Conductor Technologies in Transmission Networks Executive Summary

WG B5.
23
technical brochure 587
Short Circuit Protection of Circuits with Mixed
Conductor Technologies in Transmission
Networks Executive Summary
Members
Luc Uyttersprot, Convenor (BE), José Manuel Roca, Secretary (ES), André dos Santos (PT),
Demetrios Tziouvaras (USA), Jens Eilart (DE), John Kemmlert (SE), Laurent Dormès (FR),
Peter Rønne-Hansen (DK), Simon Chano (CA)
Corresponding Member
Richard Prins (AU)
Introduction amongst the members of the Working Group. Several topics

were addressed – use of mixed conductor circuits, use of the
At transmission level, most circuits are overhead lines but we auto-reclosing on them and its blocking in case of a fault in the
also find underground cables and, in a much less extent, Gas cable section. A large part of the brochure is dedicated to the
Insulated Lines. Until recently, most underground cable circuits modelling of such mixed conductor circuits, based on widely
were used in cities or for special applications but nowadays, accepted models. The models have been extended to be able to
environmental constraints favour the use of underground calculate all currents, voltages in the case of an internal fault in
cable. One consequence of this is the increasing use of circuits the underground cable, taking into account sheath earthing .
composed of several sections of overhead line and underground The results presented in the TB are computed with simple and
cable. The objective of this brochure is to analyse the impact readily available mathematical tools. The goal is to give the reader
of the association of an overhead line with an underground the opportunity to adapt the models to its specific needs. Based
cable in the same circuit on the protection system and on the on the modelling of the mixed conductor circuits, proposals are
auto-reclose scheme associated with the circuit. made for their protection and for fault discrimination between
the different sections. We find also more practice – oriented
From a protection point of view, a mixed conductor circuit chapters for the engineering of the transition between overhead
is characterized by the fact that the value and/or the behaviour line and underground cable sections and for the testing of these
of the impedance as a function of the length differs significantly installations. One of the Preferential Subjects of the Colloquium
between sections. In the case of a mixed conductor circuit with organized in 2011 in Lausanne by SC B5 was dedicated to the
overhead line and underground cable sections, both effects are protection of that kind of circuits and several new trends have
present:. Consequently, the use of impedance based protection been presented. Most of them are related to the question : how
for mixed conductor circuits requires more attention, compared can we avoid the need for power supply and equipment at the
to a traditional homogenous and linear overhead line. transition and still be able to discriminate between a fault in the
cable and one in the line?. Many of the answers are integrated
From an operational point of view, a mixed conductor in the TB.
circuit can give rise to conflicting auto-reclose philosophies. On
overhead lines, auto-reclosing is very often applied because of Description of the TB
the non-permanent characteristic of the majority of faults. On
the contrary, as most underground cable faults are permanent, First chapter is a general introduction. It deals with the
there is no auto-reclose function for underground cable circuits. applications of mixed conductor circuits, followed by a
The question arises now: what shall we do in case of a mixed description of most commonly used circuit configurations –
conductor circuit? The answer to this question is beyond the two-ends, three-ends, underground cable section at one end,
scope of this brochure but we will give methods to discriminate underground cable section between two overhead lines, multiple
between a fault in the overhead line section and one in the underground cable sections. After this, we find an introduction to
underground cable section in order to block the autoreclose the protection and other aspects of the mixed conductor circuits,
when a fault in the underground cable section occurs. a short description of the policy and applications of those
circuits in several countries. The results of the questionnaire are
Scope/Methodology finally analysed.
The brochure starts with a questionnaire distributed Second chapter describes all relevant electrical charac-•••
No. 275 - August 2014 ELECTRA 75

WG B5.23
Figure 1 - impedance for an internal fault seen by one end of the circuit
teristics of underground cables. We find a description of the and the shunt sequence admittance matrix for overhead lines
different types of High Voltage underground cables – paper is explained. We continue with the underground cables. In this
insulated cables(high pressure fluid filled pipe cables, self case, the current ground return path is evaluated based on the
contained fluid filled cables), polymeric cables -, of the accessories work of Pollaczek. Series impedance and shunt admittance
– joints, terminals -, of the metallic sheath of the cable including matrices computation is explained, followed by the computation
bonding techniques – solid bonding, single point bonding, of the series sequence impedances for different bonding
cross-bonding – and the associated Surge Voltage Limiter, of techniques. For each case an example is computed according to
cable arrangement – flat, trefoil, ...- and of laying techniques. the method described and a comparison with EMTP is given.
The material for this part of chapter 2 is mainly extracted from A comparison between measured and calculated values for a
existing CIGRE TB. Second part of chapter 2 is dedicated to the 150 kV underground cable circuit is also included. Next section
comparison of service experience and faults statistics between adresses the computation of the impedance seen from the ends
overhead lines and underground cables based on CIGRE and of the circuit in case of an internal fault in the underground cable
EntsoE Nordic published data. This is an important input for for different bonding techniques. The result of this computation
the selection of an appropriate auto-reclose policy. for the case of 1 major section and 3 minor sections without
earth continuity conductor is given in figure 1. Finally, this
Third chapter deals with circuit modelling – overhead computation is extended to the case of a mixed conductor circuit
lines, underground cables, mixed conductor circuits – and the for different bonding techniques and circuit configurations.
computation of the impedance in case of an internal fault. It
starts with a section on the earth resistivity and its impact on Fourth chapter deals with the protection scheme design
circuit impedance . It is followed by the overhead line electrical and selection for mixed conductor circuits. The description
characteristics calculation . The current ground return path is of the general requirements for protections – dependability,
evaluated from Carson work. Based on these characteristics, the security, speed, sensitivity and selectivity – is followed by current
method to determine the series sequence impedance matrix transformer’s requirements description. Next section deals •••
Figure 2 - Auto-reclose blocking principle

WG B5.23
Figure 3 - auxiliary power supply from wind turbine and photovoltaic panels
with the application of protections with relative selectivity, Conclusion and main follow up
namely the distance protection. Examples of discrimination
between fault on the underground cable section and fault on the The TB gives all informations to compute series impedances,
overhead line section based on distance protection are given for shunt admittances and sequence series impedances for overhead
different configurations of mixed conductor circuits. Protection lines, underground cables and mixed conductor circuits. It also
schemes based on protections with absolute selectivity – current covers impedance calculation for internal faults in underground
differential protections, phase comparison protections, negative cables. Protection schemes to discriminate between faults in
sequence directional comparison schemes - are then described. the underground cable section and faults in the overhead line
Finally, detailed applications from several countries are section, with and without relays installed at the transition, are
explained. One of these applications showing the auto-reclose described. Several solutions for transition equipments auxiliary
blocking principle is shown in figure 2. supply are described and compared. Finally, emerging solutions
allowing a precise fault discrimination between sections
Chapter 5 deals with transition requirements . Auxiliary avoiding the need for transition equipment are presented. 
supply is an important topic. Computation of the loads and
possible solutions for the auxiliary source are described along
with an economical comparison. Input sources for the relays and
environmental factors are relevant issues as well. An example of
auxiliary power supply from wind turbine and photovoltaic
panels is shown in figure 3. BROCHURE N° 587
Chapter 6 deals with the testing of mixed conductor circuits. (en anglais seulement)
Finally, chapter 7 deals with new trends. The main goal of these (in English only)
is to simplify the protection scheme and to avoid the installation
of relays at the transition. A first trend includes optical current En vente au Bureau Central (PDF)
transformers installed at the transition but directly connected On sale at the Central Office
via an optical fibre to a differential protection at one end of the
circuit. A second trend uses a Fibre Bragg Grating to measure the
current at several locations alongside the circuit with the same Prix non-Membres
optical fibre. Another trend is based on distance protections with
an enhanced measurement accuracy in order to compensate Non-Member Price:
the impact of the load transfer. The use of a synchrophasor 460 e
based fault location algorithm is another possibility. A table
summarizes the status of each trend – industrial use or not -, its http://www.e-cigre.org
impact on the the transition design, the kind of faults detected, Purchase (non-members)
the application and the quality of the fault discrimination or download (members)
between cable and line sections.

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WG B5.

Introduction amongst the members of the Working Group. Several topics

No. 275 - August 2014 ELECTRA 75

Figure 2 - Auto-reclose blocking principle

No. 275 - August 2014 ELECTRA 77

No. 275 - August 2014 ELECTRA 79

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