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CVE 202 Lecture - 28062021

This document discusses direct stresses due to load and temperature. It defines different types of stresses including simple/direct, indirect, and combined stresses. Direct stress is calculated as stress (σ) equals load (P) divided by area (A). Thermal stresses are also discussed, where stress (σ) equals the material's modulus of elasticity (E) multiplied by the coefficient of thermal expansion (α) and the change in temperature (ΔT). Three examples are provided to demonstrate calculating stress for a loaded rod, determining the size of a hollow tube based on stress limits, and calculating changes in a pole's length and height due to temperature.

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odubade opeyemi
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149 views

CVE 202 Lecture - 28062021

This document discusses direct stresses due to load and temperature. It defines different types of stresses including simple/direct, indirect, and combined stresses. Direct stress is calculated as stress (σ) equals load (P) divided by area (A). Thermal stresses are also discussed, where stress (σ) equals the material's modulus of elasticity (E) multiplied by the coefficient of thermal expansion (α) and the change in temperature (ΔT). Three examples are provided to demonstrate calculating stress for a loaded rod, determining the size of a hollow tube based on stress limits, and calculating changes in a pole's length and height due to temperature.

Uploaded by

odubade opeyemi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CVE 202: Strength of Materials

Direct Stresses Due to Load


and Temperature
Dr. G. O. Adunoye
Department of Civil Engineering
Obafemi Awolowo University
Ile-Ife
P P
P P

Some terms associated with direct


(a)
P P
2 (b)

stress
 Load

(b)
Figure 1: Illustration tension and compression forces

Stresses
3 Stresses
 Simple or direct stress: This includes tension,
compression and shear.
 Indirect stress: This include bending and torsion.
 Combined stress: This is any possible combination
of type 1 and 2.
P
 Stress is calculated as σ =
A

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife


4 Stress Formula
Table 1: Direct stress formula
Formula Usage

P Analysis for stress


σ=
A

P = σall . A Analysis for load


capacity

P Design for required


A=
σall area

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife


5 Example 1
A steel rod with a diameter of 15 mm supports a
weight of 6 kN. Determine the average unit
tensile stress developed in the rod.
Solution
The tensile stress is computed as:
P
σ=
A

P = applied load or weight = 6 kN


A = cross-sectional area = πr2 = (πD2)/4 = (π x
0.0152)/4 = 1.77 x 10-4m2
Therefore, σ = 6 kN/1.77 x 10-4m2
= 33,953 kN/m2 = 33,953 kPa = 33.95 MPa
6 Example 2
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of
100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN
(Figure 2). Determine the outside diameter of
the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.

Figure 2: A hollow steel tube


7 Example 2 (Contd)
Solution
 Since σ = P/A, A = P/σ = = 400 x 10-3 N = 3.33 x 103
mm2
 Area of steel, A = Outside area – inside area
= 3.33 x 103 mm2
3.33 x 103 mm2 x 4 = лD2 – (л x 1002)
D2 = 14244.133, D = √14244.133. Therefore, outside
diameter, D = 119.35 mm
8 Stresses due to thermal effects
For most materials, standard value for dimensional
changes per degree of temperature change of
have been established by tests (experiments). Such
a value is called the linear coefficient of thermal
expansion and is denoted by the Greek letter α.
An expression for these stresses can be developed
as follows:
δ = αL(∆T) (1)
PL 𝐿
δ= = 𝜎( ) (2)
AE 𝐸
𝐿
δ = 𝜎( ) = αL(∆T) (3)
𝐸

Therefore, 𝜎 = αE(∆T) (4)


9 Thermal effect equations
Table 2: Thermal effect equations
Equation Use
δ = αL(∆T) Find dimensional
change in unrestrained
element caused by
temperature change
𝜎 = αE(∆T) Find stress in restrained
element caused by
temperature change
10 Example 3
A 5 m aluminium flag pole is installed at 20oC.
Overnight, the temperature dropped to -5oC. How
much does the height change, in mm? What is the
final height of the flag pole, in metres? Coefficient
of thermal expansion for aluminium is 23 x 10-6/oC-1.
Solution
(i) Change in length, δ = αL(∆T)
= 23 x 10-6 x 5 x (-5-20) = 2.88 x 10-3 m
= -2.88 mm (that is, the pole is getting shorter)
(ii) Final height (that is, final length), Hf = H + δ
= 5 m + (-2.88 mm)
= 4.997 m
11

Thank You

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife

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