller and an

analog

circuit. All high frequency operations were carried out by the analog circuit
while

the micro-controller performing the low frequency

operations.

Johann W Kolar et al. (2000) proposed a novel concept of continuous

reconstruction of the input phase currents of the VIENNA Rectifier system,

utilizing the neutral point current information measured by a current

transformer.

An observer utilizes the fact that the inductor voltage measured is

proportional to

26
the rate of change of the respective input phase current, and the phase
currents

can be built by the integration of the inductor voltage. The estimation error
can

be corrected based on the measured values of the centre point current.

The

observer circuit, in modified form could also detect an output voltage earth
fault,

was discussed in detail. Results of a practical laboratory model of a 10kW

VIENNA Rectifier system were given. 22
Jay

Rajagopalan et al. (1999) presented a method to achieve high power

factor

in average Current Mode Controlled (CMC) single-phase rectifiers,

operating in

Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM), without input voltage sensing. The

control

laws were derived considering the CCM large signal averaged Pulse Width

Modulation (PWM) switch model and the steady-state input-output voltage

relationships. This methodology was applied to other single-phase

converters

such as boost, fly back, SEPIC, and buck + boost, thereby using a two-loop

controller in the place of conventional three loop controllers. Hardware

results

were presented for a boost PFC that demonstrates improved performance

and the

simulation results were provided for the SEPIC, flyback, and buck + boost

converters.

Uwe Drofenik & Johann W Kolar (1999) compared the switching

 losses

and the mains current ripple, on using an individual integrated control

circuits for

each phases, with and without synchronization of the control ramps and
also with

synchronized triangle instead of ramps. In a three-phase three-wire

system, where

27
the star point is not connected to the neutral, all the three phases are
coupled, and

hence individual current control results in increased amplitude of the

harmonics

with increasing switching frequency. It was observed that synchronized

control

ramp produces lower switching losses and lower input harmonics, while

synchronized triangle has medium switching losses and lowest input

harmonics.

The size and weight of the EMI filter reduces significantly for the
synchronized

triangular carrier.
 Johann W Kolar et al. (1996) analysed the stationary operational
behaviour

of the VIENNA Rectifier for the unbalanced loading of the output. Analytical

calculations revealed that the average value of the centre point current has
a linear

dependence largely on the total relative switching state on-time. The

maximum

admissible center point load was calculated and was dependent on the
amplitude

of the input current and the modulation index of 23 the system. The
calculations

were verified by the digital simulations. Input RMS ripple current was
analyzed

as it directly influences the average value of the neutral point current.

Current

stress on the devices and the output capacitors were also compiled,
enabling direct

dimensioning of the system.

Johann W Kolar et al. (1995) presented a method for the control of

center

point voltage of the VIENNA Rectifier. Independent hysteresis controllers

were

used for the current shaping. The center point voltage stability was studied
based

on the analysis of the center point current generated due to the switching
state.

28
Transfer function of the dynamic system behavior was determined. The
control

of the center point voltage was achieved by offsetting the phase current
reference

values. Mains current shape is not affected due to the floating neutral, but

influence the distribution of switching states to control the center point

voltage.

Control behavior for the stationary operation and the load step change of
the

center point were examined. Dean Venable (1983) introduced a new

simple, but

powerful mathematical concept called k factor approach. With this

technique, the

feedback amplifiers for controlling any converter can be designed with the
required crossover frequency and necessary phase margin in a few
algebraic

equations on the first try, without the need for the trial and error
adjustments.

Three standard feedback amplifiers were presented, which caters for any
known

loop. With these amplifiers and the k factor, the feedback circuit can be
designed

for a particular loop cross-over frequency and phase margin. The

necessary

component values can be determined from a few equations. The k factor

value is

always one for the first amplifier, the square root of the ratio of the pole
frequency

to the zero frequency for the second amplifier, and the ratio of the double
pole

frequency to the double zero frequency for the third

amplifier.
 29
CHAPTER 3

VIENNA RECTIFIER

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO VIENNA RECTIFIER

The Vienna University of Technology has developed the Vienna

Rectifier.

Three bidirectional switches (Sa, Sb, and Sc) with two capacitors which are

identical and series connected along with a three-phase diode rectifier, are
used

to assemble AC-DC converter topology. To form a bidirectional switch four

diodes and a MOSFET are connected. Compared to two level converters

Vienna

Rectifier offers the following benefits:

 ❖ Minimises the harmonic content of the mains
current.

❖ The power semiconductor devices are subject to less blocking

potential

across the device. This is only one half of the blocking potential
across the

device in the conventional two level voltage source rectifier

and

❖ Inherently Vienna Rectifier has a higher reliability than the other

types of

rectifiers.

3.1.1 PWM VIENNA RECTIFIER WITH THREE PHASE THREE

LEVELS

Several operational and design challenges are to be met with Vienna

Rectifier. Vienna Rectifier forms a class of current dependent forced

commutated

voltage-source rectifier. The status of the switches and the current direction

30
decides the generation of input voltages. Three switches are provided in
the

Vienna Rectifier. Each switch is placed one per phase-leg and each phase
is tied

to the neutral point of the DC-link when that particular phase is switched
on. Or

else the current direction decides the voltage of that phase. The input
current is

positive and the positive DC link rail will be tied to the phase14 leg if the
upper

diode of that phase is

on.

The input current is negative, when the bottom diode is on, and the
negative

DC link will be tied to the phase leg. For nominal loads, Vienna Rectifier

improves the three phase rectifier’s input power factor. When the “critical
input

inductor” is used, it is found that in the low output region degradation of

both the

Power Factor as well as the THD occurs. Using the proposed controller,
high-

quality sinusoidal supply currents are drawn by the converter. Also it

maintains a

good DC link voltage regulation and wide load variations. The converter
draws a

non-sinusoidal current which is responsible for maintaining a good

regulation in

the DC link voltage and allowing wider load

variations.

In three phase DC motor drives and switch mode power supplies

using

diodes use capacitors to smoothen the voltage. This arrangement has the

disadvantage that large current harmonics are injected into the devices
used by

public which consequently result in the reduction of power factor.

International

standards on Unity Power Factor rectifiers impose certain harmonic

restrictions

to modern rectifiers with respect to restrictions on harmonics that is

presented in

31
IEC 1000-3-2 and EN61000-3-2. To achieve input waveforms of high
quality
three levels power converters are proposed which fall under the series of
newly

developed topologies.

To realize high quality input waveforms, a series of new topologies

which

include those of power converters having three levels are proposed.

VIENNA

rectifier has become an attractive choice for the star-connected

three-phase

rectifier. Vienna Rectifier consists of three input inductors, three

bidirectional

switches, and two series-connected capacitors. During the 30􀆕 of the input
line

voltage cycle, the zero-volt point is crossed and the corresponding

bidirectional

switch is turned on.

The above method is able to retain the well shaped current waveform
and

keeps it nearly sinusoidal. In such cases, the THD in the input current goes
down

to a low value of 6.6% and the PF goes up to 0.99. The switching losses
are

negligible as the bidirectional switches are able to conduct at twice the line

frequency. Most of the current researchers have focused on the Vienna

Rectifier

and its variants. Based on the discussions on various converter/control

topologies,

the Vienna Rectifier with constant switching frequency is chosen as the

suitable

rectifier for converting a generator type input because of the following

reasons.

❖ The Vienna Rectifier offers the same or less input current harmonic

distortion as compared to other

topologies.

32
❖ The Vienna Rectifier, with its three-level output, allows any DC-DC

converter to be used at the rectifier output (half-bridge, full-bridge or

any

other topology) and, with constant switching frequency control, no

additional circuitry is required to balance the two output

 capacitors.

❖ The Vienna Rectifier has only three switches, which are significantly
fewer

than switches used in other rectifiers with the same performance (in
terms

of Harmonic Distortion) and

❖ The Vienna Rectifier requires simple

control.

3.2 CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC

A unidirectional three phase AC-DC converter of three phase type

design

with controlled output voltage, is shown in Figure 3.1. In this a low DC

voltage

is converted to a high DC voltage in which uncontrolled diode bridges are

connected in series [37]. An inductor is placed on the AC side to remove

the

harmonics and the converter is operated in Discontinuous Conduction

Mode.

The mains phase current harmonics, which remain even after filtering
the
input quantities that are discontinuous are filtered, decides the output
voltage

level.

33

Figure 3.1 Unidirectional AC - DC

Converter

The DC side converter part is split into two partial systems, which are
simultaneously pulsed, and is shown in Figure 3.2. This is to make each
part to

sustain half of the DC link voltage for operating the system followed in
Europe

because of the discontinuous input current shapes, the circuits described

possess

current stress of high amplitude on the power semiconductor components.

Also,

for limiting the conducted Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) the filtering
effort

required is more.

34
 Figure 3.2 Inductors on AC
Side

Along with the limitations mentioned already, the high voltage across
the

power semiconductor devices of a converter is another major limitation. To

ensure sinusoidal shaped waveform which is independent of the output

voltage

level [39-42], we need to go in for alternative types of converters.

Continuous,

sinusoidal mains current shape can be created over the range of pulse
periods,

only if rectifier input voltages have sinusoidal shape. Using output diodes
and
transistors which are controlled synchronously in each of the bridge legs,
help to

achieve control of the synthesis of each phase voltage and this is shown in
Figure

3.3.

35

Figure 3.3 Applications of Synchronously Controlled

 Transistors

Since the output voltage centre point is included into the system, the
final

circuit consisting of power semiconductors has to support only one half of

output

voltage. Circuit legs control the converter’s conduction state. If the diodes
are

connected to the circuit legs conduction losses can be

reduced.

36
 Figure 3.4 Diodes in the Circuit
Legs

In each phase of the circuit, the control legs lying in anti-parallel

realize a

bipolar switch. A power transistor combined with a single-phase diode

bridge

circuit as shown in Figure 3.4 can be substituted in place of the

bidirectional

bipolar switch. This is an added advantage in modifying the

circuits.
37
3.5(a)

3.5(b)
 Figures 3.5 (a) and (b) VIENNA Rectifier System having Unity
Power

Factor PWM

38
Comparing the realizations shown in Figures 3.1 and 3.2, it is
observed that

in Figures 3.5 (a) and (b) 50% reduction in turn-off power electronic
devices can

be achieved. Also control effort minimization and increase in the utility of

the

power transistors used are realized. With reference to Figure 3.5 (a), the
diodes

must withstand the full output voltage in the blocking direction. This is a
serious

disadvantage. Integrating the bipolar switches, this disadvantage can be

eliminated. On the input side, the diode bridge legs can be integrated with
the

bipolar switches to obviate the disadvantage encountered. Incorporating

this

arrangement, the converter topology is shown in Figure 3.5 (b) which is

called as
“Three Phase Three Switch Three Level PWM based VIENNA
RECTIFIER”.

3.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF VIENNA RECTIFIER - SINGLE PHASE

For instance, if the controlled switch Ta is off and the line current iA is

positive, Vdc/2 is the voltage between DC bus midpoint M and the

converter pole

A. Figure 3.6 (a) illustrates this

arrangement.

39
 Figure 3.6 Working Principle of Vienna Rectifier - Single
Phase

If the controlled switch Ta is on and the line current iA is positive, the

voltage VAM is 0, and the conduction path is as shown in Figure 3.6 (b). In
a

similar way, we can establish that if the line current iA is negative, the
voltage

VAM can be either -Vdc/2, if the switch Ta is off, or zero if the switch Ta is

on,
and this situation is illustrated in Figure 3.6 (c). Again, if the line current iA
is

negative, the voltage VAM can be either -Vdc/2 if the switch Ta is off, or zero

if

the switch Ta is on, as illustrated in Figure 3.6 (d). For the phase legs B and
C the

same operating principles can be

applied.

40
3.4 VIENNA RECTIFIER SYSTEM

3.4.1 OPERATION OF VIENNA RECTIFIER

The alternative construction of this topology is shown in Figure 3.7.

Assume that the Vienna rectifier operates in continuous conduction mode.

The

Vienna rectifier system contains three controlled bidirectional switches. The

bidirectional switch diagram is shown in Figure 3.7, right side. In each

phase

bidirectional switches have controlled independently to ensure the unity

power

factor.

Figure 3.7 Alternative construction of Vienna

rectifier

41
 The phase voltage VAN, VBN, VCN are determined by ON/OFF state
of

the bidirectional switch and the direction of line current in the respective
phase.

Hence the rectifier phase voltage depends on the state of switch position
and

polarity of line current. The DC link consists of two equal values of

capacitance,

connected in series. The common point of the capacitor N is reference

point and

maintains zero voltage. The switching operation is similar to all three

phases.

The phase voltage is defined

thus:

Where,

Lj is input boost inductor,

 ij is input current

Vj is input voltage

ViN is phase voltage (i= A, B, C)

Vdc1=Vdc2 are output capacitor

voltage

Skis switch (k=a, b, c), Sk=0 represents OFF condition, Sk=1

represent

ON condition.

42
When the polarity of line current is positive and the switch state is
OFF,

the DC link voltage +V0/2 will appear across the VAN and the polarity of
current

remains the same and the switch state is ON. Then input current flows to
common

of capacitor through the switch and VAN becomes zero. The current flow

directions are shown in Figures 3.8 & 3.9, when the input current is positive
and

switch Sa is in OFF and ON conditions

respectively.

Figure 3.8 Current direction when input current is positive and Sa is

OFF
 43

Figure 3.9 Current direction when input current is positive and Sa

is ON
 When the polarity of line current is negative and switch is OFF, the
DC

link voltage –V0/2 will appear across the VAN and the polarity remains the
same

and the switch state is ON; then VAN becomes zero. The current flow
directions

are shown in Figures 3.10 & 3.11, when the input current is negative and
switch

Sa is in OFF and ON conditions

respectively.

44
Figure 3.10 Current direction when input current is negative and
Sa is

OFF
Figure 3.11 Current direction when input current is negative and Sa
is ON

The phase voltages VAN, VBN, VCN are determined by the polarity
of

current and switch position. The following Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 &
3.6

45
give the switching patent for the different possible combinations at different

conditions of input current.

Table 3.1 Possible combinations of switching state at ia>0,

ib, ic<0
Table 3.2 Possible combinations of switching state at ib>0,
ia, ic<0
 46
Table 3.3 Possible combinations of switching state at ic>0,
ia, ib<0
Table 3.4 Possible combinations of switching state at ia,
ib>0, ic<0
 47
Table 3.5 Possible combinations of switching state at ib,
ic>0, ia<0
Table 3.6 Possible combinations of switching state at ia,
ic>0, ib<0
 48
The current paths for the Vienna rectifier are shown in Figures 3.12 &
3.13

for instant when all the switches are in OFF/ON condition respectively. The
three-

phase current direction and output voltage directions are also

mentioned.
Figure 3.12 Current path in alternate construction in all switches
OFF
 49

Figure 3.13 Current path in alternate construction in all

switches ON
 Figure 3.14 Simulation Block
Diagram

50
CHAPTER 4

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

4.1 PI CONTROLLER

PI controller is a well-known controller which is used in the most

application. PI controller becomes a most popular industrial controller due
to its

simplicity and the ability to tune a few parameters automatically. As an

example,

for the application of PI controller in industry, slow industrial process can be

pointed; low percentage overshoot and small settling time can be obtained
by

using this controller. Many theoretical and industrial studies have been
done in

PI controller setting rules Zeigler and Nichol’s in 1942 proposed a method

to set

the PI controller parameter Hagglund and Astrom in 1955 and cheng

chingin

1999 introduced other

technique.
 Figure 4.1 Structure of PI
controller

PI most widely-used type of controller for industrial applications and

exhibit robust performance over a wide range of operating

conditions.

51
4.2 PROPORTIONAL RESONANT CONTROL
So as to direct the grid current a solitary stage input current loop is
utilized. The model of the present control and the plant are appeared in
Figure
4.2. As space vector hypothesis can't be connected to the single phase
VSI, the
controller structure and demonstrating of the system is impossible in dq
outline.
Figure 4.2 Block diagram of Current Controller.
The transfer function of the LCL filter is symbolized by plant Gf(s) ,
which is delineates as:
Gf (s) = sCf Rd+ 1
3 2 ..........................................(4.1)
s LI Lg Cf+s CfRd(LI+Lg)+s(LI+Lg)

There is always steady state magnitude and phase error subsists while
tracking a sinusoidal signal utilizing ‘Proportional Integral (PI) control’. This
would eliminate SSE (steady state error) while following a sinusoidal
signal. The
PR controller Gi(s) is:
52
is the ‘damping factor’, ω0is ‘power frequency of the grid voltage’. The
‘infinite
gain of PR control’ is diminished by damping factor ′δ to enhance the
‘bandwidth’ and thus dynamics of the system remains steady.

Gi (s) = Kp + Kis
2 ................................................(4.2)
S +2δω0s+ω02

Here Kp and Ki are the ‘proportional and integral gain’ respectively,

53
CHAPTER 5

MATLAB AND SIMULATION RESULTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It

integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use

environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar

mathematical notation. Typical uses

include

1. Math and computation

2. Algorithm development

3. Data acquisition

4. Modelling, simulation, and prototyping

5. Data analysis, exploration, and visualization

6. Scientific and engineering graphics

7. Application development, including graphical user interface

building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an

array

that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many
technical

computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations,

in a

fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar

non-interactive

language such as C or
FORTRAN.

54
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was

originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by

the

LINPACK and EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the

LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for

matrix computation.

MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many
users.

In university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for

introductory

and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In

industry,

MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development,

and

analysis.

MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions

called
toolboxes. Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to

learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive

collections

of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to

solve

particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available to

include

signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets,

simulation, and many

others.

55
5.2 SIMULATION RESULTS

5.2.1 OPEN LOOP VEINNA RECTIFIER WITH SOURCE

DISTURBANCE
Circuit diagram of open loop veinna rectifier with source disturbance is

delineated in Fig.5.1. Input voltage is delineated in Fig.5.2 &its value is

56V.

Voltage across motor load is delineated in Fig.5.3 &its value is 150V. Motor

speed is delineated in Fig.5.4 &its value is 1700 RPM. Current through

motor

load is delineated in Fig.5.5 &its value is 12A. Motor torque is delineated in

Fig.5.6 &its value is 7N-m.

Figure 5.1 Circuit diagram of open loop veinna rectifier with

source
 disturbance

56

Figure 5.2 Input voltage

Figure 5.3 Voltage across motor

load
 Figure 5.4 Motor speed

57

Figure 5.5 Current through motor

load
 Figure 5.6. Motor torque

5.2.2 CLOSED LOOP VEINNA RECTIFIER WITH PI CONTROLLER

Circuit diagram of closed loop veinna rectifier with PI controller is

delineated in Fig.5.7. Input voltage is delineated in Fig.5.8 &its value is

56V.

Voltage across motor load is delineated in Fig.5.9 &its value is 100V. Motor

speed is delineated in Fig.5.10 &its value is 1300 RPM. Current through

motor

load is delineated in Fig.5.11 &its value is 20A. Motor torque is delineated

in

Fig.5.12 &its value is 5N-m.

 58

Figure 5.7. Circuit diagram of closed loop veinna rectifier

with PI

controller
 Figure 5.8. Input voltage

59

Figure 5.9 Voltage across motor

load
 Figure 5.10 Motor speed

Figure 5.11. Current through motor

load

60
 Figure 5.12 Motor torque

5.2.3 CLOSED LOOP VEINNA RECTIFIER WITH PR CONTROLLER

Circuit diagram of closed loop veinna rectifier with PR controller is

delineated in Fig.5.13. Input voltage is delineated in Fig.5.14 &its value is

56V.

Voltage across motor load is delineated in Fig.5.15 &its value is 105V.

Motor

speed is delineated in Fig.5.16 &its value is 1300 RPM. Current through

motor

load is delineated in Fig.5.17 &its value is 20A. Motor torque is delineated

in

Fig.5.18 &its value is 4N-m.

61
Figure 5.13. Circuit diagram of closed loop veinna rectifier
with PR

controller
 Figure 5.14. Input voltage

62

Figure 5.15. Voltage across motor

load
 Figure 5.16. Motor speed

Figure 5.17. Current through motor

load

63
 Figure .18 Motor torque

Barchart of Time domain parameter using PIC and PRC is delineated

in

Fig.45.19. Comparison of Time domain parameter using PIC and PRC is

given

in table-5.1. By using PR controller, the rise time is reduced from 1.45Sec

to

0.26Sec; peak time is reduced from 1.46Sec to 0.37Sec; settling time is

reduced

from 4.78Sec to 2.33Sec; steady state error is reduced from 1.8V to 1.1V.
Hence,

the outcome represents that the closed loop veinna rectifier with PR
controller is

superior to closed loop veinna rectifier with PI

controller.
 Table-5.1

COMPARISON OF TIME DOMAIN PARAMETER USING PIC AN PRC

Controller Tr (Sec) Ts (Sec) Tp (Sec) Ess (V)

PI 1.45 4.78 1.46 1.8

PR 0.26 2.33 0.37 1.1

64

Figure 5.19 Barchart of Time domain parameter using PIC and

PRC
65
230v ac
CHAPTER 50 Hz

12V
1mf
1mf
C2
C2
C2
 1mf mc
1mf
1mf To Driver
1mf
circuit or
5V
5V
mc
1
1
To Driver
1 circuit or
mc
2 To Driver
2
circuit or
To Driver mc
circuit or
To Driver
mc
circuit or
To Driver mc
circuit or
To Driver
mc
circuit or
To Driver mc
circuit or
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 GENERAL

For the hardware implementation we use different components. They

are

listed below as 1. PIC Microcontroller 16F84A.

2. Voltage Regulators

a. 7812 voltage regulator

b. 7805 voltage regulator

 3. IC IR2110 for the amplification of the pulses given by

PIC16F84A

6.2 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

Fig.6.1. Power circuit

230/15V mc
500mA
To Driver
1
circuit or
mc
2

1
D2
D5
D5

To Driver
circuit or
mc 1
2
To Driver 2
circuit or
 3
3
1
1
7805
7805
7805
7805
7805
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3

66

FEW SIGNIFICANT POINTS REGARDING THE POWER CIRCUIT:

❖ A step-down transformer (230/15) V is used to give input supply to

the

power circuit.

❖ The 15V AC input is rectified into 15V pulsating DC with the help of
full

bridge rectifier circuit.

❖ The ripples in the pulsating DC are removed and pure DC is obtained

by

using a capacitor filter.

 ❖ The positive terminal of the capacitor is connected to the input pin of
the

7812 regulator for voltage

regulation.

❖ An output voltage of 12V obtained from the output pin of 7812 is fed
as

the supply to the pulse amplifier.

❖ An output voltage of 5V obtained from the output pin of 7805 is fed as

the

supply to the micro controller.

❖ From the same output pin of the 7805, a LED is connected in series
with

the resistor to indicate that the power is

ON.

5.3 PIC CONTROLLER

In this project the hardware is implemented using the Pic-

Microcontroller

“Pic 16F84A”. The advantages of the Pic- microcontroller is that the

instruction

set of this controller are fewer than the usual microcontroller. Unlike
67