Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

Effect of Temperature and Wind Speed on Efficiency of PV Module

Student Details
Registration No: 2018-ME-82

1) Abstract
Despite the fact that proficiency of photovoltaic (PV) modules is generally determined under
standard test conditions (STC), their activity under genuine field conditions is vital for acquiring
precise expectation of their proficiency and force yield. The PV transformation measure, on top
of the instantaneous radiation, relies likewise upon the modules' temperature. Module
temperature is thusly impacted by environment conditions just as by the specialized attributes
of the PV modules. Considering the broadened hypothetical foundation in the field up until this
point, the current examination is centered around the examination of the temperature
variation impact on the activity of PV modules dependent on in-situ estimations at different
climate conditions. Three years data for Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa were gathered and
assessed. As per the outcomes gotten, the effectiveness (or force) temperature coefficient has
been discovered negative, taking absolute values, with the lower esteems comparing to the
ventilated unattached frames.

2) Literature Review
 Effect of temperature on efficiency of PV module
The efficiency of PV module is sensitive to temperature changes just like many other
semiconductors. The PV module parameters are affected by increasing the temperature as the
bandgap is narrowed. This can be explained by the increasing energy of electrons with the
temperature. Therefore, decreasing the energy is needed to widen the bandgap and eventually
break it.

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(a)

(b) (c)

Figure 2.1 Variation of Current and Voltage with Temperature

Open circuit voltage is highly affected by changing the temperature. It is inversely proportional
to temperature because it depends on current Io. This current IO can be represented as

Dn 2i
I O=qA
L ND

Where,
I O=PV current

q=electronic charges
A=area of PV module
D=diffusivity of the minority carrie r
ni =intrinsic carrier concentration

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Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

L=diffusionlength
N D=doping

So, what is the appropriate temperature for PV module modeling? Majority of modules are
modeled at 300 K ambient temperatures. However, solar cells are typically measured almost 2
degrees lower at 25 °C (298.15 K). In most cases, the difference is insignificant (only 4 mV of
Voc), and both are referred to as room temperature. Occasionally, the modeled results need to
be adjusted to correlate with the measured results.

Figure 2.2 Changing Temperatures within a PV module

The working temperature of a module is dictated by the balance between the warmth delivered
by the PV module, the warmth lost to the climate and the encompassing working temperature.
The warmth created by the module relies upon the working purpose of the module, the optical
properties of the module and sun powered cells, and the thickness of cells in the PV module.
The warmth lost to the climate can continue by means of one of three instruments; conduction,
convection, and radiation. These misfortune systems rely upon the warm opposition of the
module materials, the emissive properties of the PV module, and the surrounding conditions
(especially wind speed) in which the module is housed.

 Effect of wind speed on efficiency of PV module

The wind in PV modules regions provide a cooling effect to them therefore keeping the
temperatures at bay. A detailed study of wind speed effects has been shown in one of our
reference studies.
The wind contributes to increase in energy production and efficiency of PV modules. This area
of topic is not very well covered and little to no research and literature is available on this. So,
more work is needed in this area.

3) Methodology
The assigned parameters are as follows

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Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

Location Material Power Capacity

Peshawar Amorphous Silicon 310 W 1 MW
Table 3.1 Assigned Parameters

Manufacturers on the base of these parameters will be selected and compared to get the best
PV module deal.

 Selection of Manufacturers
Manufacturers are chosen on the basis of given parameters and arranged in ascending power
ratings.
Manufacturer Region Price Efficiency Product Warranty
Sunpreme China $70 18.8% 15 years
Solar Tech Power Inc. USA $68 13.4% 8 years
Panasonic Japan $350 19.1% 25 years
Green Energy Tech. Taiwan $100 6.3% 2 years
Astroenergy China $242 18% 25 years

Table 3.2 Selected PV module manufacturers

 Comparison of Manufacturers
All of the manufacturers are compared based on the efficiency, prices and warranty.

Efficiency
25.00%

20.00%

15.00%
Efficiency

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%
Sunpreme Solar Tech Power Panasonic Green Energy Tech. Astroenergy
Inc.

Manufacturer

Figure 3.1 Efficiency Comparison

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Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

Prices
$400

$350

$300

$250

$200
Prices ($)

$150

$100

$50

$0
Sunpreme Solar Tech Power Panasonic Green Energy Tech. Astroenergy
Inc.

Manufacturer

Figure 3.2 Prices Comparison

Product Warranty
30

25

20

15
Years

10

0
Sunpreme Solar Tech Power Panasonic Green Energy Tech. Astroenergy
Inc.

Manufacturer

Figure 3.3 Product Warranty Comparison

From the above graphs, it is clear that the most suitable PV module is of Panasonic, Japan
because of its highest efficiency and warranty and intermediate price. It is most appropriate
amorphous silicon PV module with power rating of 310 Wp.
Particular data for this PV module and location is given below.
TNCOT Reference Temperature Area of the module Average Wind
Efficiency ηr Coefficient of Pmax speed in
Peshawar
44OC 19.1 % 0.258 %/°C 1.67m2 2.01 m/sec

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 Mathematical Formulation
For determining the module temperature, the following formula is used from

( T NOCT −20 ) GHI

T m=T a +
800
Where,
T m=module temperature

T a=ambient temperature

T NOCT =nominal operating cell temperatures

GHI =global horizontal irridance

The module temperature considering the effect of wind is determined as from

GHI
T ❑m =T a+ [ 9.55.7+ 3.8V ] ( T NOCT −20 ) ( )
800

Where,
V =wind speed
The dependence of actual efficiency on the rated efficiency at standard conditions and
temperature coefficient of power is from
η=ηr [1−β (T m−T r )]

Where,
η=operating efficiency
ηr =reference frequency

β=temperature coefficinet of power

T r=standard temperature i. e .25O C

The formula for performance ration and capacity factor have been obtained from
Edc
PR=
E STC

Where,
PR= performance ratio

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Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

Edc =energy ¿ a single cell at operating condition

E STC =energy ¿ a single cell at STC

𝐶𝐹=𝐸𝑑𝑐𝑃𝑡
Annual energy gain AEG is represented as,
AEG=Σ [GHI∗η−GHI∗η∗β∗(T ❑m −T a)]

Cost Analysis
Assigned capacity=1 MW .
Assigned Rated Power=310

Areaof the Panel=1.67 m2

Capacity Factor =22 %
Using these specifications, we can find out rated power of PV system as:
1 MW
Power of Solar System=
CF
Power of Solar System=4.5454 M W
Power of Solar System
No .of Panels= =14663
310
Cost of per watt power for solar panel is determined for the selected manufacturer and that
came out to be $0.225 per watt power.
Cost of Solar System=0.2 25∗14663∗3 1 0=$ 1022744.25
After this, we have to find cost of land for system to be installed.
Area Required can be measured using:

Area=1.67∗14663=24487.21 m2 =48.4037 kanals

Average cost of land ∈Peshawar=PKR 4 million=$ 25149
Land Cost =48.4037∗25169=$ 1.2 million
O & M is taken to be 3% of installation cost
Interest rate i = 10 %
Project life is taken to be 20 years

i×(1+i )n
CRF= n
[ ( 1+i ) −1]

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Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

Using CRF annual cost is found to be:

Annual Cost =( installationcost∗CRF )+ O∧M
( Annual cost )
LCOE=
Annual Output of the System

4) Results
 Effect of Temperature on Efficiency of PV Module
This graph represents the relation or we can say the behaviors of the module temperature
over the efficiency. Graph shows that the increase in temperature the efficiency of the
module decreases. This happens due to the increasing temperature that causes the current
to increase and the voltage decreases which causes the module efficiency to reduce.

Daily Module Temperature vs Daily Module Efficiency

(without wind effects)
0.21

0.2

0.2
EFFICIENCY (η)

0.19

0.19

0.18

0.18

0.17
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 4.1 Daily Module Temperature Vs Daily Module Efficiency without Wind Effects

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Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

Module Temperature vs Performance Ratio

1.06

1.04

1.02

0.98
PR

0.96

0.94

0.92

0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Tm

Figure 4.2 Module Temperature Vs. Performance Ratio without Wind Effects

Monthly Module Temperature Varitaion

(without wind effects)
45
40
MODULE TEMPERATURE (°C)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
NO. OF MONTHS

Figure 4.3 Monthly Module Temperature

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Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

Monthly Efficiency Variation

(without wind effects)
0.2
0.19
0.19
0.19
EFFICIENCY (η)

0.19
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
NO. OF MONTHS

Figure 4.4 Monthly Efficiency Variation

This graph represents the performance ratio over the month. This represents that the collector give its
maximum performance in the summer season because the intensity of the solar radiations is high in the
summer season and in the winter season the intensity decreases so the performance is reduced in the
winter season and maximum in the summer season.

Monthly Performane Ratio Variation

(without wind effects)
1.04

1.02
PERFORMANCE RATIO

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.92
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
NO. OF MONTHS

Figure 4.5 Monthly Performance Ratio Variation

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Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

Monthly Capacity Factor Variation

(without wind effects)
0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15
CF

0.1

0.05

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
NO. OF MONTHS

Figure 4.6 Monthly Capacity Factor Variation

 Effect of Wind Speed on Efficiency of PV Module

The above graph shows that the module temperature increases reduce the efficiency of the module.

Daily Module Temperature vs Eddiciency

(with wind effects)
1.06

1.04

1.02
EFFICIENCY (η)

0.98

0.96

0.94
0.92

0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 4.7 Module Temperature Vs. Efficiency without Wind Effects

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Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

Module Temperature vs Performance Ratio

1.06

1.04

1.02

0.98
PR

0.96

0.94

0.92

0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Tm

Figure 4.8 Module Temperature Vs. Performance Ratio without Wind Effects

Monthly Module Temperature Variation

(with wind effects)
12

10
MODULE TEMPERATURE (°C)

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
NO. OF MONTHS

Figure 4.9 Monthly Module Temperature

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Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

Monthly Efficiency Variation

(with wind effects)
0.2
0.2
0.19
0.19
EFFICIENCY (η)

0.19
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
NO. OF MONTHS

Figure 4.10 Monthly Efficiency Variation

This shows that the performance ratio of the collector is minimum in the summer season and maximum
in the winter season.

Monthly Performane Ratio Variation

(with wind effects)
1.04

1.02
PERFORMANCE RATIO

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.92
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
NO. OF MONTHS

Figure 4.11 Monthly Performance Ratio Variation

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Name: Syeda Fatima Imam CEP Assignment 2018-ME-82

Monthly Capacity Factor Variation

(with wind effects)
0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15
CF

0.1

0.05

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
NO. OF MONTHS

Figure 4.12 Monthly Capacity Factor Variation

5) Discussion
 Social and Economic Benefits
PV modules can be helpful in many social aspects like their use can decrease each individual’s
electric or heating bills and can lead to a much better lifestyle. This also reduces the
dependability of masses on public resources and utilities. Economically speaking, this can mean
a lot of savings for low-income families. Solar dependent energy eradicates time of use units
and excessive energy can be sold to the near grid station.

 Environmental Impact and Sustainability

PV modules are paving the future towards healthier and cleaner global environment. They
reduce the dependence upon fossil energy and offer a greener air with less NOx and SOx
particles. Overall, the slow down the process climate change and its effects on Earth. They also
reduce individual carbon footprint. On the other hand, it has some demerits too. PV modules
installation can damage an ecosystem and can use up its water resources as a coolant for
module. The concentrated solar beam that the module generates can kill any wild life in its
path.

6) Conclusion
The study concludes in that solar PV power generation is the need of the hour. Considering the
current climate conditions around the globe, it is our most appropriate answer to all our
problems. The analysis of the PV modules for power generation has shown that temperature
and wind effect the output of it. So, they must be considered while installing it.

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utm_source=ENF&utm_medium=panel_list&utm_campaign=enquiry_product_directory&utm_content=
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