MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ART, DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY

(CEDAT)
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
POWER SYSTEMS GROUP ASSIGNMENT.

GROUP 11
1) OKIDI JIMMY DERICK 17/U/20433/PS
2) EPUNE DANIEL 17/U/19796/PS
3) MULINDWA JOHNBAPTIST SAVIOUR 18/U/491
4) NVIIRI YUSUF 17/U/18616
5) Agaba Timothy 18/U/22514/PSA
6) Ssebaana Suubi Joshua 18/U/22538/PS
QUESTION ONE
With illustrations, distinguish between cylindrical and salient pole machines
The rotating part of an electrical machine is called a rotor, whose construction consists of
windings and magnetic poles and hence two types of rotors are classified as below;
Salient Pole Cylindrical type

Salient pole Machines have projected rotor Cylindrical type the rotor poles do not stick
poles which can be four or more in number out with a smooth surface and have either two
or four poles.
Have a large diameter of up to 10m and a They are small in diameter of up to 1m and
small axial length of up to 3m have a very long axial length of up to 10m to
reduce the peripheral velocity

This type of rotor is used in low and medium This a high speed rotor and can obtain up to
speed machines of about 125 to 500 rpm this 3000rpm and used in turbo generators
is due to its mechanical limitations hence
commonly used in Hydro generators
Each rotor pole is wound independently and Rotor windings are distributed within the
then attached to the rotor. Hence the rotor slotted surface hence giving it a more
structure has a lesser mechanical strength thus compact mechanical structure
low speed.
The construction offers fewer winding loses
Offers better dynamic balancing and quieter
in operation.
Flux is not uniform due to inter polar gaps Flux is uniformly distributed
Air gap is present in between poles No air gap in between poles.
QUESTION TWO
Discuss the equivalent circuit of a synchronous machine and explain & draw the phasor
diagram from this circuit.
The internally generated voltage in a single phase of a synchronous machine (E A), is not usually
the voltage appearing at the terminal (V).
EA can only be equal to V when no armature current is being drawn from the stator. These
simply mean the machine is not operating.
However the factors that make a difference between the (internal voltage) E A and (terminal
voltage ) V are as follows;
a. Armature reaction (current flowing in stator causing a distortion in the air-gap)
b. Self induction of the armature coil
c. Resistance of the armature coil
d. Rotor shape especially the salient pole rotors
EA is induced into the stator during rotation of the rotor and when loaded the flow of current will
create a magnetic field in the stator. The two magnetic fields add up and cause a change in the
phase voltage. ( where Estat - Armature reaction Voltage)
V = EA + Estat
Since the armature reaction voltage lags the armature current by 90 ;
Estat = -jXIA
V = EA - jXIA

However in addition to the armature reactance, self-induction and resistance of the armature coil
will occur.
V = EA - jXIA - jXAIA - RAIA
Let XS = X + X A
Then
V = EA - j XS IA - RAIA

Motor IA Generator
Phasor diagrams of a synchronous machine derived from the above equivalent circuit.
Unity power factor

Lagging power factor

Leading power factor

QUESTION THREE
What parameters are key in modeling the synchronous generator?
In order to determine the behavior of a synchronous generator the following
quantities/parameters must be determined;
 a. Saturation characteristics: (relating field current and flux () and therefore relating field
current (IA) and generated voltage (EA))
b. Synchronous reactance (XS)
c. Armature resistance (RA)

QUESTION FOUR
Typical tests carried out on a generator are the open and short circuit measurement tests.
Discuss these tests.
The parameters in Qn 3 can be determined by carrying out these tests.
Open circuit test
Listed below are the steps to carry out the open circuit test.
a. Turn on the generator to its rated speed
b. Disconnect all loads and set the field current to zero
c. Gradually increase the field current ( If) and measure the terminal voltage(V T) each step.
And since the armature current is zero then the terminal voltage is equal to the generated
voltage.

Open circuit characteristic

Since the unsaturated core of the machine has a reluctance much lower than the reluctance of the
air-gap, the resulting flux increases linearly first. When the saturation is reached, the core
reluctance greatly increases causing the flux to increase much slower with the increase of the
mmf.
Short circuit Test
a. Turn on the generator to its rated speed
b. Set the values of the field current to zero and connect or short circuit the output terminals
of the generator with a set of ammeters.
 c. Find values of the armature current (ISC) by increasing the field current (If)
d. Plot the short circuit characteristic curve.

Short Circuit Characteristic Curve.

QUESTION FIVE
For deriving general torque equation for synchronous generator, following assumptions are
made:
1. The stator and rotor iron have infinite permeability. This effectively means
that saturation is neglected.
2. All the magnetic flux crosses the air gap perpendicularly. This means that flux
leakage is assume to be absent.
3. The air gap length is very small when compared to the axial length of
synchronous machine. This means that the value of flux density at stator surface,
rotor surface and at any point in the air gap is same.
4. Only fundamental sine component of stator and rotor mmf wave is considered.

Power and Torque in Synchronous Generators

A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy; hence the input power
will be a mechanical prime mover, e.g. diesel engine, steam turbine, water turbine or
anything similar. Regardless of the type of prime mover, the rotor velocity must remain
constant to maintain a stable system frequency.

The power-flow diagram for a synchronous generator is shown:

 Input: Pin =τapp ωm
Losses include: Stray losses, friction and windage losses, core loss
Converted power: Pconv = τind ωm = 3EAIAcosγ
Where γ is the angle between EA and IA.
Losses: Copper losses
Pout = 3VΦIA cosθ
Qout =3VΦ IA sinθ
Simplifying the phasor diagram, an assumption may be made whereby the armature
resistance RA is considered to be negligible and assuming that load connected to it is lagging
in nature. This gives a phasor diagram as shown:

From the diagram:

IA cosθ = E Asinδ
Xs

Hence power P =3VΦ EA sinδ

Xs
From the above equation, it can be seen that power is dependent upon:
The angle between VΦ and EA which is δ.
δ is known as the torque angle of the machine
Maximum power Pmax = 3VΦEA
Xs

The torque equation

τind =kBR X Bs = kBR X Bnet = kBR Bnetsinδ
τind = 3VΦ EA sinδ
ωm X s

QUESTION SIX
Advantages of Parallel operation
 Several generators can supply a bigger load than one big machine by it’s self
 High reliability of the power system
 Allows one or more generators to be removed for shut down or preventive maintenance
 If only one generator is used and it’s not running at full load, it’s is very inefficient (wet
slacking).

Conditions for parallel operation of generators.

1. The root mean square voltages of both generators must be the same
2. The generators must have the same phase sequence
3. The phase angles of al phasors must be equal.
4. The frequency of the generators must be the same.

QUESTION SEVEN
a)
415
=239.6 V / phase
√3
Stator current is calculated from
P
I a= ←θ
√3 V t
But θ=cos−1 ( 0.8 ) =−36.90

25× 103
therefore , I a= <−36.90 =34.78<−36.90 A
√ 3 ×415
Excitation voltage,

Ea =V t <0 0+ j I a X d

¿ 239.6+ ( 34.78<−36.90 ) ( 1.5<900 )

¿ 274.1<8.750 V / phase

b)
When the field current is increased by 20%, the new excitation voltage then becomes,

E1=1.2 ×274.1=328.94 V / phase

Since the power transfer remains the same,

V t Ef sin δ V t E f 1 sin ( δ 1)
=
Xs Xs

Therefore;

1 Ef 274.1 1 0
sin ( δ )= 1
sin δ= sin ( 8.75 )=0.127 threfore , δ =7.283
Ef 328.94

Stator current;
 328.94<7.2830 −239.6<00 0
I a= 0
=64.13<−64.31 A
1.5<90

Reactive power Q;

Q=3|V Ф||I a|sin 64.31 °

Q=3 × 239.6 ×64.13 sin 64.31°

Q=41540.11 Var
Q=41.54 kVar

c)
274.12< 90 °−239.6< 0°
I a=
1.5< 90 °

I a=242.72< 41.16°

Power factor;

Pf =cos 41.16 °
Pf =0.7529
Reactive power;
Q=3|V Ф||I a|sin 64.31 °

Q=3 × 239.6 ×242.72 sin64.31 °

Q=114827.99 Var
Q=114.83 kVar
QUESTION EIGHT

The generator is Y connected, a DC voltage was applied between its two phases.

V DC
2RA =
I DC
V DC 10
RA = = = 0.2 
2 I DC 2.25

Internal generated voltage at the rated field current is

V T 540
EA = V1 DC = = = 311.8V
√3 √3

The synchronous reactance at the rated field current is precisely

S = √ (ZS - RA)

= √ ¿) -R2A )

S¿ √ ¿) -0.22)
= 1.02.