Litrecher Rivew
Litrecher Rivew
HYDRAULICANDWATERRESOURCEDEPARTEMENT
SPECIALIZATION ON DAM ENGINERING
INSTRUMENTATION & DAM SAFETY ANALYSIS ASSIGNEMENT
PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION OF LITERATURE REVIEW
PAPER
BY
Habtamu Fenta
Department of Hydraulic and Water Resource Engineering,
Arba Minch University, Ethiopia,
Email: henymarie@gmail.com
FEB,2021
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Contents
List of Table ................................................................................................................................................. iii
List of figures ............................................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ iv
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................. 2
1.2 MAIN CAUSES OF EMBANKMENT DAMS FAILURE.......................................................... 2
1.3 Objective of the Study................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 DAM-BREAK FLOOD FORECASTING History....................................................................... 3
1.5 Breach Parameter Estimation ........................................................................................................ 4
2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGIES ........................................................................................... 6
2.1 Materials ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Methodologies............................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Data collection ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Data analysis ......................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Study Area ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.1.4 Land Cover............................................................................................................................ 8
2.1.5 Inflow .................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.6 Reservoir Bathymetry ........................................................................................................... 9
2.1.7 Dam Failure Scenario............................................................................................................ 9
3. Result and Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Reservoir Routing ............................................................................................................................. 10
3.2 Flood Depth ................................................................................................................................ 10
3.3 Flood Arrival..................................................................................................................................... 11
4. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 11
5. References ........................................................................................................................................... 12
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List of Table
Table 1-1 Classification Based on Potential Consequence .......................................................................... 3
Table 2-1 HEC-HMS data used .................................................................................................................... 8
Table 2-2 HEC-HMS data used .................................................................................................................... 9
Table 3-1 Flood Area .................................................................................................................................. 11
List of figures
Figure 1-1: Dam Breach................................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 1-2: Dam breach cross section ........................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2-1Flow chart..................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 2-2:Study area. BNPB [1] Figure 2-3: Before dam failure Figure 2-4:After dam failure ....... 8
Figure 2-5:Land cover map of the study area Reservoir Routing ................................................................. 8
Figure 2-6:Inflow hydrograph....................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2-7: Storage-Elevation curve ............................................................................................................. 9
Figure 3-1: Outflow hydrograph due the dam failure ................................................................................. 10
Figure 3-2: Flood depth map....................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 3-3: Flood arrival time map ............................................................................................................. 11
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Abstract
In earlier times historical study of dams conceived is vital. To continue advancing, the engineering
profession must review past problems periodically. “The issue of the safety of dams, dikes and
levees is one which is still topical. Disasters that occurred in the 20th century which were
connected with the failures of large dams, such as e.g., those of Malpasset (France, 1959), Vajont
(Italy, 1963), Teton (USA, 1976), Machhu II (India, 1979) and others, are well known among
specialists. A number of small embankment dams fail every year. During a flood in the year 1997,
several dikes almost 4 m high failed, and consequently, the urbanized areas behind the dikes were
flooded” [1] . Dam-break due to overtopping is one of the most common types of embankment
dam failures. During the floods in August 2002 in the Czech Republic, several small dams
collapsed due to overtopping.
The Objective of this Literature review is to summaries knowledge about the resistance of
embankment dams to failures due to overtopping, about the mechanism of their failures and to
analyses particular methods of modelling for breaching process in embankment dams during
overtopping.
Keywords: Dam Breach, Model, HEC-RAS, HEC-HMS, Hydrograph
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1. Introduction
From the early period of civilization, construction of dams conceived has been a long practice.
Dams are constructed for economic development, and their construction involves large
investments of money, natural and human resources. These benefits provided by dams come at a
risk due to their potential to fail and cause catastrophic flooding. Because the various types of
dams constructed around the globe, earth dams are the most common type and constitute the vast
majority of dams and overtopping is the most common cause of the failure of embankment dams
[2] . So, Mitigation of this risk is essential by simulate the potential failure and protect against
them for the benefit of the society as floods resulting from the failure of dams produce devastating
disasters. This dam failure caused for a number of reasons and its consequence leads to requirement
for preparation of dam breach due to over toping inundation modeling and mapping to identify the
flood risk and mitigate the consequences. In fact, Costa reports that the average number of fatalities
per dam failure is 19 times greater when there is inadequate or no warning. Major causes of failures
identified by Costa are overtopping due to inadequate spillway capacity (34 percent), foundation
defects (30 percent), and piping and seepage (28 percent) [3] .
Key questions related to embankment dam breach that must be known in the case of a risk
assessment are:
• Will dam failure occur? What are the loading thresholds that cause failure, and what is the
probability of failure given a particular loading?
• What are the consequences of failure in terms of loss of life and property damages?
Therefore, detailed information about the failure is needed, such as the amount of warning time,
and inundation levels and velocities at downstream locations. Most approaches rely either on case
study data from past dam failures or numerical models that do not simulate the erosion mechanisms
and flow regimes that are relevant to a dam breach. Case study data provide only limited
information (i.e., ultimate depth, width, and shape; peak discharge; maximum overtopping depth;
total time to fully fail embankment or drain reservoir), based on a relatively small database of dam
failures, primarily of small dams. Case study data are especially weak for making predictions of
the time needed to initiate a breach, the rate of breach formation, and the total time required for
failure. This is due to the difficulty of defining the exact point of failure and the variations in
interpretation of failure by the lay person who often is the only eyewitness to a dam failure.
So, while planning and implementing dams, taking a good care of their safety is currently
becoming an important issue. Potential consequences of a dam failure should be understood for
planned dams and for those which are already built since the failure phenomena is unexpected an
immediate mitigation measures cannot be taken to hinder the breaching process dam for dams
under planning stage, one can use dam breach inundation information for classifying the dam (and
its hazard class) and this classification can then be used to estimate spillway discharge capacity,
seismic parameters, and others. Moreover, for both planned and existing dams, this information is
essential for preparedness and emergency action planning related to dam failure [4].
The purpose of the dam breach analyses has been to illustrate how the flood wave propagates and
attenuates along the river valley from dam. In the present analyses the HEC-RAS model is used
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for simulation of the flood wave caused by dam failure. This model is one of the most widely
accepted models of its kind.
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To run the model for different catastrophic scenarios and analyze the consequences of the
most hazardous one.
To predict the outflow hydrograph just at the outlet of the breach.
To prepare geographic data using HEC-GeoRAS and export to HEC-RAS for routing
process.
To route the peak outflow hydrograph on downstream channel and map the area that shall
be flooded.
To prepare various types of maps such as area, velocity, depth with time that can describe
the nature of flood propagation and coverage.
To simulate the breach process applying different breach parameters that shall be set up based on
regression equations which are developed by various scholars using historical dam break data.
To prepare various types of maps such as area, velocity, depth with time that can describe the
nature of flood propagation and coverage.
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The best prediction equation for dimensionless average breach width 𝐵̅ ∗= 𝐵̅ /𝐻𝑏 was found from
multiple linear regression analysis to be
𝐵̅ * = 0.27koVw* 0.32-------------------------------------------------Eq.2
were
1.3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠
ko= {
1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠
is a factor that accounts for the effect of failure mode. Dimensionless variables have been used in
Eq. (1) primarily to make the formula easier to use with any system of consistent units.
Additionally, using dimensionless parameters in the analysis effectively scales the data, reducing
the possibility that one or more values will have inappropriate influence on the relation. Expanding
the dimensionless terms yields the following expression for 𝐵̅ :
𝐵̅ = 0.27koVw1/3-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq.4
Breach Side-Slope Ratio
An approximate estimate of the side slope ratio obtained from 70 cases side slope is missing from
four of the dam failures presented by
ln z = − 0.416 + 0.389*Mode -------------------------------------Eq.5
which has a small coefficient of determination of only 5% and a standard error of estimate ˆln z=
0.8273. Nonetheless, the regression model coefficient for Mode is highly significant, showing that
embankment side slope is larger when failure is caused by overtopping. This general dependence
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is given adequately by failure mode alone and is not improved by the addition of impoundment
volume or embankment height. Transforming Eq. (5) gives the simple relation
z = {1.0 for overtopping failures
z = {0.7 for other failure modes
Breach formation time (tf)
tf = 63.2√(Vw/gHb 2) ------------------------------------------------------Eq.8
2.2 Methodologies
2.1.1 Data collection
Primary data:
The primary data to be collected include:
➢ Surveying data to be collected along the cross section of the river at downstream of the
dam on every chainage that will be sufficient for the flood mapping process.
➢ Physical observation.
➢ Land use land cover data of the area prone to flooding. This can vary from land surface
formation type that will be used to estimate the manning's roughness 'n' to land use pattern
to evaluate the economic value that the area has rendered the inhabitants.
Secondary data:
All necessary secondary data such as:
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➢ Daily rainfall data of meteorological stations located within and surrounding the
catchment.
➢ Land Cover
➢ Stream flow data of River
➢ Salient features of the dam
➢ Salient features of the reservoir
➢ Reservoir area-elevation-volume curves
➢ Geotechnical information on the composition of the dam and foundation.
➢ Laboratory test results.
2.1.2 Data analysis
The procedure followed to conduct is;
First hydrological study is conducted to determine the probable maximum flow (PMF) that
enters the reservoir and may overtop the dam thereby endangering the dam for failure.
Dam breach analysis is then done to predict the breach size and estimate the outflow
hydrograph.
Having determined the outflow magnitude, the flood is routed through the downstream
channel and flood plain using HEC-RAS in order to determine the flood prone area, so that
flood early warning system can be set and emergency action plans can be made.
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Figure 2-2:Study area. BNPB [1] Figure 2-3: Before dam failure Figure 2-4:After dam failure
Data Values
Watershed Area (m2) 12.56
River Length (m) 6.85
Land Cover (Runoff Coefficient) 0.5
Inflow Hydrograph Figure
Dam Top Elevation (m) 215.66
Dam Top Length (m) 300
Normal Water Level (m) 197
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2.1.5 Inflow
The inflow of the reservoir was calculated using rainfall at the time of the dam failure. The
condition of this inflow at the time of dam failure was estimated with SynderAlexeyev Synthetic
Unit Hydrograph based on the characteristic of the catchment area as given in table 2.1. The rainfall
detected at the dam failure by Ambon Meteorological Agency (BMKG) was 432 mm. The results
are shown in the Figure 2-6 along with the capacity of the spillway of the natural dam. It shows
that inflow exceeds the spillway capacity.
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The scenarios parameter is given in table 2. The trigger elevation is set to + 200 m, is 3 m above
spillway = 197 m, because based on chronology when the dam failure sliding occurs on the dam
body because the spillway only finishes 70% and then collapses. The dam failure development
time is 5 hours but lengthened to 10 hours due to emergency spillway [7]. The Bottom Width
parameter is 2 × dam height.
Flood Propagation Model
The 2D flood propagation was modeled using HEC-RAS v5. The HEC-RAS v5 solves the full 2D
Saint Venant equations.
where h is the water depth (m), p and q are the specific flow in the x and y directions (m2 /s), is
the surface elevation (m), g is the acceleration due to gravity (m/s), n is the Manning resistance, is
the water density (kg/m3 ), xx, yy and xy are the components of the effective shear stress and f is
the Coriolis (s-1 ).
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image. It can be concluded that the previous dam failure was caused by overtopping. Time
requirement to execute this model is 30 minutes.
Table 3-1 Flood Area
4. Conclusions
A two-dimensional (2D) numerical model, HEC-RAS v.5, is used to simulate the over land flow
generated by a dam failure. The dam failure itself is simulated using HECHMSv.4. The model was
applied to the dam break case of the Way Ela natural dam. The results from the study are the
inundation area, depth, and arrival time. The inundation area was verified using the data from
orthophoto. It was found that both areas correspond well with a very small relative error (0.42%).
The inundation depth in the village there are up to 6 m, which agrees well with the reported depth.
The arrival time of the flood is 2 hours. These information’s are very important to propose a
mitigation plans with respect to possible dam break in the future [6]”.
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5. References
[2] V. Y. P. SINGH, DAM BREACH MODELING TECHNOLOGY, Baton Rouge, U.SA. : Louisiana
State University, 1996 .
[3] T. L. Wahl, "Prediction of Embankment Dam Breach Parameters," U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Reclamation Dam Safety Office, pp. DSO-98-004, July 1998.
[4] K. Tesemma, "Dam Breach Modeling and Flood Inundation Mapping For Middle Awash Dam," Addis
Ababa University Institute of Technology School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nov, 2016.
[5] A. K. R. P. Sharma, "Case Histories of Earthen Dam Failures," International Conference on Case
Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. 8., 2013.
[6] M. B. A. F. S. N. I. H. Bagus Pramono Yakti, "2D Modeling of Flood Propagation due to the Failure
of Way Ela Natural Dam," Graduate School of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan
Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, p. MATEC Web of Conferences 147, 2018.
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